IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2016

Abstract: This paper discusses an attempt to explore the possibility of proposing a single treatment solution for dual pollution-problem in chemical industries which discharge wastewater and solid wastes. Batch and column studies were carried out to identify the adsorptive potential of a new adsorbent 'metal oxide slag', for removal of two common heavy metal pollutants, Cr and Ni, from laboratory prepared wastewater. The adsorbent characteristics and wastewater conditions were maintained similar to their existing discharge conditions. The effect of three batch parameters of dosage, initial concentration and time of contact on the possible removal and adsorption dynamics was studied and compared with industrial permissible limits. Further, the effect of column feed concentrations and bed depths were also studied and analyzed for breakpoint, adsorptive capacity and interfacial adsorption rate.

Keywords: metal oxide slag; adsorption; industrial wastewater; Cr; Ni; heavy metal; column studies.

1] Naga Prapurna, R.Navoday, M.Viswanatham, Impact assessment of industrial discharges on the receiving water bodies in two major industrial estates of Hyderabad city–a case study, J.of Ind. Pollu. Contr., 23, 2007, 277-281.
[2] Naga Prapurna, M.Viswanatham, Industrial wastewater characterization and its impact on the receiving water bodies in selected industrial estates of Hyderabad city, Proc. of natl. conf. on water and waste mang., JNTUCE, Kakinada, India, 2007.
[3] BIS: 2490, General stds for discharge of industrial pollution effluents into inland surface water, Board of Ind Stds Inst, New Delhi, 1992.
[4] Ray Von Wandruszka, J. David Newell, Removal of zinc and trichloroethylene from water by column extraction with a crude humic acid, Envi. Prog., 21, 2002, 209-214.
[5] W.L. McCabe, J.C. Smith, Peter Harriott, Adsorption and fixed bed separations, chap-25, unit operations of chem. Engg., 7(2005), McGraw Hill Intl. Ed., New York.
[6] Naga Prapurna, M. Viswanatham, Industrial waste water treatment: economic, efficient and ecofriendly technique–a review, Proc. of Intl. conf. on envi. and com. dev., School of distance edu., Univ. Sains, Penang, Malaysia, 2007.
[7] N. Gandhi, D. Sirisha, K. B. Chandra Sekhar, Adsorption studies of Chromium by using low cost adsorbents, Our Nature, 11, 2013, 11-16.

Abstract: Catfish effluent discharged into environment partly infiltrated into the soil and partly percolates downwards to groundwater. Only physical and chemical parameters were examined. This study was conducted to assess the impact of catfish effluent discharged on the quality of receiving water sources in Lagos, Nigeria Five fish farms with high stock densities were selected from each district zone for detail study covering water quality indicators, such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature, turbidity, pH and micro nutrients which were measured in line with the APHA (2005) standards which are all critical for fish growth. Results shows that 75 % of the water samples tested recorded turbidity levels within the range of safe limit and corresponding values for pH of water were (7.70- 8.40), manganese (Mn) (0.11 – 0.12 mg/l) and Iron (Fe) (0.2 – 0.5 mg/l) which are exceeded the permissible values 7.0, 0.05 mg/l and 0.10 mg/l respectively. Different trend was however recorded with Cl- (16.30 – 19.6 mg/l) having value less than the recommended standard.

[1]. Adekoya,B.B;T.O.Ayansanwo;A.A.Idowu;O.A.Kudoro and A.A. Salisu 2006).
[2]. Inventor of Fish Hatcheries in Ogun State .Ogun State Agricultural development programme, Abeokuta.
[3]. American Public Health Association (APHA). 2005. Standard Methods for the water and wastewater, American Water Works Association, Water Control Federation. Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th Eds. Washington, DC;
[4]. Boyd C. E. 2003. Guidelines for Aquaculture Effluent Management at the Farm Level.
[5]. Boyd, C E 2001. Water quality standards: total ammonia nitrogen. Global Aquaculture
[6]. Boyd,C.E. 2005. Aquaculture and water pollution. American Water Resources. Summer Specialty Conference, snowbird, Utah.
[7]. Boyd, C.E (1990) Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture. Auburn University/Alabama Agricultural Experimentation station, Agricultural Engineering,Vol.2;pp

