iosr-JEEE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2018

Abstract: Power quality is a term used to describe a wide range of electrical power origin, monitoring and measurement. This paper presents an overview of power quality issues in smart grid. Power quality is related to the quality of power and it means to supply a stable continuous power. Power quality is a complex subject which require some specific terminology in order to properly describe the situations and issues. So understanding and solving problems becomes possible with the correct information and interpretation. One of the properties of electricity is that some of its characteristics depends on the equipment manufacturers and customer and not only on the electricity producer/distributor.
Key Words: Smart grid, power quality, power quality disturbances, power quality issues in smart grid, PQ monitoring.

[1]. Philippe Ferracci, Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 199 / P.2, October 2001
[2]. Power Quality in Future Low Voltage Electricity Networks, Technical Note 12 May 2013
[3]. Integral Energy Power Quality Centre Technical Note No. 1, "Understanding Power Quality", June 1998.
[4]. Baggini, A, (ed) Handbook of Power Quality, Wiley, p.36 , 2008
[5]. S.Khalid&BhartiDwivedi"Power Quality Issues, Problems, Standards & Their Effects In Industry With Corrective Means" International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, 1 Vol. 1,Issue 2,pp.1-11,May 2011.

Abstract: In this paper a unique issue rising from feedback control of Supraventricular Tachycardia monitoring system with embedded communication channels has been investigated. One of the important factors to measure the performance of the feedback control closed loop system is disturbance and noise attenuation factor. It is important that the feedback system can attenuate such disturbances on the Supraventricular Tachycardia heart rate signals. Since signal estimation is updated on the arrival of new data, its dynamics actually change with the sampling interval. Consequently, interaction among sampling, signal estimation, and the controller will introduce new issues in remotely controlled Supraventricular Tachycardia system. This paper treats a remotely controlled Supraventricular Tachycardia system with one communication channel which connects between the heart rate and rhythm measurements to the remote controller. Typical and optimal signal estimation schemes is represented by a signal averaging filter with its time constant derived from the step size of the signal estimation algorithm.

[1]. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al., Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 114(7):e257–354, 2006.
[2]. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the An Ticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 285(18):2370–5, 2001.

Abstract: Today, energy demand is increasing day by day. The reserves of fossil fuels are limited and cannot meet this energy which it is needed. To make use of renewable energy resources to provide the energy needs. In this study, the important kind of resource the renewable energy application is polycrystalline solar panels, has been determined. Polycrystalline panel is the most popular and preferable among the kinds of solar panels which are most favored in the solar panel market. The realized work is spent on all the energy consumed by the polycrystalline solar panel. To measure the current and voltage sensors are used for generated energy. The analogue data from the current and voltage sensors are converted to digital data and a control card with USB output which is fixed to send this data to the computer. Finally, the interface with the C # program was used to display the data from the control card on the computer.

Keywords:Polycrystalline solar panel, PIC18F4550, control system, C # interface

[1]. A. W. Czanderna and G. J. Jorgensan, "Accelerated life testing and service lifetime prediction for PV technologies in the twentyfirst century," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, vol. 520, pp. 26710, 1999

[2]. Y.Oğuz, A.Karakan, B.Uslu, "Üç Farklı Malzemeden Üretilmiş Güneş Panellerinin Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimlerinin Karşılaştırılması" II.KOP Bölgesel Kalkınma Sempozyumu, 23-24 Ekim 2014, Niğde/Türkiye

[3]. A. Karakan, Y.Oğuz, B.Uslu "The Study Of The Performance Of Thin-Film Solar Panels Established In Afyonkarahisar" Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), Vol. 2 Issue 11, pp.3340-3344, November – 2015

[4]. B.Uslu, A. Karakan, Y.Oğuz, "The Performance of Monocrystalline Solar Panel Established in Afyonkarahisar", International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 7, Issue, 12, pp.24711-24714, December, 2015
[5]. J. G. Mayer, "Efficient light to electrical energy conversion: Nanocrystalline TIO2 films modified with inorganic sensitizers," Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 74, pp. 652, 1997.

