IOSR-JEF   Volume-14 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2023

Abstract: Per capita gdp of nations varies significantly. However quality of life does not vary as much since prices also vary. Hence per capita gdp are compared on purchasing power parity(PPP) basis. However welfare is also dependent on equality. Hence an even better comparison of per capita incomes would involve Gini Coefficient. This paper proposes that per capita income on purchasing power parity be divided by Gini Coefficient to give better assessment of incomes.

Abstract: The prices in financial markets have increased volatility in recent years. Fluctuations can be caused by bond prices, interest rates, stock prices, and foreign exchange rates. Financial markets have innovated a range of "products" to protect investors and firms from the risk of market price fluctuations. Hedging foreign exchange risk have a popular instrument for a long time, FORWARD CONTRACTS. Forward contracts are used in the hedging and transfer for interest rate risks. Future contracts have become very popular for stock indices, bonds, and currencies that were traded on commodities. Interest rate and swap options have also become very significant in past years in both traded and traditional modes, "over the counter".

Abstract: This paper aims at determining the influence of corporate governance practices on the financial performance of listed firms in Nairobi Securities Exchange Kenya. Kenya has put in a lot of effort to ensure a beneficial business climate, resulting in an improvement for most NSE-listed companies. Over the past few years, there have been varying financial outcomes for firms listed on the NSE, and this has been linked to issues surrounding corporate governance practices. According to Okoth & Achuka (2016), Kenya Airways (KQ) recorded their worst figures ever, with a net loss of $258 million USD during fiscal year 2015/16. In comparison, Longhorn saw positive numbers during the same period (Onsongo et al., 2019). The Capital Market Authority report (2016) confirms that there has been a.......

Key Words: Corporate Gouvernance Practices, Board size, CEO Duality, BoardCommittee, Financial Performance

Abstract: The number of SMEs in Maluku is very large and most of them in business management are still what they are. Usually these SMEs in managing their business still do not know exactly how to manage finances well, besides that they also do not understand the importance of standardization in the products they produce. This is also found in UKM "MW" which is engaged in the food sector, especially the cracker business. This business does not yet have a standardization permit for P-IRT products and does not yet have an accounting record so that the owner does not know......

Key Words: Financial Management, P-IRT Product Licensing

Abstract: Governments are supposed to ameliorate poverty through redistribution programs that subsidize education, healthcare, food and housing. However governments are handled by politicians who are very corrupt. As if that is not bad enough governmental inefficiency is legendary. It would appear that all taxes are collected just to fund government and not government programs. It is obvious that this much corruption and inefficiency in government can cause poverty. Paradoxically, economists do not discuss corruption and inefficiency in government as much as they should

Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between institutional quality and environmental quality. To do so, we use a new approach, the model of Cole et al (2007). This model allows for the simultaneous testing of two theoretical hypotheses, namely the Kuznets environmental equation and the endogenous growth equation. However, the institutional quality variable (government effectiveness) in each equation to understand the effect of this variable on both hypotheses, we estimate the Cole (2007) empirical model. The data used in this chapter are for the eight WAEMU countries and cover the period from 1996 to 2017. The results of this paper show that institutional.......

Key Words: quality of institutions, Kuznets environment curve, endogenous growth

Abstract: Public Private Partnership has been said to be a long term agreement between government agency and the private sector for the provision of infrastructure which is great deficit in Nigeria and other developing countries, promote efficiency in the management of public facilities and the efficient delivery of goods and services with both parties sharing in the risks and rewards. This study employed the descriptive analytical technique as it best suits the purpose of this research to investigate the very poor implementation of public-private partnership in addressing the huge infrastructural deficit in the country. The study employed the political-economy approach.......

Key Words:Concession, Infrastructure, Franchise, Management contract, Build-Own and Operate, Build-Operate and Transfer,Afterimage, Leasing.
JEL Code: L32, L33, L38

Abstract: The education sector is one of the most diverse sectors in the world leading to rapid development in this industry day by day . But it is a sad truth that the women are paid less than men even in a female dominated workforce . Across the globe , women only earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. This exploratory and quantitative research paper aims to study the differences in pay gap in the private and government sector in the education industry . The underlying gap has been further supplemented and assessed using a detailed questionnaire to interview 100 teachers of varied age groups and observing their responses . The results of the study further portray that there is a significant pay gap.

Abstract: Digital financial inclusion makes formal financial services digitally accessible and accessible to marginalized and underserved populations. Such services should be tailored to the needs of consumers and delivered responsibly. Costs are affordable for consumers and fair for providers. For both individuals and businesses, digitizing finance will reduce costs, open up new markets and livelihood opportunities, and help nations recover from Covid-19. The study assesses the degree of digital financial inclusion and measures awareness and usage of digital financial services among indigenous peoples in Mayurbanji district, Orissa. As a result, it was found that.....

keyword: Digital financial inclusion, digital financial services, Covid-19, tribal people, formal financial services, Mayurbhanj district.

Abstract: after the nationalization of 14 banks in 1969 has witnessed a phenomenal Expansion in the geographical coverage and functional spread of our banking and financial system. The development of the financial sector is a major achievement and it has contributed significantly to the increase in our saving rate particularly of the household sector. Despite impressive quantitative achievements in recourse mobilization and in extending the credit reach, several distortions have over the years crept into the banking and financial system. The Government of India setup a high level committee Mr. Narasimhan a former Governor of the RBI as chairman to examine all aspects relating to the structure, organisation functions and procedure of the financial system......

keyword: Banking System, Narasimahn Committee, Reformation, Development.