Abstract: Settlements around the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja are urbanizing rapidly due to large influx of population from all parts of Nigeria and elsewhere. Greater Karu Urban Area (GKUA), a corridor of development to the FCT, has fast developed into a cosmopolitan area in less than forty years of the existence of the Federal Capital Territory. This research examined the effects of urbanization on environmental condition of settlements in GKUA. Questionnaire was employed to obtain attribute data from respondents on environmental sanitation while digital photographs taken captured the state of the environment during the survey. A survey of five settlements, was undertaken and high density residential areas with severe environmental issues were identified and purposefully selected for the study.

[1]. Alabi, M.O. (2009) "Urban Sprawl, Pattern and Measurement in Lokoja, Nigeria." Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 4 (13): 158-164
[2]. Aluko, O.E. (2010) The Impact of Urbanization on Housing Development: The Lagos experience, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 3 (3)
[3]. Akpabio, M. E. (2012) Water Supply and Sanitation Services Sector in Nigeria: The Policy
[4]. Trend and Practice Constraints. ZEF Working Paper Series, ISSN 1864‐6638 Department of Political and Cultural Change, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn
[5]. Centre for African Settlement Studies and Development (CASSAD), (2002). The Economy and Employment Structure and Trends in Karu. Overview of Findings
[6]. Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), (2008). Women, Slums and Urbanization: Examining the Causes and Consequences. Geneva, Switzerland

Abstract: There has been a great concern about the level of safety of surface waters, especially in developing countries where there is an exponential increase in water pollution and borne diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of catfish effluents on water quality of stream where five catfish farms are localized. Water samples were taken on monthly basis, 20cm below water surface from water that receives effluent from surrounding fish ponds. Water quality indicators like dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, water temperature, ammonia and pH were examined in sampled water accordance with the APHA standards

 Stream had distinctly different water quality between upstream station (S1) above the outflow of catfish farm effluents station (S2) and the downstream stations (S3 – S4) below the outflow of catfish farm effluents station (S2).
 The major differences occur in pH, total ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand.
 These differences were related to catfish farm effluents, the nature of the soils in the area and runoff caused by the flood in the area.

Abstract: Cassia tora L. is popularly known for its medicinal value and various chemicals it possess. It is useful in treatment of fever, skin diseases, and acts as nerve tonic, acts as substitute for coffee and many more properties. But in nature being stationary and continuously exposed to polluted atmosphere particularly Sulphur dioxide there is tremendous effect on morphology and growth causing ultimately impact on its medicinal properties. In the present study an attempt has been made to understand the effect of different concentrations of Sulphur dioxide (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm) on the growth and morphological characters of Cassia tora seedlings.

[1] Ahmed, K. J., Yunus, M., Singh, S. N., Shrivastava, K., Singh N and Kulshreshtha K. (1988). Survey of Indian plants in relation to atmospheric pollution pp. 283-306. Perspectives in Environental Botany. Vol. 2 (Ed. By D. N. Rao, Ahmed, K. J., Yunus, M. and Singh, S. N.) Today and tomarrow's Publs. New Delhi.
[2] Aiyangar, H. P. S., Radhakrishna, I., Ramaswamy, S. S., Yannawar, P.K. and Chakraborty, M. K. (1973). Review of Air Pollution Control Measures in India. SEA/Env. Sem. /118.
[3] Ayer, S. K & Bedi, S. J. (1990). Effect of artificial fumigation of sulphurdioxide on growth and yield of Zea maize L. Var American sweet corn. Polln Res. 9: 33-37.
[4] Chakraborty, M. K. and Rao, M. N. (1962). Atmospheric Pollution-A study in Calcutta. Ind. J. Med. Res. 50:295.
[5] Guderian, R. (1977). Air Pollution: Phytotoxicity of acidic gases and its significance in air pollution control. Ecological studies Vol. 22. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 122.