Abstract: The utilization of electromigration of induced micro materials in passivated aluminum films was investigated. The experimental sample was a passivated polycrystalline Al line with a hole using sudden change in geometrical shape of the specimen. However, the sudden change in the geometrical shape of the metal line is considered for effective accumulation of atoms. Therefore, the microsphere inside the hole, microsphere outside the hole and large cracks were formed at the predetermined positions of the sample using sudden change in geometrical shape. The experimental results and model are explained in the discussion.

Keywords: Accumulation, Electromigration, Hole, Inside microsphere, Outside microsphere

[1]. A. Ghazali and A. M. Rahman, "The performance of three different solar panels for solar electricity applying solar tracking device under the malaysian climate condition," Energy and Environment Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 235-243, 2012.

[2]. A.Karakan, Y.Oğuz, B.Uslu, "Üç Farklı Malzemeden Üretilmiş Güneş Panellerinin Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimlerinin Karşılaştırılması" II.KOP Bölgesel Kalkınma Sempozyumu, 23-24 Ekim 2014, Niğde/Türkiye

[3]. Y. Oğuz, A. Karakan, "On Earth Clean Applied In Existing Buildings (Wind And Solar) Energy Systems And Investigation Investigation Of Afyonkarahisar Applicability" Third International GreenAge Symposium, pp 220-235, 15 – 17 April 2015 / Istanbul- Turkey.
[4]. M. R. Abdelkader, A. Al-Salaymeh, Z. Al-Hamamre, and F. Sharaf, "A comparative analysis of the performance of monocrystalline and multiycrystalline PV cells in semi arid climate conditions: The case of Jordan," Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 543-552, 2010.

[5]. A. Karakan, Y.Oğuz, B.Uslu "The Study Of The Performance Of Thin-Film Solar Panels Established In Afyonkarahisar" Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), Vol. 2 Issue 11, pp.3340-3344, November – 2015

Abstract: Over the last years, there has been a strong penetration of renewal energy sources into the power supply network. Wind energy generation has played and will continue to play a very important role in this area for the coming years. Doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) based wind turbines have undoubtedly arisen as one of the leading technologies for wind turbine manufacturers, demonstrating that it is a cost effective, efficient and reliable solution. This machine, a key element of the wind turbine, presents many similarities with themostly used and popular squirrel cage induction machine (SCIM).However, despite the parallelism of both machines, the DFIM requires its own specific study for an adequate understanding.........

Keywords: Doubly fed induction machine, rotor power, stator power, sub-synchronous, super-synchronous, torque-speed characteristic

[1]. T.Ackermann,Wind power in power systems(Royal Institute of Technology,John Wiley & Sons,Ltd, 2005).
[2]. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, Power electronics for modern wind turbines (Institute of Energy Technology, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2006).
[3]. G. Michalke, Variable speed wind turbines-modelling, control and impact on power systems, PhD thesis, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Denmark, 2008.
[4]. M. G. S. Zaghloul, Modelling and analysis of wind farms, Master of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, 2012.
[5]. B. Babypriya, Modelling, simulation and analysis of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbines, Journal of Electrical Engineeing, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2009, 79-85.

Abstract: This study propose the charging method from the triangle current charge method in Ni-MH battery. By using microcontroller board (PIC24FJ128GB110) to control the battery charging circuit. The charger recorded the battery temperature is lower than the current conventional battery charger. During charging, the voltage recorded current and battery temperature every second. The voltage is recorded as a condition for cutting the battery charge when the battery charging has done. There were stop charging by Negative Delta Voltage or temperature, it was done to study whether to charge the battery by using the triangle wave. As an outcome, the battery temperature during charging is lower than charging by current conventional battery charger. This will help extend the useful life of the battery longer.

Keywords: Ni-MH Battery, Triangle Current Charge, Battery Charging

[1]. Worrapong Wongphasuk, Short-time Discharge Frequency in ReFlex Charging Method in Ni-MH Battery Charger and Maximum Battery Voltage, Electrical Engineering Conference of Thailand, 34th, 2011.
[2]. David Linden, Thomas B.Reddy, Handbook of batteries (McGraw-Hill, 2001).

