iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Abstract: Due to rapid advancement and growth of electronics and nanotechnology together to produce more sophisticated nano devices which can give satisfactory performance in its operations. A lot of critical research in nanotechnology is being carried out all around the world. A wide range of applications are feasible in real-time using nanotechnology starting from medical to space research. It is going to make a huge impact in our lives. One such application is in the field of scavenging energy from noise. As noise pollution is becoming a great problem in our present day to day lifestyle. So to use this wasted energy in a much more useful manner we perform an analysis of energy extraction feasibility by use of Nanofiber-based piezoelectric devices performance data. We have used various acoustics and energy transfer formulas of these Nano devices to perform mathematical simulation of it, by taking into account real-time noise level survey data sheets. This shows its possibility of using Nano devices with Nanofiber-based piezoelectric devices. Here we have proved its actual practical feasibility from our simulation results.

Keywords: Noise Energy, Pollution, Nanogenerator, Sound, Pressure, Intensity, Doppler Effect, Amplitude, Frequency, Nano devices, Energy scavenging, Piezoelectric.

[1]. www.epa.gov/air/noise.html
[2]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution
[3]. www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-soundlevel.htm: sound pressure calculations
[4]. Chen,Xi, Xu, Shiyou, Yao, Nan, Shi, Yong.(2010) 1.6V Nanogenerator for Mechanical Energy Harvesting Using PZT Nanofibers, NanoLetters:pubs.acs.org/NanoLetter, Nano Lett. 2010, 10, pp 2133-2137
[5]. Chang, Jiyoung, Dommer, Michael, Chang, Chieh, Lin, Liwei, (2012). Piezoelectric nanofibers for energy scavenging applications, Nano Energy (2012) 1, pp 356–371 www.elsevier.com/locate/nanoenergy
[6]. PB Aviation (May 17, 2004), FAR Part 150 Noise Compatibility Study (Volume I), CINCINNATI MUNICIPAL-LUNKEN AIRPORT.
[7]. Cavalcanti, Adriano, Wood, Warren W., Kretly, Luiz C., and Shirinzadeh, Bijan, (2006) Computational Nanomechatronics: A Pathway for Control and Manufacturing Nanorobots, IEEE CIMCA 2006 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation.
[8]. California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook (2002): Measuring Airport Noise Chapter 6, pp 6-1 to 6-5
[9]. Cory, W. T. W. Chairman of the Eurovent WG 1"Fans" Relationship between Sound Pressure and Sound Power Levels. 1137149375_Review_67-Bill_Cory: www.eurovent-certification.com.

[10]. Fish, Brian., CRSP (2005), Occupational Hygiene Report: Sound level survey, STACS Inc. was hired by Company ABC to perform sound level sampling at its location at 123 Toronto, Ontario . pp 6-8.

Abstract: Three-level (TL) dc–dc converters are widely used in high-voltage input applications for the reason that the voltage stress on the power switches is only half of the input voltage. For the half-bridge TL dc–dc converter, the asymmetry of the main circuit and drive circuit result in voltage unbalance among the input divided capacitors and blocking capacitor, which will cause higher voltage stress on the power switches and the rectifier diodes. This paper proposes a novel capacitor voltage control strategy based on PV panel to adjust duty cycle and phase shift of the positive and negative half-cycles so that the voltage of the input-divided capacitors and blocking capacitor are corrected and the reliability of the converter can be guaranteed. An 800-V input from the PV panel to 28-V/2-kW output simulation is done. The experimental results are shown to verify the theoretical analysis and the proposed control strategy.

Keywords: PV Source Modeling, Capacitor voltage control, half-bridge three-level (TL) converter, voltage unbalance.