Abstract: Research on the physical properties (color, odor, turbidity, pH and solubility) and chemical properties (levels of aluminum, iron, manganese, nitrate, sulfate and chlorine) contained in the groundwater around landfill Bantar Gebang Bekasi and Galuga Bogor has been carried out on May - August 2015. The results showed that soil water consumed by the people living around the garbage dump its physical and chemical properties still below the standardized WHO or the Ministry of Health of the Republic Indonesia. Except that manganese levels above the standard is 0.92 mg/l around landfills Bantar Gebang and 0.97 mg/l around landfills Galuga Bogor. In general, the levels of chemicals in landfill around Bantar Gebang higher than landfill Galuga

Keywords: physical properties, chemical properties, groundwater, landfill

[1] D.K. Todd, et al., Groundwater Hydrology, Third Edition (NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, 2005)
[2] S, Fajarini, Analysis of Groundwater Quality in People Around Final Disposal (TPA) Waste at Sumur Batu Bantar Gebang, Bekasi,. (Jakarta : UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2014)
[3] S.P. Ardiagarini, A. Riman, H.J. Kristina, Cost Calculation of Products Compressed Natural Gas From Landfill Gas as Alternative Energy In Bantar Gebang, Bekasi, Jurnal Teknik Industri, 8(2), 107-116.
[4] A.H. Dardak, Space Planning Policy Space for Waste Management. (Jakarta: Director General of Spatial Planning Department of Public Works, 2007).
[5] H. Tanty, R.D. Bekti, T. Herlina, Nurlelasari, MANOVA statistical analysis of inorganic compounds in groundwater Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 8(4), 41-45
[6] Sularmo. The Impact of The Final Processing Places (TPA) Bakung to the Quality of Well Water, Social, Economic, and Public Health Firmness Village, Bandar Lampung City Thesis (Bandar Lampung: Bandar Lampung University, 2012).
[7] R. D. Bekti, H. Tanty, T. Herlina, and Solihudin, Spatial Autocorrelation of Inorganic Compound in Groundwater, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 6(6), 01-05

Abstract: Fecundity study is necessary to know the reproductive potential of fish. Randomly collected fresh fish specimens of fringe scale sardine, Sardinella fimbriata were collected fortnightly from the fish landing centers- Karwar, Baithkol, Majali and also from the Karwar fish market and were studied for morphological and biological details in the laboratory during the period December- 2011 to December- 2012. For determining the number of ova in each ovary, 100 mg weighed portion from the anterior; middle and posterior regions of each right and left lobes of the ovaries were taken and the number of eggs was counted from the mature and ripe ovaries only.

[1]. Muthu Krishnan, S., Padmanaban, G. and Sarma, P. S., Regulation of heme biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa, J. Biol. Chem.,
244(15), 1969, 4241- 4246. [Pub. Med.]
[2]. Raja, B. T. A. and Y. Hiyama, on Sardinella sirm (Walbaum) from Okinawa, Rec. Ocenogr. Work Japan. N. S., 10(1), 105- 107.
[3]. Sekharan, K. V., M. S. Muthu, G. Sudhakara Rao and B. Narayanrao, Spawning concentration of the sardine- Sardinella gibbosa
(Bleekar), off the North Andhra Coast in March- April 1969. Indian J. Fish. 16, 1969b, 156- 160.
[4]. Berg, L. S., Classification of both recent and fossil Trudy-Zool. Inst., Leningr, 1940, 1- 517. (Reprinted in 1947)
[5]. Rao, T. Appa., On some aspects of fishery and biology of sardines of Waltair area. Indian J. Fish., 28(1 & 2), 1981, 96- 103.
[6]. Ghosh, S., M. H. Hanumantha Rao, S. Sumithrudu, P. Rohit and G. Maheswarudu, Reproductive biology and population
characteristics of Sardinella gibbosa and Sardinella fimbriata from North-West Bay of Bengal. Ind. J. of Geo-Marine Sci. 42 (6),
2013, 758- 769.
[7]. Franz, G. P., Die Eiproduktion der scholle (Pleuronectes platessa L.) Wiss. Meeresunter such, 9, 1910, 59- 141.
[8]. Clark, F. N., Maturity of California sardine- Sardinae caurelea, determined by ova diameter measurements, Fish. Bull, 42, 1934, 1-
49.

