IOSR-JBM   Volume-16 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Employee Motivation: The Key to Effective Organizational Management in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Maryam T. Abbah
	:	10.9790/487X-16410108

Abstract: This article explores the indispensability of employee motivation in effective organizational management. In the style of a qualitative research, the paper x-rays, exhaustively, the merits, efficacy and relevance of motivation in the success of organizational management. It also identifies and explains the factors that affect employee motivation, the benefits of employee motivation in Nigerian organizations, some theories of motivation and the significantlink between effective organizational management and employee motivation in Nigerian organizations, both the public and the private. For the fact that employee motivation is an intricate and sophisticated subject, once applied in the right way an organization is bound to achieve a long-lasting success. However, if ignored an organization will fizzle out in the game. For Nigerian managers to have an understanding of employee motivation, they must know the concept of motivation, organizational management, differences in individual needs and the variety of motivational factors and the changes in priorities of these factors overtime. The necessity of this work is situated in it provision of solutions to Nigerian employees' redundant attitude to work and its consequences.
Keywords: Motivation, Employee, Employee Motivation, Management, Organizational Management.

[1] Adeyinka T., Ayeni, C.O, Popoola, S.O., (April 2007). Work Motivation, job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of Library Personnel in Academic Research Library in Oyo State Nigeria.
[2] Adi, D.Y., (2000). Motivation as a Means of Effective Staff Productivity in the Public Sector: A Case Study of Nigerian Immigration Service, Borno State of Nigeria. Unpublished MPA Thesis. School University of Maiduguri Nigeria.
[3] Ajibola, E., (October 1976). How to Motivate the Nigerian Workers. Nigerian Journal of Management.
[4] Anka, L. M. A., (1988, March-April). Corporate Objectives and Self Development: The Specialist International. Journal of Institute of Management Specialist, 3(5).
[5] Annamalai, T., Abdullah, A.G.K., &Alasidiyeen. N. J., (2010). The Mediating Effects of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationships between Organizational Justice, Trust and Performance Appraisal in Malaysian Secondary Schools. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13 (14), 623-632.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Application of Resource-Based-View Hrm Framework to Sales Training In Globacom Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Clement Ikenna Okeke
	:	10.9790/487X-16410917

Abstract: Using the Resource-Based-View Human Resource Management framework, this study sought to advance our understanding of the effects of training on organizational-level outcome by analyzing the impact of sales force training using GLOBACOM Nigeria, Enugu division as a case study. The study specifically addressed three training related questions that are important in the management of sales force in markets that are keenly competitive. Is the training conducted for the sales force relevant to the job? Does the frequency of the sales force training make it effective? What is the impact of sales force training on organizational performance in GLOBACOM Nigeria? To meet the data needs of the study, a structured questionnaire was administered on 136 officers of GLOBACOM Nigeria. Based on analyzed data and tested hypotheses, the following conclusions were drawn: GLOBACOM employees are aware of the forms of training, there is high employees' knowledge of and involvement in the training programmes provided by the company, the frequency of the sales force training does not make it effective, sales training conducted is related to the job description and hence relevant to the job of the sales force and Sales force training has no effect on organizational performance in GLOBACOM Nigeria. The study recommended the design of training policy, institutionalization of training assessment, undertaking of Training Impact Assessment and focusing on emergent important areas for sales force training in GLOBACOM Nigeria to produce positive organizational-level outcomes.
Key words: Organizational Performance, Resource-Based-View, Sales Force, Sales Force Training, and Training.

[1]. E.E. Lawler, S.A. Mohrman and G.E. Ledford (1998). Strategies for high performance organizations-The CEO report San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
[2]. J.J. Martocchio and T.T. Baldwin (1997). The evolution of strategic organizational training. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 1−46.
[3]. E. Salas and J.A. Cannon-Bowers (2001). The science of training: a decade of Progress, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 471−499.
[4]. R.R. Haccoun and A.M. Saks (1998). Training in the 21st century: some lessons from the last one. Canadian Psychology, 39(1–2), 33−51.
[5]. Industry Report (2006). $56 billion budgeted for formal training. Training, 43(12), 20−32.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment Among Bank Officers In Pakistan
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Muhammad Anwar ul Haq, Yan Jindong, Nazar Hussain, Zafar-uz-Zaman Anjum
	:	10.9790/487X-16411824