[1] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, "A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-17, no. 5, pp. 518–523,Sep./Oct. 1981.
[2] D. Fu, F. C. Lee, Y. Qiu, and F. Wang, "A novel high-power-density three-level LCC resonant converter with constant-power-factor-controlfor charging applications," IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2411–2420, Sep. 2008.
[3] S. Byeong-Mun, R. McDowell, A. Bushnell, and J. Ennis, "A three-level dc–dc converter with wide-input voltage operations for ship-electricpower-distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1856–1863, Oct. 2004.
[4] A. D. Cheok, S. Kawamoto, T.Matsumoto, andH.Obi, "High power ac/dc converter and dc/ac inverter for high speed train applications," in Proc.IEEE TENCON, Sep. 2000, vol. 1, pp. 423–428.
[5] X. Ruan, L. Zhou, and Y. Yan, "Soft switching PWM three-level converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 612–622, Sep.2001.
[6] X. Ruan, B. Li, and Q. Chen, "Three-level converters-a new approach for high voltage and high power DC-to-DC conversion," in Proc. IEEE PowerElectron. Spec. Conf., 2002, vol. 2, pp. 663–668.
[7] J. R. Pinheiro and I. Barbi, "The three-level ZVS-PWM DC-to-DC converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 486–492, Oct.1993.
[8] F. Canales, P. M. Barbosa, J. M. Burd´ıo, and F. C. Lee, "A zero-voltageswitching three-level DC/DC converter," in Proc. INTELEC, 2000,pp. 512–517.
[9] X. Ruan, B. Li, and J. Li, "Zero-voltage-switching PWM three-level converter with current-doubler-rectifier," in Proc. Appl. Power Electron.Conf., 2002, vol. 2, pp. 981–987.
[10] X. Ruan, D. Xu, L. Zhou, Bin Li, and Q. Chen, "Zero-voltage-switching PWM three-level converter with two clamping diodes," IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 790–799, Aug. 2002.

Abstract: The D-STATCOM is a shunt connected FACTS device which supplies reactive power to the load to improve the voltage stability of the load busses. The D-STAT COM in multi bus system is capable of reducing the losses and improving the voltage regulation.This work deals with comparison of Push Pull and Voltage Inverter based D-STATCOM for multi bus system. Eight bus system is modeled using the elements of SIMULINK. The models are developed for eight bus system with and without D-STATCOM. The two D-STATCOM systems are compared with respect to total harmonic distortion and reactive power comparison. The D-STATCOM is studied with respect to the voltage stability improvement at the load busses. The results of VSI based D-STATCOM system are compared with those of Push pull inverter based D-STATCOM system.

Keywords: Distribution statics synchro- nous compensator (D-STATCOM), Voltage source inverter (VSI), Push Pull inverter, Power Quality, FACTS.

[1] Gyugyi, L. (1998) UnderstandingFACTS:Concepts andTechnology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems.Addison- Wesley, New York, pp 135-207.
[2] Y. Cheng, C. Qian, M. L. Crow, S.Pekarek,S. Atcitty, "A Comparison ofDiode Clamped and Cascaded MultilevelConverters for a STATCOM with EnergyStorage," IEEE Trans.on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp.1512-1521,2006.

[3] M.G. Molina andP.E. Mercado,Control Designandsimulation ofD-STSTCOMwith energy storageforPower Quality
improvements",in Proc. IEEE/PES trans.4Distrib.L.A. Caracon, Venezuela,2006.
[4] IEEE PESworkinggroupFACTSApplications, IEEE press. Pub.No.96-TP-116, 1996.
[5] N.G.HingoraniandL.Gyugyi,understanding FACTS,conceptsandtechnology ofFlexible AC Transmission systems, piscatway, NJ:
IEEE press,2000.
[6] JianyeCuen, Shan Song, Zanjiwang, " Analysisand implementofThyristerbased STATCOM", 2006, International conference
onPowerSystemtechnology.
[7] MehdiHosseini,MahnoudFotuhiFiruzabad," Modelingofseriesandshuntdistribution FACTS Deviceindistribution system load
flow",J.ElectricalSystems4-4(2008),1-12.N.G.Hingorani, L. Gyugi: UnderstandingFACTS. Concepts andTechnology ofFlexible
AC Transmission Systems. IEEE Press, New York, 2000
[8] C. Schauder, "STATCOM for Compensation of Large ElectricArc FurnaceInstallations," Proceedings ofthe IEEE PES Summer
Power Meeting, Edmoton, Alberta, July 1999, pp.1109-1112.
[9] G. Reed, J. Paserba, T. Croasdaile, M.Takeda, Y. Hamasaki, T. Aritsuka, N. Morishima, S.Jochi, I. Iyoda, M. Nambu, N. Toki, L.
Thomas, G. Smith, D.LaForest, W. Allard, D.Haas, "The VELCOSTATCOM-BasedTransmission System Project," Proceedings of
the 2001IEEE PES Winter Power Meeting, Columbus,H, January/February 2001.
[10] C. Schauder, "STATCOM for Compensation of Large Electric Arc FurnaceInstallations," Proceedings of the IEEE PES Summer
Power Meeting, Edmonon, Alberta, July 1999.pp.1109-1112.

