iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2014

Abstract: Hardly a day goes by in the world of dentistry without some mention of oral systemic relationship. The prevelance of systemic diseases are increasing world wide due to the changes in the life style pattern. It has been concluded that obesity and periodontal disease are associated with each other and obesity has emerged as a risk indicator of periodontal disease. Many studies have been done to find the impact of systemic diseases on oral health and found that there is an association between Diabetes, Obesity and Periodontal disease. Furthermore systemic disorders have been found to have a direct effect on periodontal tissues and these represent the periodontal manifestations of systemic disease. Of late metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease have been linked. Metabolic syndrome is a group of inter-related metabolic abnormalities which increases the risk of cardio vascular morbidity and mortality. So it is important for a dentist to be updated on oral systemic relationship to implement appropriate plans for its prevention and treatment. In this article definition, pathogenesis, about the components of metabolic syndrome and its association with periodontal disease has been reviewed.
Keywords: systemic inflammation,periodontal pathogens,inflammatory mediators.

[1] Nao Fukui, Yoshihiro Shimazaki, Takashi Shinagawa and Yoshihisa Yamashita,Periodontal Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Japanese,J Periodontol,83, 2012,1363-1371.
[2] Alexandrina L.Dumitrescu, L.Zetu, Silvia Teslaru, Metabolic syndrome and Periodontal diseases.ROM.J.Intern.Med,46(3) ,2008,207-212.
[3] Alexandrina L.Dumitrescu, L.Zetu, Silvia Teslaru, Metabolic syndrome and Periodontal diseases.ROM.J.Intern.Med, 46(3) 2008,207-212.
[4] National cholesterol Education Program Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adults treatment panel II I) JAMA,16.285(19),2001 May,2486-97.
[5] Williams RC 1990 Periodontal disease. N Eng J Med 322:373-382.
[6] Slade GD, Offenbacher S, Beck JD, Heiss G, Pankow JS 2000 Acute –Phase inflammatory response to;periodontal disease in the US population. J Dent Res 79;49-57.
[7] Katz J Flugelman MY, Goldberg A, Heft M2002 Association between periodontal pockets and elevated cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J periodontal 73,494-500.
[8] Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Kiyobara Y, kato I, Kubo M, Lida M, koga T , The severity of periodontal disease is associated with the development of glucose intolerance in non-diabetics ,the Hiasayama study, J dent Res 83,2004,485-490.
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Abstract: Dental treatment procedures are increasingly governed by factors such as biocompatibility of restorative materials, patients demands for esthetics and a conservative approach to minimize loss of tooth structure.G.V Black was the first person to describe the ideal cavity form to restore carious lesions. G.V Black followed "EXTENTION FOR PREVENTION" as ideal principle for cavity preparation.Such classical cavity forms and principles remained appropriate and largely unchallenged for a period of 50 years using Amalgam However amalgam cavities require uniform depth, particular wall forms with excessive tooth damage to ensure retention of amalgam. So patients demand for tooth coloured restoration, with minimal sacrifice of sound tooth structure was increased and it depends mainly on adhesion of the restorative material that provide strong and durable bonding to the remaining sound enamel and dentin . This led to the introduction of aesthetic restorative material known as Composite Resins which has taken dentistry a step closer to the goal.Dental composites are highly cross linked polymeric materials reinforced by a dispersion of glass, crystalline, or resin filler particles and short fibers bound to the matrix by silane coupling agents. The predictors of marginal deterioration has been reviewed in this article.

