iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2014

Abstract: Hepatitis C is a major public health problem in developing countries.1 It has been reported that about 3.0% of the world population is infected with HCV.2 The virus is a positive sense single stranded RNA virus. Its genome consists of a single open reading frame that is 9600 nucleotide bases long.3 It is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatoma with significant morbidity and mortality.4 The common means of transmission is through infected blood and body fluid, use of infected sharp objects and sexual intercourse. As a result, the WHO included the screening for HCV antibodies as one of the four mandatory screening tests in blood donors. The various means of reducing the spread of these infections through blood transfusion include careful donor selection, routine screening of blood donors for HCV antibodies, irradiation of blood components, and judious clinical use of blood. The epidemiology of this disease has been widely studied, even in Nigerian but as a new institution no study has been carried out on the risk of HCV in blood donors in the study centre. We therefore embarked on this study to establish the prevalence of Hepatitis C and provide a baseline data in this new institution.

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[2]. Kato N: Genome of human hepatitis C virus (HCV), gene organization, sequence diversity, and variation. Microb Comp Genomics 2000, 5(3):129-51.
[3]. Allain JP, Candotti D, et al. The risk of hepatitis B virus infection by transfusion in Kumasi, Ghana. Blood 2003; 101: 6: 2419-2425
[4]. Dhar G, Sarkar AP, Sen S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay BB, Ghosh TK. Patterns of infective sero positivity among blood donors in a rural Medical College Regional Blood Transfusion centre: A retrospective study. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 2013;2(1):3-8.
[5]. Nanda A, Tyagi S, Basu S, Marwaha N. Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections among voluntary and replacement donors. Indian J Hemat Blood Transf, 2001;19:104–5
[6]. Abdul Majeed Akhtar, M. Athar Khan, Tayyaba Ijaz, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Younus, Rana, Azhar Maqbool and Abdul Rehman. Seroprevalence and Determinants of Hepatitis-C Virus Infection in Blood Donors of Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 45(1), pp. 1-7, 2013.
[7]. Soheir AE et al. Prevalence of anti-HIV, HBsAg and anti-HCV 13 reactivity in different categories of Egyptian blood donors: experience of the National Cancer Institute in the last 5 years. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute. 2002, (3):217– 221.
[8]. Ryas, M., Hussain, T., Bhatti, F.A., Ahmad, F,Tariq, W.U. And Khattack, M.F, Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors in Northern Pakistan. J. Rawalpindi med. Coll., 2001, 5: 56-59.
[9]. Rehman, M.U., Akhtar, G.N. And Lodhi, Y, Seroprevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in blood donors. Pak. J. med. Sci., 2006.18: 193-196.
[10]. Asif, N., Kokhar, N. And Ilahi, F.,. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among voluntary non remunerated and replacement donors in Northern Pakistan. Pak. J. med. Sci. 2004 20: 24-8.

Abstract: Colonoscopy is the gold standard investigative modality in diseases of the large bowel. However, this service is not readily available in Nigeria as in most developing countries in Africa. In addition, lack of appropriate expertize and high cost of the procedure limits its use in our environment. This is the first report on colonoscopy from this part of Nigeria.The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications, demographic data and endoscopic findings of patients who presented for colonoscopy in JIL Endoscopy, a private endoscopy centre in Calabar,Nigeria. A total of 20 patients had colonoscopy in this centre during the 6-month study period. There were fifteen males and five females with a male to female ratio of 3:1. The age range was 17-78 years with a mean age of 46.3 years. The commonest indication was bleeding per rectum in 16 (80%) patients. The commonest endoscopic finding was hemmorhoids in 9 (45% ) patients followed by colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease with 3 (15% )cases each.
Keywords: Pioneering, videocolonoscopy, Calabar ,Nigeria .