Abstract: Power system is subjected to sudden changes in load levels. Stability is an important concept which determines the stable operation of power system. In general rotor angle stability is taken as index, but the concept of transient stability, which is the function of operating condition and disturbances deals with the ability of the system to remain intact after being subjected to abnormal deviations. A system is said to be synchronously stable (i.e., retain synchronism) for a given fault if the system variables settle down to some steady-state values with time, after the fault is removed.

Keywords: faults, fuzzy logic, fuzzy controller, loads, multi-machine, Transient stability, TCSC.

[1] P. Kundur, "Power System Stability and Control", McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1994
[2] Prabha Kundur, John Paserba, "Definition and Classification of Power System Stability", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems., Vol. 19, No. 2, pp 1387- 1401, May 2004.
[3] Stagg and El- Abiad, "Computer Methods in Power System Analysis", International Student Edition, McGraw- Hill,Book Company, 1968.
[4] K. R. Padiyar, "HVDC Power Transmission Systems", New Age International (P) Ltd., 2004.
[5] P.M.Anderson and A.A.Foud, "power system control and stability", Iowa state University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1977.
[6] Dheeman Chatterjee, Arindam Ghosh∗, "TCSC control design for transient stability improvement of a multi-machine power system using trajectory sensitivity", Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India
[7] P.W. Sauer, M.A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1998.
[8] Dheeman Chatterjee , Arindam Ghosh*, "Application of Trajectory Sensitivity for the Evaluation of the Effect of TCSC Placement on Transient Stability" International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Volume 8, Issue 1 2007 Article 4, The Berkeley Electronic Press.

Abstract: Voltage instability and voltage collapse have been considered as a major threat to present power system networks due to their stressed operation. It is very important to do the power system analysis with respect to voltage stability. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is an alternating current transmission system incorporating power electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. A FACTS device in a power system improves the voltage stability, reduces the power loss and also improves the load ability of the system.

Keywords: Voltage stability, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Equivalent –Current Injection (ECI), Modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO).

[1] R. Z. Mi˜nano, "Optimal power flow with stability constraints," Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, 2010.
[2] V. Ajjarapu, Computational Techniques for Voltage Stability Assessment and Control. Springer, 2006.
[3] P. H. E. Azadani, S. Hosseinian, "Optimal placement of multiple statcom for voltage stability margin enhancement using particle swarm optimization," Springer Berlin Electrical Engineering (Archiv fur Elektrotechnik), pp. 503–510, 2008.
[4] Y. del Valle, J. C. Hernandez, G. K. Venayagamoorthy, and R. G. Harley, "Multiple statcomallocation and sizing using particle swarm optimization," Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp. 1884–1891, 2006.
[5] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control.McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[6] J. P. S. Paiva, Redes de Energia El ´ ectrica - Uma An´ aliseSist ´emica, 2nd ed. IST Press, 2007.
[7] M. B. Keskin, "Continuation power flow and voltage stability in power systems," Master's thesis, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, September 2007.
[8] C. A. Ca˜nizares, "Voltage collapse and transient energy function analyses of ac/dc systems," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1991.
[9] F. Milano, Power System Modelling and Scripting. Springer, 2010.
[10] W. F. Tinney and C. E. Hart, "Power flow solution by newton's method," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, pp. 1449–1460, 1967.