[1] Rodrigues SA Jr, Pin LF Machado G, Della Bona A, et al Influence of different restorative techniques on the marginal seal of class II composite restorations J Appl Oral Sci 2010.18:37-43
[2] Fabianelli A, kugel G, Ferrari N Efficiency of self-etching primer on sealing margins of class II restorations Am J Dent 2003. 16:37-41
[3] Savarino L, Saponara Teutonico A, Tarabusi C, et al Enamel microhardness after in vitro demineralization and role of different restorative materials J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2002.13:349-357
[4] Tay FR, pashley DH, Suh BI , et al Single step adhesives are permeable membranes J Dent 2002.30:371-382
[5] Letzel H, Survival rates and reasons for failure of posterior composite restorations in multicentre clinical trial J Dent 1989.17 Suppl 1:S10-17
[6] Thomas D Larson , D.D.S., The clinical Significance of Marginal Fit February 2012.Vol:22-29
[7] Cigdem Celik,Neslihan,Kivanc Yamanel Clinical Evaluation of Resin-Based Composites in Posterior Restorations 12-Month Results January 2010.Vol 4:57-64
[8] Ekguzeloglu Dalkilic E , Omurlu H, Two –year clinical evaluation of three Adhesive systems in non-carious cervical lesions.J Appl Oral Sci.2012.20:192-9
[9] H eintze SD, Systemic reviews : 1.The correlation between laboratory tests on marginal quality and bond strength .II.The correlation between marginal quality and clinical outcome.J Adhes Dent. 2007.9:77-106
[10] Rodrigues SA Jr, Pin LF Machado G, Della Bona A, et al Influence of different restorative techniques on the marginal seal of class II composite restorations J Appl Oral Sci 2010.18:37-43.

Abstract:Objective: Peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes is a serious problem. The key to control this problem is its early and definite diagnosis and treatment. After clinical examination, Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and Vibratory Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) are commonly testing methods for early evaluation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Research Design and Methods: In our study we tried to establish the sensitivity, specificity and comparison between Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and Vibratory Quantitative Sensory testing in population in Kolkata, India by single visit cross sectional study in 35 subjects of 30- 60 years age group. Results: Vibratory QST shows 73% sensitivity and low specificity, NCV shows 100 % specificity and low sensitivity. Chi square test value is 0.024 (p>0.05).
Keywords: DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, QST, quantitative sensory testing, NCV.

[1] Dyck PJ, KratzKM,KarnesJL, LitchyWJ,Klein R , PachJM,etal.The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy,retinopathy,and nephropathy in a population based cohort: the Rochester diabetic neuropathy study .Neurology 1993;43:817-824
[2] Maser RE, Steenkiste AR, Dorman JS, Nielsen VK, Bass EB, Manjoo Q et al. Epidemiological correlates of diabetic neuropathy. Report from the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study. Diabetes 1989;38:1456-1461.
[3] Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, Williams DR, Sonksen PH.A multicenter study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom Hospital clinic population. Diabetologia 1993;36:150-154
[4] Bril V, KojicJ,NgoM,Clark K. Comparison of a neurothesiometer and vibration in measuring vibration perception thresholds and relationship to nerve conduction studies . Diabetes Care 1997;20:1360-1362
[5] BrilV,PerkinsBA.Comparision of vibration perception thresholds obtained with the neurothesiometer and the CASE IV and relationship to nerve conduction studies. Diabet Med 2002;19:661 -666
[6] 6.Kastenbauer T, Sauseng S, Brath H, Abrahamian H, IrsiglerK,The value of the Rydel- Seiffertunning fork as a predictor of diabetic polyneuropathy compared with a neurothesiometer . Diabet Med 2004;21;563-567
[7] 7.PestronkA,FlorenceJ,Levine T, AI-LoziMT,LopateG,MillerT,et al. Sensory exam with a quantitative tuning fork;rapid, sensitive and predictive of SNAP amplitude. Neurology 2004,62;461-464
[8] Young MJ, Every N, BoultonAJ,.Comparison of the neurothesiometer and biothesiometer for measuring vibration perception in diabetic patients.diabetes Res Clin Pract1993;20:129-131

Abstract:The prevalence of HIV infection among Nigerian youths has been persistently high and HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) is a major intervention that can help to reduce the transmission of HIV. This study was carried out to determine the uptake of HCT and identify the factors affecting the uptake among National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members in Osun State, Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional analytical design. A pre-tested, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 1000 corps members who were recruited by systematic random sampling at the NYSC orientation camp Osun State. Factors affecting HCT uptake were evaluated using binary logistic regression analysis, confidence intervals and odd ratios. The results showed that 59.0% of the respondents had HCT while 41.0% had never accessed HCT before. The factors influencing uptake among the respondents were risk perception (p = 0.002) and partner's screening status (p < 0.001). HCT uptake among the respondents was fair. Personal and partner factors predicted HCT uptake. Health education to make people appreciate their risk of HIV and importance of HCT should be intensified.

