iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2014

Abstract: An anal fistula is a communicating tract between the inner anus or rectum and the external skin surrounding the anus. It causes chronic discharge of pus that typically has an offensive odor. The treatment of anal fistula has challenged physicians and healers for millennia.

[1]. Zanotti C, Martinez-Puente C, Pascual I, Pascual M, Herreros D, Garcia-Olmo D. An assessment of the incidence of fistula-in-ano in four countries of the European Union. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2007; 22(12): 1459 - 1462.
[2]. Adams F. On fistulae. In: Adams F, ed. The Genuine work of Hippocrates. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1939: 337 - 42.
[3]. Pearl R K, Andrews J R, Orsay C P, et al. Role of the Seton in the management of anorectal fistulas. Disease of Colon and Rectum. 1993; 36(6): 573 - 579.
[4]. Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery. Norman. S williams, Christopher J.K. Bulstrode, P.Ronan O Connell. 25th Ed. The anus and the anal canal. 2008; 69: 1262 - 64.
[5]. Abcarian H, Dodi G, Gironi J, et al: Symposium-Fistula-in-ano. Int J Colorect Dis. 1987; 2: 51 - 72.
[6]. Christensan A, Nilas L, Christiansen J: Treatment of Transphincteric and fistulas by the seton technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986; 29: 454 - 5.
[7]. Vasilevsky C A. Fistula in ano and abscess Im; Beck D E, Wexner S D, Eds. Fundamentals of anorectal Surgery. 1992: 131 - 44.(s).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	False Palate Reservoir Denture -A Novel Technique
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Aishwarya Chatterjee, Dr. Debopriya Chatterjee
	:	10.9790/0853-13150509

Abstract: The subjective feeling of oral dryness is termed xerostomia. Xerostomia is a symptom, not a diagnosis or disease. The term is used to encompass the spectrum of oral complaints voiced by patients with dry mouth. Standard head and neck radiotherapy results in serious, often irreversible damage to the major and minor salivary gland tissues. The resultant profound hypo-salivation leads to serious oral health and functional problems such as intractable root caries, yeast infections and impairment of speech and swallowing. Inadequate quality or quantity of saliva is particularly difficult for complete denture wearers. Extreme discomfort in wearing dentures is a common complaint. Intra-oral devices with reservoirs have been developed that allow the release of saliva substitute into the mouth. Devices for use in edentulous patients where the reservoir has been incorporated within a complete denture have proved successful.

[1]. The glossary of prosthodontics terms. J Prosthet Dent 2005; 94:10-92.
[2]. Martin S. Greenberg, Michael Glick. Burket's Oral Medicine Diagnosis & Treatment. 10th ed. Elsvier; 2003; 236-237.
[3]. Zarb GA, Bolender CL, Eckert SE, Fenton AH, Jacob RF, Mericske-Stern R. Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients. 12th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2004. p. 27, 57-58.
[4]. Anne S. McMillan, C.S. Peter Tsang, May C.M. Wong, Andrew Y.L. Kam. Efficacy of a novel lubricating system in the management of radiotherapy-related xerostomia. Oral Oncology (2006); 1- 7.
[5]. Mendosa AR, Tomlinson MJ. The split denture: a new technique for artificial saliva reservoirs in mandibular dentures. Aust Dent J 2003;48:190-4.
[6]. Upadhyay Snehal Rashmikant, Kumar Lakshya, and Rao Jitendra. Fabrication of a functional palatal saliva reservoir by using a resilient liner during processing of a complete denture. J Prosthet Dent 2012; 108:332-335.
[7]. Pattanaik Bikash, Pattanaik Seema. Prosthetic Rehabilitation of A Xerostomia Patient With A Mandibular Split Salivary Reservoir Denture. Annals and Essence of Dentistry 2010.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Awareness Of Early Detection And Prevention Of Oral Cancer among Dentists - A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sabana A. Nazar, Dr. T. N. Uma maheswari
	:	10.9790/0853-13151012