Abstract: Vegetable oils (soybean, rapeseeds, sesame etc.) are very popular in South-Asian countries like Bangladesh, but most of these oils are rich in erucic acid which has an adverse effect on serum lipids. This study investigated the acute efficacy and protective effect of dietary supplementation of sesame oil at different concentrations on constant dose of rapeseed powder which induced elevation of serum lipids in Wister rats. In this study, rapeseeds significantly decreased body weight (p<0.05) and food efficiency ratio (FER) while serum lipids like total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were augmented. However, the effect of sesame oil was vice-versa. But when sesame oil was mixed with rapeseeds as dietary supplement, body weight, FER and HDL (high density lipoprotein) were increased while TC, TG and LDL were reduced significantly (p<0.01). This result revealed sesame oil had ameliorated effects on rapeseed through lowering lipid levels in serum and also protected from toxicity effect of rapeseed. Therefore, regular intake of sesame oil as a dietary supplementation might improve desirable lipid profile and also maintain the proper lipid index in human.

Keywords: Rapeseeds, erucic acids, sesame oil, lipid profile

[1]. USDA, Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution at Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade Monthly Circular. FOP, 2009, 1-09.
[2]. R. O'Brien, Fats and Oils Formulating and Processing for Applications, Third Edition: Formulating and Processing for Applications. CRC Press, 2008, pp. 37–40. ISBN 1-4200-6166-6.
[3]. M.R. Sahasrabudhe, Crismer values and erucic acid contents of rapeseed oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 54 (8), 1977, 323–324. doi:10.1007/BF02672436
[4]. C. Johnson-Delaney, Exotic Animal Companion Medicine Handbook for Veterinarians, Zoological Education Network, 1996.
[5]. Charlton K.M, Corner A.H, Davey K, Kramer J.K, Mahadevan S, and Sauer F.D, Cardiac lesions in rats fed rapeseed oils. Can. J. Comp. Med. 39 (3), (July 1975), 261–9. PMID 1170010
[6]. H. Chardin, C. Mayer, H. Sénéchal, M. Tepfer, F.X. Desvaux and G. Peltre, Characterization of high-molecular-mass allergens in oilseed rape pollen. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 125 (2), June 2001, page-128–34.
[7]. B. Bu., P. Ashwood, D. Harvey, I.B. King, J.V. Water and L.W. Jin, Fatty acid compositions of red blood cell phospholipids in children with autism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 74(4), Apr. 2006, 215-21.

Abstract: Infant deaths and illnesses attributed to acute lead poisoning at Yargalma and Tunga Guru in Bukkuyum LGA and Dareta, Abare and Tunga Daji in Anka LGA of Zamfara State, was reported and a rapid assessment of the sources of lead that could have contributed to the poisoning in the affected villages was carried out. The geology and hydrogeology of the area especially the locations where the rock materials used for the small scale gold mining was assessed and rock samples collected for geochemical assessment and thin section to determine the major chemical and mineralogical constituents of the rock materials used for the mining activities. The water levels in the wells measured during the survey ranged from 4.9 - 9.85 m and the aquifers in the hand dug wells are mainly the weathered regoliths with fractures in the transmission zone and fresh basement

[1] P. Karrari, O. Mehrpour and M. Abdollahi, A systematic review on status of lead pollution and toxicity in Iran; Guidance for
preventive measures. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(1), 2012, 1-17.
[2] E. Fuller-Thomson, J. D. Hulchanski and S. Hwang, The housing/health relationship: what do we know? Reviews on environmental
health, 15(1-2), 2000, 109-134.
[3] R. B. Jain, Trends and variability in blood lead concentrations among US children and adolescents. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research, 2016, 1-10.http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/ tp13.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Lead_FactSheet.html
[7] A. Rambhatla, and J. N. Mills, Impact of the environment on male sexual health. Current Sexual Health Reports, 2016, 1-8.
[8] O. Bello, R. Naidu, M. M. Rahman, Y. Liu and Z. Dong, Lead concentration in the blood of the general population living near a
lead–zinc mine site, Nigeria: Exposure pathways. Science of the Total Environment, 542, 2016, 908-914.