Abstract: Interleaved Boost Converter(ILBC) is a better converter between Photo Voltaic(PV) source and shunt active power filter. This paper deals with comparison of time domain outputs of PI and Fuzzy Logic controlled ILBC fed shunt active filter in a grid connected PV system. The aim of this work is to minimize current ripple using ILBC between PV system and filter to improve the performance of shunt active filter. Closed loop monitored PI and fuzzy systems are modeled, and the corresponding results are presented. MATLAB results of load voltage, current, converter voltage and currents with Fuzzy Logic Controller exhibits enhanced dynamic response. The proposed fuzzy logic controlled ILBC Fed Shunt Active Filter system (ILBCFSAF) has advantages like low settling time, less peak over shoot and reduced steady state error in load voltage.

Keywords: Shunt Active Filter, Inter Leaved Boost Converter, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Non linear load

[1] Nasir Coruh, Satilmis Urgun, Tarik Erfidan, Semra Ozturk," A Simple And Efficient Implemantation Of Interleaved Boost Converter" 978-1-4244-8756-1/11/$26.00 c2011 IEEE
[2] G. Kishor, D.Subbarayudu, and S.Sivanagaraju "Comparison Of Full Bridge And Two Inductor Boost Converter Systems" Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 31st December 2011. Vol. 34 No.2
[3] Weerachat Khadmun and Wanchai Subsingha "High Voltage Gain Interleaved DC Boost Converter Application for Photovoltaic Generation System" 10th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering(EMSES2012), Elsevier,Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) pp.390 – 398.
[4] Krishnapriya C S, Nithin S Nair "Implementation Of Two Inductor Boost Converter For An Autonomous Photovoltaic Water Pumping System International Journal Of Electrical Engineering & Technology (Ijeet), Volume 5, Issue 12, December (2014), pp. 197-206.
[5] H. Akagi, E. Watanabe, M. Aredes "Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning: (Wiley-IEEE Press, 2007).

Abstract: Understanding the application of a bipolar Junction transistor or BJT as a switch requiers understanding the general working principles behind a transistor and the specific working principles behind a BJT. A transistor is essentially a semiconductor device with physical properties that make it ideal for amplifying or switching electric current and other signal. At the heart of this device is a doped semiconductor with engineered properties to alter its conductivity for a particular use. A BJT is a type of transistor with two major semiconductor materials that constitute three major areas or regions, each doped according to requirements. This architectural characteristics of a BJT brings forth effective applications in implications or on-off switching operations. Nonetheless, understanding BJT as a switch requires understanding the working principles underneath the device, the functions of each of the three major regions within this transistor, and the role of electron movement or current flow in the switching mechanism.

Keywords: BJT-collector-emitter-base-collector voltage

[1]. Amos, S. W. (1981). Principles of transistor circuits: Introduction to the design of amplifiers, receivers, and digital circuits. (6th ed.). London: Butterworths
[2]. Arns. R. G. (1998). The other transistor: Early history of the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor. Engineering Science and Education Journal. 7: 223-240
[3]. Colinge, J. P. & Greer, J. C. (2016). Nanowire transistors: Physics of devices and materials in one dimension. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[4]. Grundmann, M. (2010). The physics of semiconductors: An introduction including nanophysics applications. (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer Science and Business Media
[5]. Heil, O. (1934). GB439457 (A): Improvements in or relating to electrical amplifiers and other control arrangements and devices. Germany: European Patent Office

Abstract: Hyperthermia is a promising cancer treatment which is used as an additive therapy along with standard treatments like radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Many efforts have been made to improve hyperthermia techniques since last 20 years. It utilizes induction heating principle to destroy the tumor cell without damaging normal cells. This paper reviews on one of the most effective converter topology for developing high frequency high power density output required for hyperthermia. The simulation is done with both open loop and closed loop models by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems tool and the simulation results are presented here.