[1]. A B Olokoba ,O A Obateru, M O Bojuwoye,S A Olatoke, O A Bolarinwa, L B Olokoba. Indications and findings of colonoscopy in Ilorin,Nigeria.Niger Med J 2013,54(2),111-114.
[2]. OIAlatise, AOArigbabu, EAAgbakwuru, OOLawal, DANdububa, OSOjo. Spectrum of colonoscopy findings in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. NPMJ 2012,19(4),219-224.
[3]. CAOnyekwere, JNOdiagah, OOOgunleye, CChibututu, OALesi. Colonoscopy practice in Lagos Nigeria: A report of an Audit. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2013,2013 Article ID 798651, 6 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/798651
[4]. AOArigbabu, WOOdesanmi. Colonoscopy. First Experience in Nigeria. Dis Colon Rectum 1985,28(10),728-31
[5]. BO Ismaila, MA Misauno . Colonoscopy in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. Journal of Medicine in the Tropics,2011,13(2)
[6]. J Lindsay. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. In NSWilliams,CJKBulstrode,P Ronan O'Connell (eds.) Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery,25( London: Arnold 2008)163-166.
[7]. EABadoe,EA Nwako,EQArchampong, JTda-Rocha-Afodu, SBNaaeder ,NEN Obianyo. Small and Large intestines(Including Rectum and Anus). In : EABadoe, EQArchampong,JTda-Rocha-Afodu (eds). Principles and Practice of Surgery –Including Pathology in the Tropics, 4( Accra: Assemblies of God Literature Centre Ltd. 2009) 719-731.

Abstract:Data on pediatric endoscopy in Nigeria is almost non-existent. This may be due to lack of trained pediatric endoscopist or lack of facilities. Upper gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy is thegold standard for evaluating upper GI symptoms/diseases. The majority of gastroscopies in Nigeria are done in adults but children also present with symptoms that require it,hence the need to develop pediatric endoscopy in Nigeria. This is a report of two cases done in the only private high definition video endoscopy facility in Calabar (JIL ENDOSCOPY), Nigeria. Two female children aged 10 years and 8 years had gastroscopy for swallowed foreign body (an office pin) and upper GI bleeding respectively. These patients were referred to JIL endoscopy by Pediatricians from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,Calabar. Conscious sedation was administered by the same anesthetist in the two cases. In the first patient, no foreign body was seen at gastroscopy while marked duodenitis was found to be responsible for the upper GI bleed in the second child. The choice of anesthesia for pediatric endoscopy has remained a topic of debate in many fora. A lot needs to be done to develop pediatric endoscopy in Nigeria.
Keywords: Pediatric endoscopy, anesthetic challenges, Calabar, Nigeria.

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[2]. Neil J. McC. Mortensen. Stomach and Duodenum. In RCGRussel,NSWilliams,CJKBulstrode(eds). Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery,23(London: Arnold 2000) 906.
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[4]. DO Irabor. Surgical gastrointestinal endoscopy in Ibadan,Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research,2006, 8(3-4) ,161-162
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Abstract:During the 3rd week of intrauterine life there is a communication between the intraembryonic gut and the yolk sac. As the development proceeds this communication narrows into a tube known as the vitellointestinal duct (VID). With the establishment of placental nutrition this duct usually becomes obliterated by the end of the 7th week of intrauterine life. In about 2% of humans this duct persists and gives rise to a group of anomalies of which Meckel's diverticulum is the commonest and complete patency of the duct is the rarest. We report a case of a 3 year old male who had umbilical discharge from birth and surgical intervention done without proper diagnostic procedures. High index of suspicion is an important clinical lesson that should be applied in the management of rare cases.

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[2]. Agrawal S, Memon A. Patent vitello-intestinal duct. BMJ Case Reports 2010;10.1136/bcr.12.2009.2594,
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[4]. Giacalone JP, Vanrylcel F Belva. Surgical Treatment of Patent Omphalomesenteric Duct presenting as Fecal Umbilical Discharge. Acta ehir Belg. 2004;10: 211-213.
[5]. Sheth NP. Transumblical Resection and Umbilical Plasty for Patent Omphaloesenteric Duct. Pediatric Surg Int. 2000; 16: 152.
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Abstract:Introduction: Orthodontic treatment is based on occlusal relationships, but with the changing paradigm, facial esthetics and smile have gained importance. Perception of esthetics by peers has become relevant to the patient. The objective of this study was to compare the perception of smile esthetics by three panel groups include Orthodontists, Dental professionals and Lay persons.
Materials and Methods: 45 female subjects were selected (15 treated with extraction, 15 treated with non-extraction and 15 untreated /control group). Frontal and three-quarter view photographs in unforced, natural smiling positions were taken. These close-up smile photos were evaluated by a panel consisting of 10 orthodontists, 10 dental professionals & 10 lay persons. Each panel members rated the attractiveness of the smile on a 5- point esthetic scale.
Results: The mean esthetic scores for the Extraction, Non-extraction, and Control groups of 3.01, 3.07, and 2.77 respectively showed no significant differences in over all scores given by the three panels.
Interpretation & Conclusion: Subjects with ideal occlusions and Class I patients treated with or without extractions could not be differentiated by the three panel of judges by evaluating the smile.
Keywords:Perception, Smile Esthetics, Extraction, Non-Extraction, Control.