Abstract: Assessment of knowledge of early diagnosis of oral cancer among dental population is needed for early treatment to ensure good prognosis. Knowledge about recent trends in diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures in oral cancer is utmost essential for improving the quality of life in oral cancer patients. Oral cancers are still diagnosed in advanced stages only and the main reason is because of lack of awareness among public and dentists. Early detection, which comprises screening of asymptomatic population and creating awareness of public regarding early signs and symptoms of oral cancer, increases the probability of cure. This article aims in review of knowledge of dentists in early diagnosis, evaluation of dentist's practice of anti-tobacco counseling and assessment of dentist knowledge on recent trends in diagnosis of cancer- risk potential in three different countries where oral pharyngeal cancer is more prevalent.

Key Words: Oral cancer, early detection, dentist awareness, Prevention.

[1] Ferlay J, Pisani P, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2002. Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. IARC Cancer Base (2002 estimates). 2004; Lyon: IARC Press
[2] Saman Warnakulasuriya , Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer .Oral Oncology. (2009); 45: 309–316.
[3]. Surveillance epidemiology and end results (SEER). SEER Cancer statistics review 1975–2004. National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav (accessed 03.03.08).
[4]. Cancer Research Campaign. Cancer Stats. Oral cancer – UK. UK: CRC; April 2005.
[5]. Little JW, Cancer awareness and dentistry. Gen Dent 2000 Jul-Aug; 48(4):462-5.
[6]. M. McGurk & S. E. Scott, The reality of identifying early oral cancer in the general dental practice. British Dental Journal 208, (2010); 347 – 351.
[7] Stewart BW, kleihurs world cancer report Lyon. WHO International agency for research on cancer 2003.
[8] Oral cancer awareness of general public in Gorakhpur city, India, Asian pacific Journal of cancer prevention. 13 (10): 5195-5199.
[9]. Dentist and oral cancer prevention in UK opinion, attitude and practices to screening for mucosal lesion and to counseling patients on tobacco and alcohol use: baseline data from 1991.oral diseases 1991: Jan 5(1); 10-4.
[10]. Oral and pharyngeal cancer control and early detection. J cancer educ. (2010); 25/: 279-281).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Diagnostic utility of various techniques used in body fluid cytology
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Archana Joshi, Dr. Nidhi Mahajan, Dr. P. J. Karmarkar, Dr. S. D. Mahore
	:	10.9790/0853-13151318

Abstract: The cytological examinations of serous effusions have been well accepted, and a positive diagnosis is often considered as a definitive diagnosis. It helps in staging, prognosis and management of patients of malignancies, and also give information about various inflammatory and non inflammatory lesions. Diagnostic problem arises in everyday practice to differentiate reactive atypical mesothelial cells from malignant cells by routine conventional smear method. Aim- To compare the morphological features of the conventional smear method with those of cytospin(cytocentrifuge) and cell block and also to assess the utility and sensitivity of cytospin and cell block methods in the cytodiagnosis of effusion.

Keywords: Cytospin, Cell block, conventional smear, fluid cytology.