Abstract: This paper presents a new methodology using artificial bee's colony algorithm (ABC) in the radial distribution systems for the placement and size of Distributed Generators (DG). The ABC algorithm is a new population based meta heuristic approach exalted by intelligent foraging behavior of honey bee swarm. This paper presents a feeder reconfiguration problem with Distributed Generation to the distribution system. In the recent years the application of Distributed Generation (DG) has found increasing attention. Optimal reconfiguration needs selection of the best set of branches to be opened so that the resulting radial distribution system has improved voltage profile system and minimized power loss. The developed methodology is demonstrated by a radial distribution system with distributed generation. The study results show that the optimal on/off patterns of the switches can be identified which give the minimum power loss while respecting all the constraints.

Keywords: Network reconfiguration, Loss reduction, Distributed generation, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm.

[1]. Baran, M .E. and Wu, F.F, "Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing," IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1989, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1401–1407.
[2]. Kashem, M.A., Ganapathy, V. and Jasman, G.B. "Network reconfiguration for enhanceme nt of voltage stability in distribution networks," IEE Proc. C-Genes. Transm. Distrib., 2000, pp. 171 –175.
[3]. Ackermann T., Andersson G., Soder L., "Distributed generation: a definition," Electric Power Systems Research, 2001, Vol. 57, no.3 pp. 195–204.
[4]. Chiradejaand P., and Ramakumar R ., "An approach to quantify the technical benefits of distributed generation," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2004, Vol.19, no .4, pp. 764–773.

[5]. Merlin, A. and H. Back, "Search for a minimal-loss operating spanning tree configuration in an urban power distribution system," Proc. 5th Power System Computation Conf.,1975, Cambridge (U.K.): pp. 1-18.
[6]. Civanlar, S., J.J. Grainger, H. Yin and S.S.H. Lee, "Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1988, No 3: pp. 1217-1223.
[7]. Shirmohammadi, D. and H.W. Hong, "Reconfiguration of electric distribution networks for resistive line loss reduction," IEEE Tran sactions on Power Systems, 1989, Vol.4: pp. 1492-1498.
[8]. Baran, M.E. and F.F. Wu, "Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery," 1989, Vol.4, pp.1401-1407.
[9]. Nara, K., A. Shiose, M. Kitagawoa and T. Ishihara, "Implementation of genetic algorithm for distribution systems loss minimum reconfiguration," IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,1992, Vol.7, pp.1044-1051.
[10]. Goswami, S.K. and S.K. Basu, "A new algorithm for the reconfiguration of distribution feeders for loss minimization," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1992, Vol.7, pp.1484-1491.

Abstract: Despite years of activity, truly open and intelligent control systems seem still to be a promise of the future. Agreement on common architectures and application objects is needed to raise open control systems from exchanging raw data to the level of real interoperability of off-the-shelf components. Future control platforms and programming languages should have new built-in mechanisms that support implementation of intelligent functions, such as flexible resource management and exception handling. This article argues that many of these challenges can be met by taking full advantage of emerging software engineering technologies. This also means that the modeling techniques and design practices of software engineering should be combined with the traditional ways of thinking in distribution automation.

Keywords: Distribution Automation, VNT, GUI.