Abstract: In this study, we investigate the factors which are likely to affect the organizational commitment among bank officers in Pakistan, since the banking industry has been facing higher employee turnover. The theoretical framework of our study builds upon the theory of Social Exchange [1], the norm of reciprocity [2], and the theory of Perceived organizational Support [3, 4]. Data was collected by personally administered questionnaires. 147 officers working in different bank branches in Lahore participated in the study. Only those respondents were included in the study who had passed their probationary period. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. The results reveal that there is a higher correlation between different supporting factors and organizational commitment of bank officers. Regression results show that all factors significantly predict organizational commitment. Factors affecting the organizational commitment of bank officers include rewards, support from supervisor, promotion opportunities, work-family support, and favorable conditions of the job. This study has implications for HR Policies to be devised in such a way as to focus on turnover intentions among the experienced employees. By employing such efforts the companies can easily retain their experienced human capital.
Key Words: bank officer, commitment, factors organization, Pakistan.

[1] Blau, P., M. . Exchange and power in social life. New York Wiley, 1964.
[2] Gouldner, A.W., The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological review, 1960. 25: p. 161-178.
[3] Eisenberger, R., et al., Percieved Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986. 71: p. 500-507.
[4] Shore, L.M. and T.H. Shore, Perceived organizational support and organizational justice. Organizational politics, justice, and support: Managing the social climate of the workplace, 1995: p. 149-164.
[5] Bateman, T.S. and S. Strasser, A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. Academy of management journal, 1984. 27(1): p. 95-112.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study on Participation in Decision Making Among Members of Quality Circle in Manufacturing Companies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S. Subbulakshmi, Dr. S. K. Nagarajan, Dr. A. John William Felix
	:	10.9790/487X-16412531

Abstract: The world of business is changing with multiple resources to establish them as the paramount in aggressive period. No individuals can achieve this aggressive era independently, so they need the support of technology and human resources. There are numerous systems to operate technology, butthe issue is effective utilization of human resources and it is also considered as valuable asset in business to attain competition. Human resources can be effectively utilized through participative management and this could be achieved by implementing quality circle in organisation .Employee participate in decision making of management through quality circle, this study is about participation in decision making among members of quality circle in manufacturing companies and to identify variables which influencing participation. Though there are many variables which influence participation in decision making, researcher have chosen attitudes of quality circle, training and length of membership as influencing factors. Data collected from quality circle members of manufacturing companies through standard questionnaire and toidentify the interrelationship between variables structural equation model have been performed by using AMOX software. Results emerging from analysis show that there is significant relationship between all four variables. Finally the article provides suggestions to improve participation in decision making of employees still effectively.
Keywords: participative management, quality circle, participation in decision making, attitudes of QC.

[1] Alexander, C. Philip. (1981). Learning from The Japanese Personnel Journal, 60, pp 616-619.
[2] Atwater, Leanne, and Sander, Stephen. (1984), Quality circles in navy organizations: An evaluation. (TechnicalReport No. NPRDC TR 8453). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center(AD-A146613).
[3] Basu, R. (2004), Implementing quality: A practical guide to tools and techniques. London:Thomson.
[4] Dale, B. G., M.B.F. Elkjaer, A.V.D. Wiele and A.R.T. Williams, (2000). Fad, Fashion and Fit: An Examination of
[5] quality Circles, Business Process Re-Engineering and Statistical Process Control. ELSEVIER 73: 137-152 Int. Production Economics.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Credit Crunch on the Nigerian Economy
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ezuwore C. N Obodoekwe, Alio Felix Chukwubuzo
	:	10.9790/487X-16413235

Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of credit crunch on the Nigerian economy. It discusses the meaning of credit crunch, the causes of credit crunch and its implications on the Nigerian economy. Necessary measures taken to ameliorate the negative impacts of the credit crunch are discussed.
Keywords: Credit Crunch, Nigerian Economy.

[1] Barth, James R., Gerard Caprio, and Daniel E. Nolle,( 2004). "Comparative International Characteristics of Banking," Washington: Comptroller of the Currency, Economic and Policy Analysis Working Paper 2004-1 (January).
[2] Black, Fischer, Merton Miller, and Richard Posner, (1978.) "An Approach to the Regulation of Bank Holding Companies," Journal of Business, 5 (July), pp. 379- 412.
[3] Brock, Philip L.,( 1999.) "Financial Safety Nets: Lessons from Chile." Seattle: University of Washington, (March).
[4] Calomiris, Charles W.,( 1999.) "Building an Incentive-Compatible Safety Net," Journal of Banking and Finance, 23(October), pp. 1499-1519.
[5] Carnell, Richard,( 1993.) "The Culture of Ad Hoc Discretion," in George Kaufman and Robert Litan (ed.), Assessing Bank Reform: FDICIA One Year Later, Washington: Brookings Institution, pp. 113-121.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	General Agreement on Trade in Services and Aviation Ground Handling Services -A Theoretical Perspective
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sumangal Narendra
	:	10.9790/487X-16413646