[1]. Nathan NA,Narayan E, Smith MM, Horn MJ. Cell block cytology-Improved preparation and its efficacy in diagnostic cytology. Am J ClinPathol 2000;114: 599-606
[2]. Kushwaha R,Shashikala P, Hiremath S, Basavaraj HG. Cells in pleural fluid and their value in differential diagnosis. J Cytol 2008;25:138-43.
[3]. Mair, Dunbar F, Becker PJ, DuPlessis W. Fine Needle Cytology: Is aspiration suction necessary? A study of 100 masses in various sites. ActaCytol 1989;33:809-13.
[4]. Sherwani R, Akhtar K, Abrari A, Hajra S. Pleural effusion cytology as an aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Cytol 2006;23:123-27.
[5]. Gaur DS, Chauhan N, Kusum A, Harsh M, Talekar M. Pleural Fluid Analysis-Role in Diagnosing Pleural Malignancy. J Cytol 2007;24:183-88.
[6]. Udasimath S, Arakeri SU, Karigowdar MH. Diagnostic utility of the cell block method versus the conventional smear study in pleural fluid cytology. J Cytol 2012; 29:11-15
[7]. Bodele AK, Parate SN, Wadadekar AA, Bobhate SK, Munshi MM. Diagnostic utility of cell block preparation in repoting of fluid cytology. J Cytol 2003;20:133-35.
[8]. 8.Thapar M, Mishra RK, Sharma A, Goyal V. Critical analysis of cell block versus smear examination in effusion. J Cytol 2009;26:60-4.
[9]. Stevens MW, Fazzalari NL, Crisp DJ. Lymph node cellular morphology: Comparative study of imprints and cytocentrifuge smears. J ClinPathol 1987;40:751-55.
[10]. Shah P,Deshmukh R. Exfoliative Cytology and Cytocentrifuge Preparation of Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions.ActaCytol 2012;56:68-73.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A comparative study of Edge light pupil cycle time in type-II diabetes mellitus patients and normal subjects
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Taranpreet Kaur, Dr. A. Suchitra Devi, Dr. M. Satyabhama Devi
	:	10.9790/0853-13151923

Abstract: Purpose of the study is to compare the pupil cycle time(PCT) of patients with type-II diabetes and healthy control subjects.To analyse the effect of different variables like age, sex, blood sugar,diabetes duration on PCT.Methods- The study was conducted on known type-II diabetes patients attending retina clinic and non diabetic patients attending Eye OPD of Regional institute of medical sciences,Imphal for a period of 2 years. 100 individuals were taken,out of these 50 were diabetics and 50 non diabetics.PCT was measured by focussing a narrow horizontally aligned beam of fixed dimensions at the inferior part of pupil to initiate rhythmic cycles of contraction and relaxation,and the cycle time was measured in milliseconds with a hand held stop watch.Mean PCT of diabetics was compared with non diabetics and its correlation with different variables such as age, diabetes duration,sex,blood sugar was done .Results-Mean PCT of diabetic patients was prolonged as compared to non diabetics and also there was prolongation of PCT with increasing age and diabetes duration.Conclusion-Type II diabetes is associated with prolonged PCT,and it gets more prolonged with the duration of diabetes.PCT can be used as a fast and reliable clinic test to assess the amount of autonomic neuropathy affecting pupil of a diabetic patient.
Keywords: Edge light pupil cycle time,PCT,type-II diabetes.

[1] Manor R S, Yassur Y, Siegal R, And I. Ben-Sira .The pupil cycle time test: age variations in normal subjects .British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1981;65: 750-753..
[2] Sood A K ,Mithal S, Elhence A , Maini A, Pupil cycle time . Indian J Ophthalmol.1985 ; 33:41-3.
[3] Martyn CN, Ewing D, Pupil cycle time- A simple way of measuring an autonomic reflex. J NeurolNeurosurg. Psychiatry 1986;49:771-4.
[4] MoodithayaS andAvadhany S T. pupillary autonomic activity by assessment of pupil cycle time; reference value for healthy men and women.scientific medicine 2009;1(1)
[5] S E Smith, S A Smith, P M Brown, C Fox, and P H Sönksen, Pupillary signs in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.Br Med J. 1978 September 30; 2(6142): 924–927.
[6] Kim G C, AhnK W, Jun Y M, Pupil Cycle Time in diabetics . J Korean ophthalmol soc.1995 apr;36(4):691-696.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma in members of a single Indian family-A case series
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Taranpreet Kaur, Dr. Ibohal Salam, Dr. M. Satyabhama Devi
	:	10.9790/0853-13152425

Abstract: We report a rare case series of bilateral juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG), in three young girls of a same family with discussion of current understanding of its pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management. Two sisters named A and B aged 9yrs and 16yrs respectively presented in eye opd chiefly for blurring of vision and were found to have best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of 6/18both eyes(BE) for A and 6/12,6/24 in right eye(RE) and left eye(LE) respectively for B with normal anterior segment examination. There was an incidental finding of high intra ocular pressure(IOP) in both eyes for both the girls on routine tonometry. Dilated fundus examination revealed normal optic disc and cup disc (CD) ratios with subsequent automated perimetry showing visual field defects in eyes of both the girls.Eldest sister aged 22years was having very poor visual acuity with only hand movement appreciation, IOP was 25.8 mm of hg(BE) with CD ratios of 0.9(RE) and 1(LE).She was on anti glaucoma medications since 1 month and already operated withtrabeculectomy(BE).There was wide open angle on gonioscopy for all the three sisters.
Keywords: JOAG,POAG,Juvenile, Adolescent.