[1] K. Clinard and John Redmon, Editors, Distribution Management Tutorial, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Tampa, FL, February 1998.
[2] A. Pahwa and J.K. Shultis, Assessment of the Present Status of Distribution Automation, Report No. 238, Engineering Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, March 1992.
[3] D. Bassett, K. Clinard, J. Grainger, S. Purucker, and D. Ward, Tutorial Course: Distribution Automation, IEEE Publication 88EH0280-8-PWR.
[4] T.Moore, "Automating the Distribution Network," EPRI Journal, September 1984, pp. 22-28.
[5] T. Moore, J.B. Bunch, Guidelines for Evaluating Distribution Automation, EPRI Report EL-3728, November 1984.
[6] T. Kendrew, "Automated Distribution," EPRI Journal, January/February 1990, pp.46-48.
[7] J.B. Bunch, Guidelines for Evaluating Distribution Automation, EPRI Report EL-3728, November 1984.
[8] J.S. Paserba, N.W. Miller, S.T. Naumann, M.G. Lauby, and F.P. Sener, "Coordination of a Distribution Level Continuously Controlled Compensation Device with Existing Substation Equipment for Long Term Var Management," Paper No. 93 SM 437-4 PWRD, IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, July 1993.
[9] G.T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality, Stars in a Circle Publications, West Lafayette, IN, 1991.
[10] J. Douglas, "Power Quality Solutions,", IEEE Power Engineering Review, v. 14, no. 3, March 1994.

Abstract: This paper presents a new Unified Power-Quality Conditioning System (MC-UPQC), capable of simultaneous compensation for voltage and current in multi-bus/multi-feeder systems. By using one shunt Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) and two or more series VSCs the configuration is made. The system can be applied to adjacent feeders to compensate for supply-voltage and load current imperfections on the main feeder and full compensation of supply voltage imperfections on the other feeders. The configuration will be designed as all converters are connected back to back on the dc side and share a common dc-link capacitor. The system is also capable of compensating for interruptions without the need for a battery storage system and consequently without storage capacity limitations. By the simulation the performance of MC-UPQC as well as the adopted control algorithm will be illustrated.

Keywords: Voltage-Source Converter (VSC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC), Unified Power-Quality Conditioning System (UPQC).

[1] D. D. Sabin and A. Sundaram, ―Quality enhances reliability,‖ IEEE Spectr., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 34–41, Feb. 1996.
[2] M. Rastogi, R. Naik, and N. Mohan, ―A comparative evaluation of harmonic reduction techniques in three-phase utility interface of power electronic loads,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1149–1155, Sep./Oct. 1994.
[3] F. Z. Peng, ―Application issues of active power filters,‖ IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 21–30, Sep../Oct. 1998.
[4] H. Akagi, ―New trends in active filters for power conditioning,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1312–1322, Nov./Dec. 1996.
[5] L. Gyugyi, C. D. Schauder, S. L. Williams, T. R. Rietman, D. R. Torjerson, and A. Edris, ―The unified power flow controller: A new approach to power transmission control,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1085–1097, Apr. 1995.

Abstract: This paper discusses automation techniques that can be applied at bus centric level for removal of corruption. Through engineering techniques easy drive and friendly environment can be ensured. Controllers and sensors are used for automation. Our main idea is to develop a system for fair dealing and better management. It will also be locally maintainable.

[1] D. D. Sabin and A. Sundaram, ―Quality enhances reliability,‖ IEEE Spectr., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 34–41, Feb. 1996.
[2] M. Rastogi, R. Naik, and N. Mohan, ―A comparative evaluation of harmonic reduction techniques in three-phase utility interface of power electronic loads,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1149–1155, Sep./Oct. 1994.
[3] F. Z. Peng, ―Application issues of active power filters,‖ IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 21–30, Sep../Oct. 1998.
[4] H. Akagi, ―New trends in active filters for power conditioning,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1312–1322, Nov./Dec. 1996.
[5] L. Gyugyi, C. D. Schauder, S. L. Williams, T. R. Rietman, D. R. Torjerson, and A. Edris, ―The unified power flow controller: A new approach to power transmission control,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1085–1097, Apr. 1995.