[1] Turkkahraman H, Gokalp H, Facial profile preferences among various layers of Turkish population. Angle Orthod2004; 74: 640–647.
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[3] Farhad B Naini, James P Moss and Daljit S Gill. The enigma of facial beauty: Esthetics, proportions, deformity and controversy. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006; 130: 277-82
[4] Mackley RJ. An evaluation of smiles before and after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 1993; 63(3):183-90.
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[6] Zachrisson BU. Esthetic Factors Involved in Anterior Tooth Display and the Smile: Vertical Dimension. J ClinOrthod 1998; 35(7): 432-45.
[7] Isıksal E, Hazar S, and Akyalçınc.S Smile esthetics: Perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006; 129:8-16.
[8] Mir CF, Silva E, Barriga MI, Lagravere MO, Major PW. Lay person's perception of smile aesthetics in dental and facial views, J Orthod 2004; 31: 204-09.
[9] Wylie WL. The Mandibular incisor-Its Role in Facial Esthetics; Angle Orthod 1955; 25: 32-41.
[10] Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod 1992; 62(2): 91-100.

Abstract:A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and awareness in the field of Orthodontics amongst general dentists and non orthodontic specialists. The questionnaire consisted of fifteen (15) questions related to diagnosis and treatment planning in Orthodontics. It was distributed to one hundred (n= 100) general dentists and non-orthodontic specialists. After computing the data, we observed that the knowledge level among the study participants was moderately satisfying. Yet the need for more education of the dentists in certain areas of Orthodontics was perceived. It would help them to identify malocclusions in their patients and increase the awareness regarding dental disease and management among their patients. Knowledge regarding the duration of the retainers was observed to be inadequate. Improving the awareness amongst the practitioners in this area can help the patients with malocclusion to opt for orthodontic treatment at earlier stages and avoid complications later in the future. The study highlights on the need for more CDE (Continuing Dental Education) programs with active participation of general dentists and non-orthodontic specialists to update them. Further, modifications in the education system at the under graduate level in dental colleges to impart more diagnostic concepts can benefit the students..

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[5] D.A.Campell Reid, FRCS (Eng) (Honorary Consultant Plastic Surgeon), A.H.K.Price, FDS, DOrth, RCS(Eng) ( Consultant Orthodontist). Digital Deformities And Dental Malocclusion Due To Finger Sucking. Br. Journal Of Plastic Surgery Volume 37, Issue 4, October 1984, Pages 445-452.
[6] Valeria Luzzi, Marinella Guaragna, Gaetano Lerardo, Matteo Saccucci, Giuliana Consoli, Anna Rita Vestry, Antonella Polimeni. Malocclusions And Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits: A Preliminary Study. Progress In Orthodontics. Volume 12, Issue 2, November 2011, Pages 114-118.

Abstract:Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to retrospectively analyze the age, sex, topographic distribution, the size, cytopathological diagnosis, the diagnostic accuracy and complications of thoracic mass lesions using CT-guided FNAC. The results will be compared with other published studies
Materials and Methods: Retrospective hospital based descriptive study in Tertiary care setting in an Indian hospital. The clinical, radiological and cytological data of 114 patients were studied who underwent CT guided FNAC from Nov 2008 to Aug 2013.
Results:- Of the 114 cases there were 96 parenchymal lesion, hilar 13, mediastinal 4 and one pleural. Definitive cytological diagnosis was obtained in 100 cases. Diagnostic accuracy in our study was 87.7 %. 43 cases were malignant of which Adenocarcinoma was the most common type. 22 cases were diagnosed as lesions that were consistent with Tuberculosis. 3 cases developed pneumothorax(3.14%) of which one required treatment and 2 cases(2.28%) had hemoptysis.
Conclusion CT guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple and safe procedure with high diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of Lung cancer. Has great potential in confirming smear negative pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Key words:CT guided, percutaneous ,thoracic mass, cytology