[1]. J. L. Wiggs, K. F. Damji, J. L. Haines, M. A. Pericak-Vance.The distinction between juvenile and adult-onset primary open-angle
glaucoma.American Journal of Human Genetics.1996 January; 58(1): 243–244.
[2]. Bachman J. A. Juvenile onset primary open angle glaucoma:Three case studies and reviews.Journal of American optometric Association.1998 Dec;69(12):785-95.
[3]. Goel S., Ganger A., Gupta V. Bilateral Juvenile Onset Primary Open-angle Glaucoma AmongKeratoconus Patients J. Glaucoma 2013 Nov 14.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Complementary And Alternative Medicine Use Among Hiv-Infected Patient's On Anti-Retroviral Therapy In The Niger Delta Region, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. Alphonsus Udo Idung, Dr. Sunday Bassey Udoh, Dr. Festus Abasiubong
	:	10.9790/0853-13152631

Abstract: Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Nigeria in 1986, HIV/AIDS has continued to penetrate the fabrics of all sectors of the Nigerian population. The plight of HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria is made worse by inadequate supply of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs. METHODS: A prospective study was done between April and October 2013. Using a systematic sampling technique, 290 adult consenting male and female HIV/AIDS patients aged between 18 and 69 years who were on ARV drugs were recruited. They were assessed for use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) along with ARV drugs. Two research assistants assisted in data collection in a rural hospital using a semi-structured questionnaire.

Keywords: Anti-retroviral drugs, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), Niger Delta region, Rural Hospital.

[1]. UNAIDS. The AIDS pandemic in the 21st century. International population reports 2004.
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[3]. National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Federal Republic of Nigerian, Global AIDS Response Country Progress Report, GARPR 2012, Abuja, Nigeria.

[4]. Federal Ministry of Health (Nigeria).National HIV/AIDS and reproductive Health Survey, 2007 (NARHS plus) Abuja Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Health 2008.
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[7]. National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine/ available at http://www.nccam,nih.gov/accessed 18.11 2013
[8]. Edduoks M, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, Ouahidi ML, Jouad H. Ethno -pharmacological Surrey of Medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases in the South-East Region of Morocco. J Ethno. Pharmacol. 2002; 82 (23): 97-105
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[10]. Duggan J, Peterson WS, Schutz M, Khuder S, Charkraborty J. Use of Complementary and Alternative therapies in HIV-infected patients. AIDS patient care STDs. 2001; 15: 159.167.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Clinico-Anatomical Study of Strabismus in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Sarita Behera, Dr. Bijaya Kumar Dutta, Dr. Ravindra Kumar Chowdhury, Dr. Mamata Sar
	:	10.9790/0853-13153235

Abstract: This prospective study was conducted about the clinical profile, extraocular muscle involvement, epidemiology and the etiology of 162 cases of manifest strabismus attending the Ophthalmology outpatient department from July 2009 to July-2011. Incidence of manifest strabismus was found to be 0.63%, of which 63% were paralytic and 37% non paralytic, 66% were esotropia and 34% exotropia. Paralytic esotropia was common in the age group of 41-50 years (46.4%) and nonparalytic in 0-10 years (47.4%). Males dominated over females whether esotropia or exotropia. Paralytic exotropia was common in 41-50 years (45.6%) and non paralytic in 0-10 years (45.5%). Paralytic strabismus was common in the lower socioeconomic group (52.9%) and non paralytic in middle and higher class (86.7%). Abduction defect was found in 73.5% due to lateral rectus muscle involvement. Abducent nerve palsy was the most common cause of paralytic strabismus (56.8%) followed by oculomotor nerve (21.6%).No isolated 4th nerve involvement was encountered. Involvement of more than one cranial nerves was found in 21.6%.Most of the patients presented with deviation of eye followed by diplopia and defective vision. Vascular involvement was the commonest etiology in the paralytic group. Ophthalmologists need to be trained and well equipped strabismus clinics should be established in this part of the country.
Key words: Strabismus,Esotropia,Exotropia,Extraocular muscles.