Abstract: This paper explores the status of the Air Transport in General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) vis-à-vis opening of the Aviation Ground Handling market. The study is focused on the developments in terms of open market access to aviation ground handling services and developments in the GATS Air Transport Review. The study attempts to find answers to the questions: Is there a need for extending the GATS coverage to include some more auxiliary services, especially the aviation ground handling services? India shows a steady growth prospects for the aviation sector. Recently, it has opened up the sector to Foreign Direct Investment of upto 49% in the airlines. What is the case for India? The study reveals that India, though having a steady growth in aviation sector, has been cautious in opening of the sector, especially the ground handling services market to foreign participation. It had followed the 'gradual change' policy in this service market since 2007.
Keywords: Air transport services, ICAO, GATS, Ground Handling, Market access and Commitments.

[1] Global Market Forecast-2012-2031--Airbus
[2] Global Industry Analysts, Inc., (GIA) viewed on October 8, 2013.
[3] http://www.iata.org/publications/airlines-international/october-2012/Pages/india.aspx on 04-10-2013
[4] Paulus, Nilanthi Cassia, (2011) – Ground Handling Regulation in India-A comparison with international policies and practices‟, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Australia
[5] Findlay, Christopher and David K. Round, (2006)- The "three pillars of stagnation‟: challenges for air transport reform. World Trade Review, 5, pp 251-270.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Trade Union Movement in India and the aftermath of Liberalised Economic Policy of 1991
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vishal Anand, Shashi Ranjan Kumar Jha
	:	10.9790/487X-16414753

Abstract: This paper is a study of various aspects of trade union movement in India. Not much study is available to us on the conditions of workers in Indian industries and failure of trade union to improve the same. An attempt has been made to assess the impact of economic liberalisation policy of 1991 on trade unions in Indian Industry. This paper also illustrates the role trade unions have played in the Indian industries and propose their ultimate course of action. The findings of this paper are based on secondary sources of data.
Keywords: association, capital, collective bargaining, economic growth, economic liberalisation, labour, trade union.

[1]. Annual Report 2012-13 Ministry of Labour and Employment, Govt. Of India
[2]. Census of India 2001
[3]. History of Trade Unionism: By Sidney and Beatrice Webb
[4]. http://www.aituc.org
[5]. http://labourbureau.gov.in

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Contemporary Investigations of Pakistan Food Insecurity and Trends of Global Food Supply and Demand
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Zia-Ullah Muhammad, Shumaila Naz Akhter, Muhammad Imran Hanif, Muhammad Kafayat Ullah
	:	10.9790/487X-16415461

Abstract: This paper is an overview to a collection of reviews about situation of global food supply and demand. It has discussed the major drivers affecting the demand and consumption patterns of food in the world. Despite that state of food insecurity of Pakistan has been reported and highlights the few causes of this phenomenon. Indeed, there are 852 million people are hungry in the world and that are living in the developing countries. It is required to design food policy that should serve humanity to improve the accomplishment of humanitarian goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. However, these goals have become quite challenging by emerging rapid increase in population growth, climate change, energy crises, credit crises, water scarcity and instability of peace. It is essentials to increase the production of high quality of food with reduced inputs to feed billions of people in the world. Hence new technologies must be developed to accelerate the crops production and focus on those traits which possessed the greatest potential to enhance the yield.
Keywords: food security, crops production, food crops, food supply and demand.

[1] Shaw, D. J., & Clay, E. J. (1998). Global hunger and food security after the World Food Summit. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 19(4), 55-76.
[2] FAO (2009) Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
[3] Bickel, G., Nord, M., Price, C., Hamilton, W., & Cook, J. (2000). Guide to measuring household food security. Alexandria. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service.
[4] Smith, M., Pointing, J., & Maxwell, S. (1993). Household food security: concepts and definitions: an annotated bibliography (Vol. 8). Institute of Development Studies.
[5] Timmer, C. P. (2005). Food security and economic growth: an Asian perspective. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 19(1), 1-17.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effects of Globalization on African Culture: The Nigerian Perspective
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Dr. Ogechukwu C. Ugbam, Dr. Benjamin Chukwu, Dr. Ann Ogbo
	:	10.9790/487X-16416271