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[6]. Ko JP, Shepard JO, Drucker EA, Aquino SL, Sharma A, Sabloff B, et al. Factors influencing pneumothorax rate at lung biopsy: Are dwell time and angle of pleural puncture contributing factors? Radiology 2001;218:491-6.
[7]. A manhire,M Charig, C Clelland, R Miller, H Moss,K Pointon,C.Richardson and E Sawicka. Guidelines for radiologically guided lung biopsy .Thorax 2003; 58: 920-936
[8]. Sing JP. Garg L, Setia V. Compared tomography (CT) guided transthoracic needle aspiration cytology in difficult thoracic mass not approachable by USG. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2004;14:395-400.
[9]. Mohammad GM. CT guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of thoracic lesions. JIMA 2001; 99(10): 1-5
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Abstract: Herpes simplex virus infections have been previously reported in diabetic patients. This study therefore investigated the prevalence of Herpes simplex virus (HSV–1, 2) in patients attending a diabetic clinic of a medical centre in a community in southwest Nigeria. Three hundred and twenty (320) patients aged between 35 – 50 years were screened for fasting blood sugar (FBS); urine sugar (US), urine ketone (UK) and antibodies to HSV–1, 2. Two hundred and seventy (270) (84.4%) of the patients had hyperglycaemia as well as glucosuria, with FBS ranging between 125 and 560 mg/dl, while the remaining 50 (15.6%) had normoglycaemia, with FBS ranging between 55 and 90 mg/dl. None of the normoglycaemic group was HSV–1, 2 seropositive. Among the 270 hyperglycaemic group, 55 (20.4%) had ketonuria and all (100%) were HSV–1, 2 seropositive. 215 (79.6%) of hyperglycaemic group had no ketonuria, and none of them was HSV–1, 2 seropositive. Results of this study showed a high prevalence of hyperglycaemia in the community. Seropositivity to HSV–1, 2 is significant in ketonuria hyperglycaemic patients. This can form a basis for investigating the role of HSV–1, 2 in uncontrolled diabetes since ketonuria is associated with uncontrolled diabetes.
Keywords: Fasting blood sugar, HSV–1, 2 Seropositivity, Ketonuria, Urine sugar

[1] American Diabetic Association. Diagnosis and Classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 34, 2011, 562 – 564.
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Abstract: The main objectives of this study is to assess the reason, interest, future aspiration and perspective among students pursuing masters in a dental college, Chennai. The present study was done on students pursuing Masters Degree (MDS) in dentistry in Saveetha Dental College, India, Chennai. The study population consists of 117 post graduate students, selected using convenience sampling. Students who are interested were included in the study. Structured questionnaire comprising of 10 questions was formulated in English, which was filled by the respondents. Data entry and data analysis was carried out. The response rate was 97.50%. 76.06% agreed doing post graduation is mandatory. In our study, 58.11% of students chose MDS due to their prior interest in the subject while only 6.83% chose for job security. Oral surgery (29.81%) has been subject of interest for many before counselling followed by orthodontics (19.60%). 37.10% of the post graduates considered joining a private dental college after their program. The study concludes that own interest and potential income are the major reasons for students pursuing master degree.
Keywords: career aspiration, dental post graduates.

[1] Hemanth jain and Aparna agarwal, Current scenario and crisis facing dental college graduates in India, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 6 (1), 2012, 1-4.
[2] Deepti Agarwal, Vinayak Konkeri, Sunitha S and Reddy CVK, Reasons for choosing dentistry as a career aspiration of dental students in J.S.S Dental College and hospital, Mysore city, Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, 11, 2008, 37-40.
[3] Chattopadhayay A and Chatterjee M, Career aspirations of dental students in a dental college in Calcutta, India. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 2, 1991, 10-12.
[4] Garla BK, Career aspirations and reason for choosing dentistry as career- A survey of dental students in Gandhi dental college and hospital, Bhubaneswar, Annals and essences of dentistry, 3(2), 2011, 108-110.
[5] Curtin S, Ray NJ, McKenna G and Burke FM, Supporting career choices in dentistry, Journal of Irish Dental Association, 58(1), 2012, 43-44.
[6] Marzieh vahid Dastjerdi et al, Study motives and career choices of medical and dental students, Acta Medica Iranica, 50(6), 2012, 417-24.
[7] Mario do Carmo matias Frerir et al, Motivation towards career choice of brazilian Freshman students in a fifteen-year period, Journal of Dental Education, 75 (1), 2011, 115-121.
[8] Davies L, Thomas DR, Sandham SJ, Treasure ET and Chestnutt IG, Factors influencing the career aspirations and preferred modes of working in recent dental graduates Wales, Primary Dental Care, 15 (4), 2008, 157-163.
[9] Orenuga OO and daCosta OO, A survey of challenges and career aspirations of clinical dental students in Nigerian universities, Nigerian Dental Journal, 17, 2009, 19-23.
[10] Bernate E, Ieaza JL and EK Delgado-Anglo, Reasons for choosing dentistry as career- a study involving male and female first year students in Peru, European Journal of Dental Education, 10(4), 2006, 236-241.