Keywords: Current mode controller (CMC), High frequency (HF), Induction heating (IH),Super paramagnetic (SP), Voltage mode controller (VMC)

[1]. Gilchrist RK, Shorey WD, Hanselman RC, Parrott JC, Taylor CB. Selective inductive heating of lymph. Ann Surg 1957;146:596–606.
[2]. Chan DCF, Kirpotin DB, Bunn PA. Synthesis and evaluation of colloidal magnetic iron-oxides for the site-specific radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia of cancer. J Magn Magn Mater 1993;122:374–8.
[3]. Jordan A, Wust P, Fahling H, John W, Hinz A, Felix R. Inductive heating of ferrimagnetic particles and magnetic fluids: Physical evaluation of their potential for hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 1993;9(1):51–68.
[4]. Maier-Hauff K, Ulrich F, Nestler D, Niehoff H, Wust P, Thiesen B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Neuro Oncol 2010:1–8.
[5]. Dudeck O, Bogusiewicz K, Pinkernelle J, Gaffke G, Pech M, Wieners G, et al. Local arterial infusion of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles in hepato-cellular carcinoma: a feasibility and 3.0 T MRI study. Invest Radiol 2006;41(6): 527–35.

Abstract: With the development of portable electronics, low power dissipation have become the main direction of current chip research, because Bandgap Reference (BGR) circuits are widely used in modern LSIs to generate a reference voltage on chips, So this paper presents a low power and low temperature coefficient bandgap voltage reference that employs the proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) voltage generator circuit based on overdrive voltage differences. The BGR circuit consists of MOSFET and bipolar transistor without resistors. The simulated results are verified by Cadence Spectre.The simulated results based on the Magnachip 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the BGR's temperature coefficient is 22.44ppm/℃ at a temperature range from -40℃ to 140℃ when power voltage is 0.95V. The PSRR is -50.4023dB at 100Hz, -13.2811dB at 10MHz, and the power dissipation at room temperature is only 83nW.

Keywords:overdrive voltage differences; PTAT voltage generator; no resistors; low power; low temperature coefficient

[1]. GE G, ZHANG C, HOOGZAAD G , MAKINWA K A A. A single-trim CMOS bandgap reference with a 3 inaccuracy of 0.15% from -40℃ to125℃ [J]. Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2011：2693–2701.
[2]. ANDREOU C M, KOUDOUNAS S, GEORGIOU J. A novel wide-temperature-range, 3.9 ppm/℃ CMOS bandgap reference circuit [J]. Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2012： 574–581.
[3]. ANNEMA A J, GPKSUN G. A 0.0025mm bandgap voltage reference for 1.1V supply in standard 0.16 m CMOS [J]. in IEEE ISSCC Dig. 2012：364–365.
[4]. UENO K, HIROSE T, ASAI T, AMEMIYA Y. A 300nW, 15ppm/℃, 20ppm/V CMOS voltage reference circuit consisting of subthreshold MOSFETs [J]. Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2009：2047–2054.
[5]. SOEK M, KIM G, BLAAIW D, SYLVESTER D. A portable 2-transistor picowatt temperature-compensated voltage reference operating at 0.5V [J]. Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2012：2534–2545

Abstract: This paper presents control of doubly fed induction generator using LabVIEW FPGA platform. NI LabVIEW FPGA enables fast and easy implementation of hardware control due to its graphical programming capability, inherent parallelism flexible design. Development of digital controller for hardware implementation is done with the help of LabVIEW graphical programming language instead of a complex VHDL programming language. Using a variable frequency drive speed of the prime mover is controlled with the help of analog analog output card. Based on the prime mover speed rotor converter frequency is adjusted to obtain a constant frequency from the stator. Modulation index of rotor side converter is adjusted to get a constant voltage. Constant voltage and constant frequency is obtained from DFIG with the help of rotor side converter control.

Keywords: LabVIEW FPGA, Inverter, Sine PWM, cRIO, DFIG.