Abstract: The effects of globalization on various aspects of the life of developing nations has always been controversial. Of recent, emphasis has been on the impact of globalization on African culture. There is the fear that ultimately, globalization aims at cultural homogenization and moreover, that the culture that will emerge at the end of the day will be predominantly American, thus Americanization. It is against this background that this paper sets out to assess the effects of globalization on Nigerian culture. This work pursues three specific objectives namely to determine the effects of globalization on Nigerian culture, to ascertain if cultural homogenization is an American agendum, to determine the global implications of cultural homogenization and to ascertain if Nigeria is at the mercy of the forces of globalization culture-wise. Adopting theoretical and judgemental analysis, this work took the following positions with regards to the objectives: Globalization, as a double-edged sword, has impacted both positively and negatively on the Nigerian cultures to the extent that one cannot convincingly prove that its net effect is negative and to state also that the negative effects came as result of Nigerians copying what was wrong in foreign cultures of their own freewill. Therefore, Nigerians should take much of the blame for the extinction and dilution of our culture; There is not enough evidence to show that America is deliberately trying to impose its culture on the rest of the world, if cultural homogenization occurs as a result of acculturation, in this case, a process of natural selection that selects the best part of each culture and combines or unites them to achieve a perfect dominant global culture, humanity will be the better for it. However, a dominant global culture that emerges as a result of the forceful projection and imposition of one culture on the rest of the world is totally undesirable and unacceptable and Culture is perhaps the aspect of globalization for which Nigerians have the power to resist or moderate the process of globalization because we as intelligent human beings have the capacity to discern right and wrong and unless we accept a foreign culture, no force can impose it on us. This work also makes the following recommendations: The first step in preserving our culture is to transcend the inferiority complex that makes us believe that what is foreign is automatically better and realize that culture-wise, Nigeria has a lot that is superior and therefore admired by other peoples, our target should not be to retain our cultures in their pristine order because that is against the law of nature but to direct the process of cultural evolution in such a way that it is positive and in view of the critical role that culture plays in national development, our leaders should be conscious of the fact that there is a global culture competition going on and that if ignored or neglected, it may prove to be insidious and disastrous to a quest for national development.
Keywords: Globalization, Culture, Extinction, Africa, Foreign

[1]. Abubakar, D. (2001) “Globalisation, Social Sciences and Nigeria in The 21st Century” Nigeria Social Scientist, Vol. 4., No.1.
[2]. Adedimeji, Mahfouz (2006) Globalization and the Survival of the Nigerian Cultural and Linguistic Heritage: The American Paradigm. Department of English, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
[3]. Adejo, M. A. (2003) “The Roots of Globalization: A Historical Review” Journal of Globalization and International Studies Vol. 1, No. 1. December.
[4]. Adei, S. (2004) “Impact of Globalization on Management: The African Perspective” Management in Nigeria Vol. 39/40, No.2/1.
[5]. Afisi, Oseni Taiwo (2009) “Globalization and value system” Lumina 22(2).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Retail Sector in India: Present Scenario, Emerging Opportunities and Challenges
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Prof. Kalpana Si
	:	10.9790/487X-16417281

Abstract: The Government’s initiative to allow 51 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail has been a subject for debate for quite some time now. Indian retail sector has therefore attracted the attention of people from various fields including academia, industry, research organisations. The present study is undertaken to gain an insight about the present structure of Indian Retail Sector, the major sub-sectors in organized and traditional retail and changes in the relative share of various sub-sectors over last few years and penetration of organized retail in various segments. The analysis also covers the opportunities and emerging challenges before Indian retail sector in view of recent policy changes by Government of India. With India's large ‘young’ population and high domestic consumption, the macro trends for the sector look favorable. The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented with more than ninety per cent of its business being run by the unorganized retailers like the traditional family run stores and corner stores. During 2005-07 and 2007-10, the share of organized retail increased by 13.9 percent and 21.9 percent respectively. However thereafter organized retail is penetrating the market at a more rapid pace. During the period 2010-12 share of organized retail rose by 60 percent and is expected to increase by 2.6 times during 2012-15. Clothing/Apparel segment is the biggest contributor in organised retailing in India in both the years of study. In 2012 it alone accounted for 33 percent of organized retail followed by Food & Grocery and Mobile and telecom with each having 11 percent share in organized retail. Organized retail had highest penetration in Apparel both in 2007 and 2012. Food and Grocery segment is dominated by traditional retail but in 2012, organized retail penetration in this sector had more than doubled. In view of the recent policy changes, both the existing traditional retailers and modern organised domestic and foreign retailers would have opportunities and face challenges. On one hand, the policy exposes the domestic retailers to competition from foreign retailers; while on the other hand, it seeks to safeguard them through a slew of protective measures. The future prospects of Indian retail market are likely to have some macro-economic impact too. Prospective reduction in supply chain impediments may help in reducing supply side inflationary pressures. Future growth of India’s retail sector is also expected to increase employment. The nuances of FDI in retail are still to be worked out.
Keywords: challenges and Emerging opportunities, Market Penetration, Organised, Retail Sector, Traditional