Abstract: Voltage instability is one of the phenomenons that could happen in a power system due to stressed loading condition. The result would lead to the occurrence of voltage collapse which is nothing but the total blackout. Therefore voltage collapse possibilities and predictions are important in power system planning and operation so that the occurrence of voltage collapse due to voltage instability could be avoided. This paper presents a methodology of fast voltage stability index (FVSI) to identify the critical lines and buses to install the FACTS controllers. The line that gives FVSI value close to one will be taken as the most critical line corresponding to the bus, simulation results by using PSAT Software for the IEEE-14 bus system shows the location of UPFC in a particular line connected to the most critical bus to maintain the stability of the system.

Keywords: Voltage Stability, FVSI, UPFC, PSAT software

[1]. Musirin, T.K.A.Rahman, 2002 ""Novel Fast voltage Stability Index (FVSI) for voltage stability analysis in power transmission system‟‟ 2002 student conference on research and development proceedings, shah alam , malasia,
[2] P.W.Sauer, R.J.Evans,and M.A. Pai, 1990, "" Maximum unconstrained load ability of power systems, ‟‟ IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and systems vol.3, pp.1818-1821.
[3] Liu Baozhu and Li Bolong, 2008 "" A Novel Static Voltage Stability Index based on Equilibrium Solution region of Branch Power Flow ,‟‟ DRPT2008 6-9 Nanjing China
[4] M. Noroozian, L. Angquist, M.Ghandhari,G. Anderson,1997, ""Improving Power System Dynamics by Series- connected Facts Devices‟‟, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.12, No.4.

Abstract: The paper describes the investigation and development of a structure and performance characteristics of a coil iron nucleus cylindrical (C.I.N.C). The coil iron nucleus cylindrical is a nonlinear electro radio in which the moving of the nucleus in a sense or in other causes change in inductance and can reach extreme values at the superposition of nucleus and coil centers. The variation of the inductance and the degree of freedom of movement of the nucleus can lead to a device with electromechanical conversion The aim of this paper is the determination and visualization of self inductance and mutual of the (C.I.N.C) based on geometric dimensions and the displacement of the nucleus.

Keywords: Coil, iron, nucleus cylindrical, linear motor, inductance.

[1] E. Levi and M. Panzer, Electromechanical Power Conversion, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966, p.9.
[2] George Asch, les capteurs en instrumentation industrielle, Dunod Edition ,1987.
[3] D. HEDJAZI and A. Chaghi and R. Abdessamed, Modeling and characterization of High Performance Linear Oscillating Parametric Motor, Jee Journal of Electrical Engineering , vol. 7, N°1,Poitechnica of Timisoara, Romania. ISSN 1582-4594, 2007.
[4] S. Kikuchi and K. Ishikawa, A New Type 4-Legged Linear Parametric Motor with Excellent Performance, IEEE Transactions on magnetic, vol. 33, No. 5, September 1997.
[5] K. Ishikawa and M. Ishizuka and S. Kikuchi, Performance Characteristics of A New Type of Linear Parametric Motor With Double Driving Surfaces, IEEE Transactions on magnetic, vol. 34, No 4 , July 1998.

Abstract: This paper describes a microcontroller based charge controller using PWM (pulse width modulation) technique. This PWM technique is employed by the PIC16F877 microcontroller. The microcontroller is to charge a 12V battery using 80W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is dusk to dawn operation; it switches "on‟ the load (the light) at dusk (evening) and switches off at dawn (morning).

[1] Enric, P.U and Michael M.D (1998): Recommended Practices for Charge Controllers. Renewable Energy and Hybrid System Group CANMET Energy Diversification Research Laboratory.
[2] Gazi, S.M., Muhaiminul, I and Salim, K.M (2009): Design and Construction of Microcontroller Based Maximum Power Point PWM Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Application. Development in Renewable Energy Technology (2009) 1st International Conference, Pp. 1-4.
[3] Jaya, N. I (2012): PIC Based Solar Charging Controller For Battery. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Pp 384.
[4] Vikas, K. (2012): Microcontroller Based solar charge controller for power Application. International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering. Volume 3, Issue 1.