Keywords: Corps members, HIV, HIV counseling, HIV testing, Osun State

[1] Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Fact sheets: United Nations special session on HIV/AIDS: global crisis-global action, (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information and UNAIDS, 2001) 41
[2] A.O. Lucas, H.M. Gilles, Infections transmitted through human contacts, in A.O. Lucas, H.M. Giles (Eds.), Short textbook of public health for the tropics, 4 (Malta, Book Power, 2003) 108-113.

Abstract: Mature cystic teratoma is the most common germ cell tumor of ovary comprising 10-20% of all ovarian tumors (1). Mature cystic teratoma is generally a benign tumor, however cases of malignant transformation occurs in 1-2% of cases (2). Preoperative diagnosis of malignant transformation is difficult because of the lack of specific symptoms and signs to suggest malignancy.The various types of malignancies which can arise from mature cystic teratoma are Squamous cell carcinoma (70-80%), adenocarcinoma, melanoma, carcinoid, soft tissue sarcomas, carcinosarcoma and glioblastoma multiforme (3-6). The prognosis of this condition is extremely poor. Key words: Mature cystic teratoma, Squamous cell carcinoma

[1]. Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology, Eighth edition, Page 1590

[2]. L. Dos Santos, E. Mok, A. Iasonos et al., "Squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a case series and review of the literature," Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 321–324, 2007.
[3]. A. Hackethal, D. Brueggmann, M. K. Bohlmann, F. E. Franke, H. R. Tinneberg, and K. Münstedt, "Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data," The Lancet Oncology, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1173–1180, 2008, Erratum in: The Lancet Oncology, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 446, 2009.

[4]. R. J. Chen, K. Y. Chen, T. C. Chang, B. C. Sheu, S. N. Chow, and S. C. Huang, "Prognosis and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma from a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary," Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, vol. 107, no. 11, pp. 857–868, 2008

[5]. M. Sakuma, T. Otsuki, K. Yoshinaga et al., "Malignant transformation arising from mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of 20 cases," International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 766–771, 2010.

Abstract:In the classroom environment discussion is one of the best ways of promoting conductive learning and convenient teaching situations. It refers to the method of instructions which gives pupils an opportunity to express their views or opinions orally on certain issues. It also involves sharing of ideas and experiences, solving problems and promoting tolerance with understanding.

[1] Laeora Berkson; Problem based learning: Have the expectations been met?Academic Medicine;Volume 68,Number 10;October Supplement 1993.
[2] Euliano TY, Small group teaching: Clinical correlation with a human patient simulator Adv Physiol Educ 2001; 25:36-43.
[3] An Environmental Scan of Best Practices in Public Health Undergraduate Medical Education; REPORT 5: STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES AND APPLICABILITY OF TEACHING METHODS - MARCH 2009
[4] Davis B. Tools for Teaching. San Francisco CA: JosseyBass Publishers; 1993
[5] Zvavanhu chopper ;discussion method of teaching And learning http//zvavanhuchopper.blogpost.in/2010/10/discussion – method- of – teaching – And.html
[6] Kelly, M. & Stafford, K. Managing Small Group Discussion (Workshop Series No. 9). City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, Professional Development Unit (now City University of Hong Kong, Centre for the Enchancement of Learning and Teaching);1993.
[7] Sajjad, S. S. Effective teaching methods at higher education level. Retrieved from http://www.wfate.org/papers/Research_paper_Teaching_methods.pdf ; 2011 [8] David Jacques. Teaching small groups; BMJ. 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 492–494.

Abstract: Blood pressure (BP), the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, is an important physiological parameter and can provide some information for personal healthcare. There are two ways to measure blood pressure of human being, invasive and noninvasive methods. Invasive method can measure BP continuously and accurately, however, it is inconvenient to operate and may cause infection. Therefore, in this paper, we implement a cuff-less continuous blood pressure monitoring device, which is consisted of two acquisition modules and an Android smart-phone. The data can be transmitted by a Bluetooth module in the system. The pulse transit time (PTT) can be obtained by using the ECG and pulse wave signals, which were synchronously acquired by our designed system, for estimating blood pressure. Our proposed method can be used for non-constrained and continuous blood pressure monitoring.