Abstract: Palm Oil Factories in addition to producing CPO products also produce liquid waste that can pollute the environment, liquid waste is necessary to good management. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyse the effectiveness and function of each point in Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) DMP Company in lower waste water parameters from fat fit until the pond of electricity and provide recommendations for improvement. The research method used is a survey of the field and laboratory test. The
number of samples is 11 fruits and sampling point specified by proposing sampling. The data has been analysed with the descriptive method by referring to a standard water discharged from the. The results of the study showed that the DMP Company own wastewater quantity and type of pond is sufficient quantity, but the quality still needs to be done to improve the management of the good.

[1]. Anonymous, 2002. Liquid Waste Processing Issues. BLH Jambi
[2]. Anonymous, 1998. Handbook of Environmental Impact Control Technology Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia
[3]. Anonymous, 2013. Waste Water Treatment Guide in Parbik PKS As Joint Policy Study Results Inonesia-Japan (2011 to 2013).
Japan-KLH KLH Indonesia
[4]. Anonymous, 1994. MCC Waste Management ", Oil Palm Research Center, Medan.
[5]. Anonymous, 1992. Control and Operation of Waste mills, Plantation Research Center (RISPA), Medan
[6]. Budiharjo, E, 2000. Equipment Operations as a tool in waste water treatment plant, Depdagri Budiharjo, E, 2001. Biological
Processes in Industrial and Domestic Waste. Ministry of Home Affairs.
[7]. Ministry of Agriculture, 2006, Guidelines for Management of Industrial Waste Oil Palm, Subdit Penegelolaan Environment DG
Directorate Agricultural Product Processing PPH Grady, CPL, and Lim, HC, 1980. Biological Waste Water Treatment, Theory and
Application. New York.

Abstract: The soil physico-chemical characteristics namely (Soil texture, pH, soil moisture, total nitrogen, potassium, organic carbon, available phosphorus, carbon exchange capacity, and available micronutrients) at Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR) in Yamaltu /Deba, LGA of Gombe State, Nigeria was investigated. Soil samples were collected from six sites following the vareity of landforms in the study area and subjected to physico – chemical analysis. Results for soil analysis showed site I, III and V1 (loamy sand type), site II, 1V and V (sandy loam type). Soil moisture was moderate. Soil pH was generally acidic (6.60) with the exception of site VI (7.10) which was slightly alkaline. Organic matter content (18.85gkg-1) and total nitrogen (1.27gkg-1) were high, available phosphorus (22.40mgkg-1) was medium. Exchangeable bases were generally low except for potassium in site VI (0.17 Cmol (+) kg-1) which was moderate. Zinc (1.28mgkg-1) was low, copper (0.86 mgkg-1) and iron (9.11 mgkg-1) were medium and, manganese (15.56 mgkg-1) was high. The results obtained were analyzed using two way ANOVA, in order to find out if there were any differences within the physico-chemical properties of the different sites. It was concluded that Soils of Kanawa forest reserve (KFR) has a high fertility related parameters which helped it to support a luxuriant vegetation types.

Keywords: Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), soil analysis, fertility, physico- chemical.

[1]. Abaje , I.B (2007) . Introduction to soils and vegetation. Personal touch productions, Kaduna state, Nigeria. 121-124pp.
[2]. Abdullahi, M.B (2001). The Flora of Gaji River Valley, Yankari National Park, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Department of
Biological Sciences. University of Maiduguri, 78pp.
[3]. Abdulhamed, A (2002). Phytosociological Investigation of some sites within and Adjoining Yankari National Park, Bauchi.
Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria 99pp.
[4]. Aduayi, E.A. and Ekong E.E. (1981). General Agriculture and soils. Cassel Limited, an Affiliation of Macmillan Publishing Co.
Inc, 8th edition, New York:
[5]. Akubuilo, C. J.C (1977). An introduction to practical agriculture. Macmillian publishers, Lagos.
[6]. Anonymous (1994)b. pH: 1:2 soil to water ratio, in R.G. Gavlak, D.A. Horneck, and R.O. Miller, Eds., Plant, Soils, and Water
Reference Methods for the Western Region, Western Regional Extension Publication WREP 125, University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
17–18pp.
[7]. Ayashe T.I (1995) Nigerian dark clay and associated soils, FAO Corporate Document Repository .Available
:http//wwwfao.org/wairdoes/1Lri/x 5493e/5493c00.HTM.