Abstract:The frequency of hyperglycemia among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic was examined along with age and parity to assess the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Random blood glucose levels in first, second and third trimesters of pregnant women was evaluated by the glucose-oxidase principle using the Easy Touch® G blood glucose monitoring system. A survey method was adopted for the study while purposive sampling technique was employed to generate data using questionnaire. The random blood glucose levels for first trimester (86.3±12 mg/dL), second trimester (93.±12 mg/dL) and third trimester (108±18 mg/dL). The random blood glucose level based on age range 18-22 (92±19mg/dL), 23-27 (94±18mg/dL), 28-32 (99±16mg/dL), 33-37 (97±17mg/dL) and 38-42 (94±15mg/dL). The random blood glucose level based on parity P0 (88.4±16mg/dL), P1 (100±20mg/dL), P2 (99±19mg/dL), P3 (99±13mg/dL) and P4 (96±13mg/dL). The random blood glucose levels increased significantly in third trimester and the value is low among nulliparous women. The increasing frequency of blood glucose level in third trimester may predispose the women to hyperglycemia or gestational diabetes. Random blood glucose level tends to increase during parity and at advanced reproductive age.
Keywords: Hyperglycemia, Gestational diabetes, random blood glucose, pregnancy.

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[9]. Catalano PM, 2010 Focus Review on obesity, insulin resistance and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Reproduction, 140:365-371
[10]. Corrigan N, Brazil DP, McAuliffe F, 2009 Fetal cardiac effects of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy, Birth Defects Research And Clinical Molecular Teratology 85(6):523-30.

Abstract: Teeth are tools that have evolved to ensure survival of species. The tooth is the only hard organ in the biological kingdom that is comprised of two tissues of different embryological origin. It has evolved uniquely to fulfill its function. But even nature has to pay a price for creating so specialized grinding and cutting tool. Enamel tissue by virtue of its unique biological properties is highly susceptible to environmental agents. Change in behavior is a process affected by the established fact that humans, as well as animals, are neophobic. This means we have a fear of new things. Therefore, forced dietary changes cannot be successful unless the benefit accrues rapidly and is of demonstrable advantage. In addition to clinical service dietary activities, there is growing recognition of the importance of public health activities and efforts to disseminate culturally appropriate health promotional messages to help educate the public, health care professionals about the steps that need to be taken to enhance oral health for individuals and population at large. Hence dietary counseling in dental practice if not limited to sucrose restriction could therefore be beneficial in a community perspective as well. Hence the present article reviews about the importance of diet counseling in the prevention of dental caries.
Keywords: dental caries, demineralization, diet counseling..

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Abstract:Acute appendicitis is a clinical diagnosis. But, because of various clinical presentations of this condition and numerous differential diagnosis, if appendectomy is done on merely clinical signs, some 15 to 30% of normal appendix would be removed.
The most globally accepted clinical and laboratory based diagnostic tool for acute appendicitis is "Alvarado Score‟. Accordingly a score of 7 or more is strongly predictive of acute appendicitis, whereas a score between 5 to 6 is suggestive of possible appendicitis and score below 5 is indicative of other causes of pain abdomen.(1)
In the present study, it has been tried to review all cases of acute appendicitis admitted in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Malaysia in 2012 and analyze them retrospectively to see the relevance of "Alvarado Score" in patients undergone appendectomy.
Abbreviation: HSB- - Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Malaysia. AA- - Acute Appendicitis. AS- - Alvarado Score. USG- - Ultrasonography.
Keywords: Acute appendicitis, Appendectomy, Alvarado Score, Diagnostic Tool.