[1] Dun & Bradstreet (2009). Indian Retail Industry: Challenges, Opportunities and Outlook. 26 August. Retrieved April 5, 2013 from www.dnb.co.in/IndianRetailIndustry/overview.asp
[2] Crown Stars (2013).Retail. Retrieved November 1, 2013, 2013 from crown stars.com page id 64
[3] Equitymaster (2012). Retailing Sector Analysis Report. 7 November. Retrieved March 23, 2013 from www.equitymaster.com › Research It ›
[4] Financial Express (2013). Retail sector can support existence of various formats.22 Feb. Retrieved March 26, 2013 from www.financialexpress.com/.../retail-sector-can-support-existence-of-v
[5] India Brand Equity Foundation (2013). Retail Industry in India. September. Retrieved November 7, 2013 from www.ibef.org industry retail-india.aspx.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Challenges of Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Banking Industry in Kenya
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Dorothy Mghoi Mnjalah
	:	10.9790/487X-16418287

Abstract: Players in the banking sector have experienced increased competition over the last few years resulting from increased innovations among the players and new entrants into the market. The only way for banks to remain relevant in their operations is by coming up with competitive advantage that is sustainable. Developing a competitive advantage alone is not enough. Its sustainability is the critical element. For a competitive advantage to attain this aspect, critical thinking and time has to be devoted by the managers concerned. Today, many companies are faced out by competitors since they are unable to create offerings and create sustainable relationships with their customers. The aim of this paper is to analyze how a firm can create a competitive advantage that enables it to be on the forefront in the market and in its general operations. The article as well seeks to give insight into how tangible resources contribute to creation of sustainable competitive advantage thus translating to superior performance. As Business leaders perceive ever-greater links between business performance and their sustainability capabilities, it is clear that the environmental, social and governance issues at the heart of a sustainability strategy are featuring higher on the sustainable competitive advantage. From the discussions, we have seen how sustainability is increasingly seen as an important element in how many companies respond to core strategic challenges. The paper concludes by creating importance of the need of a firm to overcome change inertia and be able to explore new opportunities in the market.
Keywords: competitive advantage, sustainable competitive advantage

[1]. Accenture, Top Ten Challenges for Investment Banks: No. 6, Taking Sustainability Seriously (2010)
[2]. Accenture, ‘Customer 2012: Time for a new contract between banks and their customers?’
[3]. Andrew Cameron. (2011). A sustainable workplace - we're all in it together. Strategic Direction, 28(1), 3-5
[4]. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive advantage. Journal of Management,17, 99- 120
[5]. Barney, J.,&Tyler, B.(1991). The perspective limits and potential for applying strategic management theory. Management and Decision Economics

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Moderating effect of organizational culture on the implementation of turnaround strategy
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Francis O. O. Ayiecha, Dr. Thomas A. Senaj
	:	10.9790/487X-16418893

Abstract: Organizational culture cuts across most independent variables causing all manner of reactions on specific dependent variables especially where human resource behavioral aspect is at play in an organizational setup. This paper investigates the moderating effect of organizational culture on the implementation of turnaround strategy through a desktop research. Specifically, literature on turnaround strategy, its implementation, the factors at play during implementation with reference to business process reengineering as an independent variable and organizational culture’s moderating effect on turnaround implementation strategy.
Keywords: Organizational culture, Strategy implementation, Turnaround strategy

[1]. Ahmad, H., Francis, A., & Zairi, M. (2007). Business Process Reengineering: Critical success factors in higher education. Business Process Management Journal, 13(3), 451-469.
[2]. Ahmadi, S., Salamzadeh, Y., Daraei, M., & Akbari, J. (2012). Relationship between organizational culture and strategy implementation: typologies and dimensions. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal.
[3]. Al-Mashari, M., & Zairi, M. (1999). BPR implementation process: An analysis of key success and failure factors. Business Process Management Journal, 5.
[4]. Alvesson, M. (1990). On the Popularity of Organizational Culture. ActaSociologica, 33(1), 31-49.
[5]. Burbank, R. K. (2005). The classic five-step turnaround process: Case study of Prodigene Inc. The Journal of Private Equity(Special Turnaround issue), 53-58.