Abstract: The high levels of phosphorus demand operations of dephosphorization for steel manufacturing steps resulting in high costs. One way to minimize these costs is the removal of phosphorus in the iron ore particles using the acid leaching process; however, depending on how the phosphorus is complexed in the mineral phase requires the application of additional energy. However, when the phosphorus removal process using acid leaching also occur in the ore particles loss of iron and leaching aluminum. The loss of iron is undesirable for the beneficiation process while aluminum is benefic for the efficiency of the concentration and has positive effect on the subsequent step of reduction. Currently, there is no viable technology for simultaneously removal of phosphorus and aluminum in iron ore..

[1] C Cheng, V. Misra, J Clough and R Mun Dephosphorisation Of Western Australian Iron Ore By Hydrometallurgical Process Div.
of Minerals, PO Box 90, Bentley, WA 6982, Australia, p. 1024 – 1025 May-april de 1999.
[2] C E Damasceno Disponibilidade, suprimento e demanda de minérios para metalurgia. Rio de janeiro: Série estudos e documentos,
v.1 Cetem/MCT, 145p. 2007.
[3] J Yong-shi , Y Yong-bin y, Qian l,guang-huig, and Yu-feng. F Removal of phosphorus from iron ores by chemical leaching ,
School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China. Junho 2006.
[4] L M Silva, J. A Castro AND M. Nascimento Avaliação da rota Bio – Termo- Hidrometalurgica para a redução do teor de fósforo
no minério de ferro , Universidade Federal Fluminense Curso de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Metalúrgica Volta Redonda Rj,
170p, 2015.
[5] M .L F Couto, G.M Costa, A.C Carioca and F.C Dutra formas de ocorrência de alumínio e fósforo em minérios de ferro. Tecnol.
Metal. Mater. Miner., São Paulo, v. 6, n. 4, p. 206-209, abr.-jun. 2010.

Abstract: The study examines anti-nutrient and phytochemical compositions of some leafy vegetables in the south east zone of Nigeria. Chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out using standard AOAC methods. Phytochemical screening of these vegetables showed that they contain bioactive chemical substances such as akaloids, anthocyanin, carotenoid, flavonoid, oxalate, saponin and tannins. Glycoside was present only in the Psychotriaspsamples. Pro-vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations were highest in Psychotria (5.31 and 3.69mg/100g, respectively) while Cnidoscolus contained the highest vitamin C, 437.7 mg/100g.Similarly Psychotriasp had oxalate value of 5.43g/100g, C. aconitifolius had 0.35g/100g and T. occidentalis had 0.06g/100g. Saponin concentration in the raw samples of T. occidentalis was 0.89g/100g,C.

[1]. Abeke, P.O., Ogundipe, S.O., Oladele, S.B. &Sekoni, A.A. (2003).Effects of cooking duration of lablab (Lablab purpureus) on organ weights and blood parameters of pullet chicks.Proc. of 28th Ann. Conf. of the Nigerian Society of Ani. Prod. Held on 16 – 20th March, 2003 at IAR&T Ibadan – Nigeria.Taiwo AA, Raji AM, Ogbanna JU and Adebowale EA (eds) pp. 240 – 242.
[2]. Adeniran, O.I., Olajide, O.O., Igwemmar, N. C. &Orishadipe, A.T. (2013).Phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of tree spinach [Cnidoscolusaconitifolius (Miller) I. M. Johnston].Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 7(19): 1317-1322.
[3]. Alada, A.R.A. (2000). The haematological effect of Telferiaoccidentals diet preparation. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 3(3): 185-186.
[4]. Amaefule, F.G. &Obioha, F.C. (2001).Performance of broiler starters fed raw and boiled pigon pea seed meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal production. 28: 34-40.
[5]. Arbonier, M.A. (2004). Trees, Shrubs and Lianas of West African Dry Zones.2nd edition, Margraf publishers, Netherlands, pp. 412.
[6]. Chweya, J.A. &Eyzaguirre, P.B. (1999).The biodiversity of Traditional leafy vegetables IPGRI publishers.International plant genetic Resources institute Rome, Italy, p. 181.
[7]. D'Mello, J.P.F. (1995). Leguminous leaf meals in non-ruminant nutrition.In Tropical legumes in animal nutrition.1st ed. AB International, Wallingfort, Oxon, UK: 247-280.