[1]. R.Pena,J.C.Clare,G. M. Asher, "Doubly fed inductiongenerator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable speed wind-energy generation" IEE Proc.-Electric. Power Appl., Vol. 143, No 3, May 1996.
[2]. S.Muller,M.Deckie,and Rik W.Dedoncker "Doubly Fed Induction Generator systems for wind turbines", IEEE Ind.Appl,Mag,vol.17,no.1,pp.26-33,May-June.2002

[3]. R.Datta and V.T.Ranganathan,"Variable Speed Wind Power Generation Using Doubly Fed Wound Rotor Induction Machine-A comparison with Alternative Schemes",IEEE Trans.Energy Conversion,vol.17, No.3(Sep 2002),414-421.
[4]. Tommaso Caldognetto, Simone Buso, and Paolo ,"Digital Controller Development Methodology Based on Real-Time Simulations with LabVIEW FPG Hardware-Software Toolset", ELECTRONICS, VOL. 17, NO. 2, DECEMBER 2013
[5]. Fakhrulddin H.Ali Mohammad Mahmood Hussein sinam M.B Ismael, "LabVIEW FPGA Implementation of a PID controller For D.C Motor speed control", International conference on Energy, power and control (EPC-10) Page( s):139-144,Decemeber-2 2010

Abstract: 1/f noise studies play significant role in choosing the band of frequency in which a device can be commendably used. This property is used to check the MOSFET without disturbing its physical structure". A MOSFET is used for intensifying or swapping electronic signals since it is a semiconductor gadget and also helps the electronic devices to run at a high capacity than they would otherwise. This particular device allows for parallel currents to distribute their power. The MOSFETs IRF 440 and IRF 640 show quite a large deviation compared to 1/f line in the lower frequency region while IRF 340 1/f nature matches it at low frequency.

Keywords: 1/f noise, band of frequency, Current densities, γ value, MOSFET etc..

[1]. Fang, Xinkai, and Lijun Cao. "MOSFET'S 1/f Noise's Equivalent Capacity Model and the Switching Time Analysis." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 6, no. 2 (2013): 45-48.
[2]. R. R., and S. R. Kale. "Single Phase to Three Phase MOSFET based Inverter." (2016).
[3]. Sepahvand, Hamed, and Soghra Raisi. "A high speed MOSFET for switching application." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8.22 (2015): 1
[4]. Kwon, Sung-Kyu, Hyuk-Min Kwon, Ho-Young Kwak, Jae-Hyung Jang, Jong-Kwan Shin, Seon-Man Hwang, Seung-Yong Sung et al. "Dependence of the 1/f Noise Characteristics of CMOSFETs on Body Bias in Sub-threshold and Strong Inversion Regions." JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 13, no. 6 (2013): 655-661.
[5]. Vander Ziel, Aldert. "Unified presentation of 1/f noise in electron devices: fundamental 1/f noise sources." Proceedings of the IEEE 76, no. 3 (1988): 233-258.

Abstract: Voltage regulation and line loss minimization in distribution networks are challenging problems, particularly when it is not economic to upgrade the entire feeder system. This projects a new method achieving line loss minimization and all nodes voltage regulation in the loop distribution systems, simultaneously, by using Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by using Fuzzy Controller. First, the line loss minimum conditions in the loop system are presented.......

Keywords: UPFC-Unified Power Flow Controller, FLC-Fuzzy Logic Controller, VSI-Voltage Source Inverter, FACTS-Flexible AC Transmission System, THD-Total Harmonics Distortions

[1]. Introduction to Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Methods: What They Are and How to Use Them*.Jure Zupan1), Department of Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
[2]. Alok Agarwal Fuzzy Logic Based UPFC Controller for Damping PowerSystem Oscillations International Journal of Innovative Research in advanced Engineering Issue 8, Volume 2 (August 2015).
[3]. Power System Based Simulation Study of UPFC in a Single Transmission Line System International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2015.
[4]. Qusay Salem and Ibrahim Altawil, ―Stability Study of Grid Connected to Multiple Speed Wind Farms with and without FACTS Integration‖, International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, September, 2014.