[1]. Norman S. Williams et al Bailey& Love's Short Practice of Surgery. Hodder Arnold, 25th ed.2008, Pg. 1206-18.
[2]. Okobia MN et al. Acute Appendicitis: Review of the rate of negative appendectomy in Benin City. Nig. J Surg 1999; 6: 1-5.
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[5]. John H et al. Comparison of Clinical Judgment & Diagnostic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: experience with a score-aids diagnosis. Eur J Surg 1997; 163(6): 433-43.
[6]. Charles D Douglas et al. Controlled Trial of Ultrasonography in Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis incorporating the Alvarado Score. BMJ 2000; 321(7266): 919.
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[9]. Kanumba ES et al. Modified Alvarado Scoring System as a Diagnostic Tool for Acute Appendicitis at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. BMJ Surg 2011; 11:4
[10]. Chong CF, et al. Evaluation of the RIPASA Score: a new scoring system for the acute appendicitis. Brunei. Int. Med J 2010; 6(1):17-26.

Abstract: Orthodontic fixed appliances are those that are fitted to the teeth for the purpose of aligning and correcting the inclination of teeth and cannot be removed by the patient at will. Various attachments are used in fixed appliance such as brackets and molar tubes that can be attached directly onto the teeth by a procedure known as bonding or can be welded to metal bands that are cemented onto the teeth by means of a procedure called banding. Banding has been used conventionally and is still in practice due to a variety of reasons. This article aims to bring about the problems faced with the age old practice of banding anchor teeth and also discusses why bonded options, though more prone to failures are still a better choice in many cases.
Keywords: Banding, Bonding, Bone loss

[1] British society for the study of Orthodontics; 1922 [2] Graber TM: Orthodontics: Principles and Practice. WB Saunders , 1998
[3] Carranza's clinical Periodontology by Newman, Takei and, Klokkevold and Carranza; 10th edition,;2006. [4] "Evaluation of proximal alveolar bone level changes during orthodontic treatment-a comparative clinical study." The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society: 48. [5] Zachrisson, bjørn u., and Lars alnæs. "Periodontal condition in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals II. Alveolar bone loss: radiographic findings." The Angle Orthodontist 44.1 (1974): 48-55.
[6] Orthodontics, The Art and Science by S.I. Bhalajhi; 5th edition pg 395
[7] Boyd, Robert L., and Sheldon Baumrind. "Periodontal considerations in the use of bonds or bands on molars in adolescents and adults." The Angle Orthodontist 62.2 (1992): 117-126.
[8] Dyer, Gregory S., Edward F. Harris, and James L. Vaden. "Age effects on orthodontic treatment: adolescents contrasted with adults." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 100.6 (1991): 523-530.
[9] Nelson, Paul A. "Alveolar bone loss of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients." American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics 111.3 (1997): 328-334.
[10] Zachrisson, Bjørn U. "A post treatment evaluation of direct bonding in orthodontics." American journal of orthodontics 71.2 (1977): 173-189.

Abstract:Introduction: In Medical and pharmaceutical practice, the use and importance of prescription note cannot be undermined. There are reports concerning irrational prescription pattern. The manuscript therefore audits the pattern of prescription writing,strength and deficiencies as well as a review of standards requirement with our prescription templates.
Materials and Method : A total of 740 prescribed medications were reviewed from 225 prescription notes which were collected from the Pharmacy department of a teaching Hospital. Score of 1 and 0 were assigned to presence and absence of parameters respectively,
The results were Tabulated and analyzed with Microsoft excel. Charts were drawn to present our findings.
Results:Deficiencies were observed in every parameter except the name of the patient. Other reported studies observed almost similar occurrences in their Audit.The lowest parameters observed in the study were 2% for total medication dispensed and 4% for patient's weight while highest parameters were 100% for patient's name and 96% for duration of medication. Average drug medication per prescription note was 3.3.
Conclusion: As a result of these observations as well as audits from other notable reports, a repeated audit and prescription note mentoring is recommended so as to provide quality management of patients ,monitor patterns of drugs prescribe and improve the integrity of this medico-legal document.
Keywords: Prescription note, audit, pharmaceutical practice,

[1] Teichman PG, CaffeeAE :Prescription writing to maximize patient safety; Family Practice Management 9 (7): 27–30 (2002).
[2] Arin Bhattacharya, AnuragSatpathy, PrashantTiwari: Assessment of Prescription Pattern of Toothache and tooth extraction Patient's Prescription: A Prescription Survey Study from Various Hospitals and Clinics of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack, Pharmacologyonline 3: 135-148 (2011).
[3] NareshJyoti and SharanjitKaur: To analyze the Impact of Serial Prescription Audits with Active Feedback on Quality of Prescription Behaviour.JClinDiagn Res. 2013 April; 7(4): 680–683.
[4] Mathur M, Dandiya PC. Indian J Pharmacol.Prescribing pattern for outpatients in government hospitals in Jaipur2004;36:383–4.
[5] Joshi MC. Medication error reporting through prescription auditing. Express Healthcare Management. 2005;June Issue dated 16- 30June 2005
[6] Chandrashekar K1, Saritha MK2, VinayakMeti : Prescription audit in tertiary care centre ,Short Communication; Asian J Med CliSci ,May -Aug 2012 ,Vol-1,Issue- 2.