Keywords: Android System .Blood Pressure, ECG, PPG, Pulse Transit Time (PTT), ECG

[1]. C. M. Lee, Y. T. Zhang, "Cuffless and Noninvasive Estimation of Blood Pressure Based on a Wavelet Transform Approach, " Biomedical Engineering, 2003
[2]. Mathew Gregoski, Alexey Vertegel and Frank Treiber, "Photoplethysmograph (PPG) Derived Heart Rate (HR) Acquisition Using An Android Smart Phone," Wireless Health '11, Oct 2011
[3]. X. F. Teng , Y. T. Zhang, "Continuous and Noninvasive Estimation of Arterial Blood Pressure Using a Photoplethysmographic Approach," Praceedings of the 25* Annual lnlematianal Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Sep 2003
[4]. B. Gribbon, A. Steptoe and P. Sleight, "Pulse wave velocity as measure of blood pressure change," Psychophysiology, vol.13, pp. 86- 90, 1976.
[5]. D. C. Zheng, Y. T. Zhang, "A Ring-type Device for the Noninvasive Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure," Proceedings of the 25' Annual lntematianal Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Sep,2003

Abstract: Esthetic dental treatment involves artistic and subjective components design to create the illusion of beauty. An organised systematic approach is required to evaluate, diagnose and resolve esthetic problems predictably. Our ultimate goal is to achieve pleasing composition in the smile by creating an arrangement of various esthetic elements. One of the most important tasks in esthetic dentistry is creating harmonious proportions between the widths of maxillary anterior teeth when restoring or replacing these teeth This review article describes application of the Golden Proportion and Red Proportion in dentistry also the smile design for completely edentulous and for full mouth rehabilitation. Also the future scope for designing smile .

Key Words: Smile design, smile proportions, elements of smile designing, denture esthetics.

[1]. Mohan Bhuvaneswaran. Principles of smile design. J Conserv Dent . 2010 Oct – Dec; 13(4): 225-232.
[2]. Edward A. McLaren, DDS, MDC : and Phong Tran Cao, DDS Smile Analysis and Esthetic Design: "In the Zone" INSIDE DENTISTRY JULY/AUGUST 2009.
[3]. Meenu Merry C. Paul and Santu Tom Abraham Golden Propotion In Denture Esthetics Health Sciences 2013; 2(1):JS008.
[4]. Pieter Van der Geld , Paul Oosterveld and Annie Marie Kujjpers-Jagtman. Age-related changes of the dental aesthetic zone at rest and during spontaneous smiling and speech European Journal of Orthodontics 30(2008)366-373.
[5]. Vig RG, Brundo Gc. The Kinetics of anterior tooth display. J Prosthet Dent. 1978:39; 502-504.
[6]. Robbins JW.Differential diagnosis and treatment of excessive gingival display. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent.1999;2:265-272.
[7]. Tarnow DP, Manager AW, Fletcher P. The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of the bone on the presence or absence of the interproximal papilla . J Periodontal . 1992; 63:995-6.

Abstract:The aim of our study was to determine the number, direction, position of nutrient foramen and whether the nutrient foramina obey the general rule that is, directed away from the growing end of the bone. The study comprised 40 clavicles, which were obtained from the anatomy department of Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital. The clavicles were macroscopically observed for the number, location and direction of the nutrient foramina.

[1]. Jelev L, Surchev L. Canal through the clavicle-result of the variant passing of the supraclavicular nerves, First study in Bulgaria. Medicine morphologie. 2004; 57(8)
[2]. Fraizer, Ernest J. The Anatomy of Human Skeleton. 4th Edition. (1964); p5
[3]. Chatrapathi DN, Mishra BD. Positions of nutrient foramen on the shaft of the human long bones. Journal of Anatomical society of India. June 1965; 14: 54-63.
[4]. B.D.Chaurasia‟s – Hand book of General Anatomy. 3rd Edition. Page 35-36
[5]. Gray‟s Anatomy 38th Ed. ( 1992); p469

Abstract:Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy Type IV is an autosomal recessive disorder due to lack of maturation of small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of peripheral nerves, which convey sensation of pain and temperature. There is anhidrosis due to lack of innervation of normal sweat glands resulting in recurrent episodes of hyperpyrexia. These patients usually present in late infancy. Here we present a case of HSAN Type IV who presented with fever from day 2 of life and so the possibility of HSAN should be kept in mind while dealing a case of fever without focus in a neonate.