Abstract: This study examined the calorific values of five indigenous wood species in North – Eastern Nigeria. It evaluates the performance, effectiveness of energy efficient stoves with the five wood species. The results revealed that the calorific values of the wood species are as follows: Anogeisus loecarpus (65031J/g, 15532Kcal/Kg), Balanite aegyptiaca(63207J/g, 15096Kcal/Kg)Pericopsis laxiflora(62650J/g, 14963Kcal/Kg), Presopis africana (61154J/g, 14606Kcal/Kg) and Danellia Oliveris (49428J/g, 11805Kcal/Kg) respectively. With regards to time spent in cooking a meal, the study revealed about 30 - 50% reduction in the times spent. The study established that the five indigenous wood species are of high calorific values, the calorific values have positive correlation with the efficiency of the Energy Efficient Stoves, thus the need for more research into only their cultivation, but their utilization in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner cannot be over emphasized.

[1]. Abubakar U.A., ADISA, A.B. & EJILAH, R.I. (2011), An appraisal of Combustion characteristics of some Nigeria Fuel Woods. 24th AGM & International Conference of the Nigerian Institution of Mechanical Engineers (NIMechE).
[2]. Bruce, N., Perez-Padilla&R., Albalak, R. (2000) Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a majorenvironmental and public health challenge, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78 (9), pp.1078-1092
[3]. Butler, R. (2012). National Forest Programmes in Nigeria.[Electronic Version] Retrieved from http://mongabay.com on 6/12/2012.
[4]. Cline-cole R. A., Main H.A.C.& Nichole J.E. (1991). Fuel mass Consumption, Population Dynamics and Deforestation in Africa World Development 18: (4), pp 213 – 217.
[5]. Danshehu B .G (2002), Development of Community based bricks stove:Nigeria prison home experience,paper presented at Umar Dikko lecture theatre at Kaduna polytechnic organized by Solar Energy Society of Nigeria October 2002.

Abstract: Millions of people are dependent on wood fuels for most of their energy needs, despite the problems associated with traditional use of wood fuels – including energy inefficiency, deforestation, air pollution and other environmental effects. The study investigated the pattern of expenditure on fuel wood and the economic benefits of EES adoption in North – Eastern Nigeria. the study revealed that there is a positive correlation between family size with per capita expenditure on fuel wood. It also revealed that adoption of EES will allow the respondent to save about 40-50% of what spend on fuel wood.

[1]. Chambwera, M. (2004) Economic Analysis of Urban Fuelwood Demand: The Case of Harare in Zimbabwe, PhD thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands (Doctoral Dissertation)
[2]. FAO, (2004), Forestry Outlook for Africa (FAO). "Tehad", In: FAO Forestry. Paper 144, CD Rom, FAO 2004.
[3]. Gebreegziabher, Z., Mekonen, A., Kassie, M.& Kohlin, G. (2009) Urban Energy Transition and Technology Adoption: The Case Of Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia, Environmental Economics Policy Forum for Ethiopia (EEPFE), Ethiopia Development Research Institute (EDRI), Addis Ababa
[4]. Gordon M. & Arnel K. (1994). Household Energy problems Policies & Prospects. Boiling Point. 32: 44
[5]. Kyiogwan U.B., Bodes M.J. & Garba B. (1997). Economics of Household Energy consumption and its environmental implication in a semi arid area of Northern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy 5: (1 and 2), 61 – 63.

Abstract: Heavy metals released by a number of industrial processes are major pollutants in marine, ground, industrial and even treated waste waters. Biosorption is a process that utilizes biological materials as adsorbents and several researchers have studied this method as an alternative technique to conventional methods for heavy metal removal from wastewaters. In this study, the efficiency of tea waste has been determined in the process of heavy metal removing from single metal ion solution........

Key Words: Biosorption, lead, cadmium, tea waste and Langmuir isotherm.

[1]. Bai R.Sudha and Emila Abraham; Studies on Chromium (VI) adsorption – desorption using immobilized fungal biomass.
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