Abstract: Although not a diseased state, pregnancy has still been considered as an impediment to dental treatment. When dealing with a pregnant patient, the dental practitioner should keep in mind the various physiological changes that occur in the pregnant female and the potential effects on the fetus. The primary concern when providing dental care is to prevent genetic damage to the fetus. Two areas of dentistry have the potential risk for fetal damage, one being dental radiography and other drug administration. Other concerns are whether usage of LA with epinephrine is safe and which period is best for providing dental care. This article reviews the current considerations in the use of local anesthesia in the pregnant dental patient, their dosage, and any adverse effect on mother and fetus. It also discusses various dental procedures and the trimester during which they can be performed and the complications that could be encountered during dental treatment and their management.
Key words:Dental care, Fetus, Pregnancy.

[1] Fiese R, Herzog S. Issues in dental and surgical management of the pregnant patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988;65:292-7.
[2] Martin C. Varner MW. Physiologic changes in pregnancy: surgical implications. ClinObatetGynecol 1994;37:241-55.
[3] Pregnancy and menopause in dentistry: J ClinExp Dent. 201 1;3(2):e135-144.
[4] Theunissen TM, Parer JT. Fluid and electrolytes in pregnancy. ClinObstetGynecol 1994;37:3-15.
[5] Xiong X, Elkind-Hirsch KE, Vastardis S, Delarosa RL, Pridjian G, Buekens P. Periodontal disease is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a case control study. Journal of Periodontology 2009; 80(11): 1742-1749.
[6] Buduneli N, Baylas H, Buduneli E, Turkoglu O, Kose T, Dahlen G. Periodontal infections and pre-term low birth weight: a case-control study. J ClinPeriodontol 2005;32(2):174-81.
[7] Lupez NJ, Smith PC, Gutierrez J. Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birth weight in women with periodontal disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol 2002;73:91 1-24.
[8] Jeffcoat MK, Hauth JC, Geurs NC, et al. Periodontal disease and preterm birth: results of a pilot intervention study. J Periodontol 2003;74(8):1214-8.
[9] Madianos PN, Lieff S, Murtha AP, et al. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity, II: maternal infection and fetal exposure. Ann Periodontol 2001;6(1):175-82.
[10] Barton WM, Lindheimer MD. Medical disorders during pregnancy. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1995. p. 129. 5. Thornburg KL, Jacobson SL, Giraud GD, Morton MJ. Hemodynamic changes in pregnancy. SeminPerinatol 2000;24:114.

Abstract:Background and Objectives: Bhopal Gas Tragedy is the mankind worst industrial disaster resulted in deaths around 200,000 people. There are more than 5, 00,000 registered survivors of the tragedy. Various studies have been conducted that provide a strong evidence of disastrous influence of the gas on affected individuals and provide data that reveals unique abnormalities.
The study aimed to record the effects of this gas on the craniofacial system after 28 years of disaster through the experience of Medical and Dental practitioners and to open up new possibilities for further research on this tragic event.
Methods: 60 individuals were selected for the study. This includes 30 medical practitioners and 30 dental practitioners. All the practitioners had a working experience of more than 20 years. Many of the practitioners had been posted in the area affected by gas. A simple questionnaire consisting a list 19 questions was prepared and printed in English.
Results: Frequencies and percentage distribution of the answers were calculated for medical practitioners and dental practitioners. Many of the practitioners were aware about the acute and chronic effects of the gas on vital systems of the body but were less aware about the craniofacial and dental effects which were told by only few dental practitioners.
Interpretation and conclusions: Majority of the studies concentrated on the systemic effect of the gas exposure rather than craniofacial defects/effects. Less awareness within study group as well as scanty knowledge about craniofacial and dental effects of the dreaded gas.
Keywords: Craniofacial, Dental effects, Dental practitioners, Industrial disaster, Medical practitioners, Methyl isocyanate