Keywords: Anhidrosis, Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy, Hyperpyrexia, Insensitivity to pain, Neonate.

[1] Dyck PJ. Neuronal atrophy and degenration predominantly affecting peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. In: Dick PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, Low PA, Griffin JW, Low PA, et al.eds. Peripheral Neuropath. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 1993; pp. 1065-1093 [2] Haworth AE, Ellison DW, Thomas NH, Walker J, Cook LJ. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with anhidrosis (type IV). J R Soc Med 1998; 91: 84-86. [3] Mehta K. Familial dysautonomia in a Hindu boy. Am J Dis Child 1978; 132: 719. [4] Puri S, Menon PS, Verma A, Swaminathan S, Sarkar C. Hereditary sensory neuropathy: Type II. Indian Pediatr 1990; 27: 744-747. [5] Thakur LC, Chandran V, Anand KS. Congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29: 1046-1048. [6] Balachandran C, Sabitha L, Kantahraj GR. Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy-type II in siblings. Indian J Lepr 1996; 68: 373- 374. [7] Krishna Kumar R, Shashi Kiran ND, Subba Reddy VV. Congenital insensitivity to pain (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy). HSAN: a report of two cases. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2002; 20: 51-53. [8] Basu S, Paul DK, Basu S. Four siblings with type II hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39: 870- 874.

Abstract:OBJECTIVES: To identify and assess the problems faced by the attendants of patients admitted in Karachi's tertiary care unit who have come for treatment from outside the city area. METHODS: It was a computer based study on 502 attendants in with the help of a questionnaire. It was conducted in Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi

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[2]. Sanou A, Dembele M, Theobald S, Macq J: Access and adhering to tuberculosis treatment: barriers faced by patients and communities in Burkina Faso, The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Kung Disease 2004 Dec; 8(12):1479-83
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Abstract:Drug resistance is a burning issue in bacterial kingdom and in appropriate use of antibiotics is one of the most important factors that could affect the increasing patterns of resistance. The aim of the present study is to ascertain the current situation of growing antibiotic resistance against bacteria, ex-gram positive cluster forming cocci. Materials and Methods: Various clinical samples such as pus, sputum, throat swab, high vaginal fluid, prosthetic swab, wound swab, ear swab were taken from776 subjects and cultured on nutrient agar and Mac Conkey's agar. After morphological identification 271 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

[1]. Levinson W. Medical Microbiology and Immunology.Examination and Board Review.9th Edn., (McGraw-Hill,New York) 2006; 106-109.
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Abstract:Periodontal disease is an entity of localised infection that involves tooth supporting tissues, the structures that make up the periodontium. The disease being microbial in origin, the bacterial flora from the bio film invades the periodontal connective tissue and alveolar bone causing loosening of tooth. Diabetes being a metabolic disorder also has an inflammatory origin which brings a strong correlation between the two complex diseases. Both the diseases are chronic affecting large population worldwide. It's been proposed that periodontitis may cause changes in systemic physiology.

[1] P.M. Preshaw , A.L.Alba , D.Herrer , S.Jepsen et al ,periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship; Diabetologia(2012)55:21-31
[2] Antonio Bascones-Martinez et al , periodontal diseases and diabetes- Review of literature, Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 sep 1;16(6):e722-9.
[3] O'Dowd LK et al , patients' experiences of the impact of periodontal disease .journal of clinical periodontology. (2010), 37:334-339
[4] Negrato CA, Tarzia o Jovanovic l ,Chinellato lem ,Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus , Journal of Appl Oral Sci.(2013);21(1):1-12
[5] Francis G.Serio , Teresa B.Duncan, The pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal diseases , The Acadamy of dental Therapeutics and Stomatology.