[1]. Mishra PK, Samarth RM, Pathak N, Jain SK, Banerjee S, Maudar KK. Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Review of clinical and experimental findings after 25 years. Int J Occup Med Environ Health ,22(3),2009,193-202. [2]. Beckett WS. Persistent respiratory effects in survivors of the Bhopal disaster. Thorax.;53 (Suppl 2), 1998, S43-6.
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[5]. Dhara VR, Dhara R. The Union Carbide Disaster in Bhopal: A Review of Health Effects. Arch Environ Health, 57(5), 2002, 391-404.
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[8]. Gupta BN, Rastogi SK, Chandra H, et al. Effect of exposure to toxic gas on the population of Bhopal. I. Epidemiological, clinical, radiological and behavioral studies. Indian J Exp Biol, 26, 1988, 149–60.
[9]. Andersson N, Muir MK, Mehra V, et al. Exposure and response to methyl isocyanate: results of community-based survey in Bhopal. Br J Ind Med, 45, 1998:469–75.
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Abstract: The aim of this case report was to present management of a case of multiple apical root resorptions due to orthodontic treatment in a 27-year-old adult female using implant supported crowns. External root resorption of the permanent teeth is a multi-factorial process. Well recognized causes of apical root resorption in permanent teeth include orthodontic therapy, trauma, periapical or periodontal inflammation, tumors, cysts, occlusal stress, impacted teeth, systemic conditions, endocrine imbalances and dietary habits. This case report presents esthetic management of missing central incisors using gingival porcelain for esthetics without using any augmentation procedure.

Keywords: Ankylos, Gingival Porcelain, Implant, Orthodontic Resorption,

[1] Augthun M, Yildirim M, Spiekermann H, et al (1995): Healing of bone defects in combination with immediate implants using the membrane technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 10:421,
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[5] Buser D, Hirt HP, Dula K, et al (1992): GBR-technique/implant dentistry: Simultaneous application of barrier membranes around implants with periimplant bone defects. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 102:1491,
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[8] Misch CM, Misch CE, Resnik RR, et al (1992): Reconstruction of maxillary alveolar defects with mandibular symphysis grafts for dental implants: A preliminary procedural report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:360,
[9] Misch CM, Misch CE (1995): The repair of localized severe ridge defects for implant placement using mandibular bone grafts. Implant Dent 4:261:
[10] Oates T, Robinson M, Gunsolley (2003) J. Surgical therapies for the treatment of gingival recession. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol; 8:303-20.

Abstract:Congenital distal tibio-fibular synostosis is a very rare anomaly. The cases of congenital tibio-fibular synostosis reported in the literature so far have been confined to the proximal tibio-fibular joint. We present a case of tibio-fibular synostosis that involves the distal part of the tibia and fibula based on characteristic X-ray and CT findings. We have also attempted to classify the distal tibio-fibular synostosis. At the end we have discussed different modes of presentation of the condition and various management strategies.
Key-words : tibio-fibular synostosis, distal, congenital

[1]. Bessler W, Eich G, Stuckmann G, Zollikofer C. Kissing osteochondromata leading to synostoses. Eur Radiol. 1997;7(4):480-5.
[2]. Jiang-Hue Fu, Chyi-Chyuan Hwang, and Tai-Hung Chao. Tibiofibular synostosis in a military soldier. J Med Sci2003;23(2):135-138.
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[4]. Munjal K, Kishan S, Sabharwal S. Posttraumatic pediatric distal tibiofibular synostosis: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 Jun;25(6):429-33.
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[6]. Lee JY, Nam KY, Song KC. Distal tibiofibular synostosis after open reduction and internal fixation in a military soldier (A case report). Korean Foot Ankle Soc. 2010 Jun;14(1):105-107.
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[8]. Sureka J, Jakkani RK, Ahmed M, Panwar S, Shanker S. Congenital distal tibiofibular synostosis. Radiology Case Reports. (Online) 2012;7:555.
[9]. Gamble J G Proximal tibio-fibular synostosis. J. Paedistr .Orthop. 1984, 4,243-245
[10]. Sung-Taek Jung, M.D., Hyun-Jong Kim, M.D.,Young-Jin Kim, M.D. and Myung-Sun Kim, M.D. Congenital Distal Tibio-fibular Synostosis - Case Report - J Korean Orthop Assoc. 2008 Aug;43(4):523-527.