Abstract:Fledgling steps in the form of policy measures, surveillance mechanisms and safety initiatives havebeen taken in the Indian healthcare context to address the increasing evidence base of patient been of

Keywords: Complex Adaptive System, Developing countries, Patient safety initiatives, Patient safety culture

[1]. Deccan Herald. Week after AMRI hospital fire, anger still not doused, available at: http://www.deccanherald.com/content/212225/week-amri-fire-anger-still.html. 2011.
[2]. Biswas S. Smokers turned off detectors at AMRI hospital; available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Smokers-turned-off-detectors-at-AMRI-hospital/Article1-781134.aspx. Hindustan Times, 2011.
[3]. AMRI hospital fire in Kolkata: AMRI flouted fire-safety norms at will. The Times of India: Kolkata, 2011.
[4]. AMRI hospital fire in Kolkata: Tiny lane delayed fire fighting operation, 2011.
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[6]. Nandraj S. Unregulated and Unaccountable: Private Health Providers. Economic & Political Weekly; Vol 47(4) 2012:12-17
[7]. Medical negligence: SC orders damages of Rs 5.96 cr in Anuradha Saha case. IBL Live -India, 2013.
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[9]. S.J.Gandhi. Hepatitis B outbreak investigation report in Sabarkantha District, Gujarat State, February 2009. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences; Vol 3 (5) 2011:109-21

Abstract:Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction in patients with CKD (Hemodialysis naive patients) & assess the severity of dysfunction in respect to stages of CKD. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study conducted at the Medicine Department, B.S. Medical College, West Bengal during the period of one year from 1st May 2012 to 30th April 2013. 50 patients of both sexes and ages above 18 years and below 65 years presenting with chronic kidney disease who did not underwent dialysis,

[1]. National Kidney Foundation KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(2 Suppl 1):S1–266.
[2]. Agarwal et al, prevalence of CKD in adults in delhi, India Nephron Dialysis Transplant 2005; 20:1638-1642.
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[4]. Moni Mk, Experience with a program for prevention of CRF in India, Kidney Int 2005;67(suppl 94):S75-S78.
[5]. Ajay K Singh, Youssef MK Farag, Bharati V Mittal et al, epidemiology & risk factors of CKD in India - results from SEEK study, BMC Nephrology 2013, 14:114.
[6]. Harrison's principle of internal medicine 18th , vol 2, chapter 280, p 2308.

Abstract:The background of this study is to evaluate 3D dose distribution in organs at risk (OARs). The sample of the study consists of 300 patients; with age-range mean and standard deviation (35 ± 2.32 respectively). The CT simulator was used to collect data to delineate pituitary adenoma including growth target volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV 95%) as an isodose line for treatment protocol in order to obtain dose distribution of 3D dose coverage to the target while sparing organs at risks. The main results of this study were, 3D dose distribution is safe, because it confines the dose to gross target volume only, while sparing escalating dose to the organ at risks (OARs), the average dose reaching the organs at risks during the pituitary adenoma to the adjacent critical organs are such as: in temporal lobe is 1.14 Gy, in eye is 0.86 Gy, and in optic chiasm is 0.95 Gy.

[1]. Dale Rolfsen, Three-dimensional space. Accessed on 5 /10/2013. Available from http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space#References. [2]. Kara Bucci, Alison Bevan, Mack Roach, M, Advances in radiation therapy: conventional to 3d, to IMRT, to 4d, and beyond, Cancer J Clin; 55(117), 2005, 134.
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Abstract: Skeletal metastases are clinically significant because of associated symptoms, complications such as pathological fractures and their profound significance for staging treatment and prognosis. Detection of bone metastatic lesions allows radiation therapy or surgical interventions to prevent pathological fractures from disabling the patients. High sensitivity of bone scanning in determining the presence and extent of metastatic disease makes extremely important tool in decision making. Bone scans demonstrate metastatic lesions much earlier than X-ray,C.T.,MRI.

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[6]. David Halsey, MD and Gustavo Mercier, MD; 18F NaF PET bone imaging vs. planar 99mTc MDP in a patient with breast cancer-Seattle Nuclear Medicine, Seattle, WA