[1]. Mohney BG. Common forms of childhood strabismus in an incidence cohort.Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep; 144(3):465-7.

[2]. Robaei D, Rose KA, Kifley A, Cosstick M, Ip JM, Mitchell P. Factorsassociated with childhoodstrabismus: findings from a population-based study.Ophthalmology. 2006 Jul;113(7):1146-53.

[3]. Ohlsson J, Villarreal G, Sjöström A, Cavazos H, Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrand J. Visual acuity, amblyopia, and ocular pathology in 12- to 13-year-old children in Northern Mexico.J AAPOS. 2003 Feb;7(1):47-53.

[4]. Lim HT, Yu YS, Park SH, Ahn H, Kim S, Lee M, Jeong JY, Shin KH, Koo BSThe Seoul Metropolitan Preschool Vision Screening Programme: results from South Korea.Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jul;88(7):929-33.

[5]. Nepal BP, Koirala S, Adhikary S, Sharma AK. Ocular morbidity in schoolchildren in Kathmandu.Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 May;87(5):531-4.

[6]. Matsuo T, Matsuo C. The prevalence of strabismus and amblyopia in Japanese elementary school children.Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;12(1):31-6.

[7]. ShakyaS,AgrawalJP,Ray P. 1Profile of isolated sixth cranial nervepalsy: A hospital based study J Neuroscience 1:32-35, 2004.

[8]. AbdolrezaMedghalchi.Survey of Paralytic Strabismus: A Regional SurvayActaMedicaIranica2009;47(3) : 221-224.

[9]. Holmes JM, Leske DA, Christiansen SP. Initial treatment outcomes in chronic sixth nerve palsy.J AAPOS. 2001 Dec;5(6):370-6.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Oral changes in Diabetes – a review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ngairangbam Sanjeeta
	:	10.9790/0853-13153639

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting all age groups and one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Many chronic macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes have been reported in the literature with few reports on diabetes and associated various oral soft tissue abnormalities. In this review, the known correlations between oral disease and diabetes mellitus are highlighted with the aims to increase the awareness of oral changes, complications of diabetes mellitus and to emphasize on need of studies to control these complications. It treats in depth some of the complications such as periodontal disease, fungal infection and salivary dysfunction.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Oral, Complications, Taste, Fungal.

[1]. Sharma A, Tiwari A. Diabetes mellitus and Dental Disease-a review. JIDA 2002; 73: 116-21.
[2]. Alvin C Powers. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th Ed. United States of America:McGraw-Hill;2008: 2275 – 304.
[3]. Guggenheimer J, Moore PA, Rossie K, Myers D, Mongelluzzo MB, Block HM. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and oral soft tissue pathologies. I. Prevalence and characteristics of non-candidal lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89 (5): 563 –69.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of administration of diclofenac sodium with tramadol and diclofenac sodium with dexamethasone on pain, swelling and trismus following third molar surgery
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Ajay Kumar Pillai, Dr. K. Kavitha; Dr. Gareema Sandhu, Dr. Saksham Nahar, Dr. Vinish Vishnu
	:	10.9790/0853-13154045

Abstract: The apparent interactions between the mechanisms of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and steroids suggest that co-therapy may provide beneficial in inflammation and pain relief in the absence of side effects. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of co-administered diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone with diclofenac sodium with tramadol on the postoperative pain, swelling and trismus after surgical removal of third molars. Patients and Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted at the Chowdhary hospital Bhopal. A total of 100 patients (age range: 20-35 years), with impacted third molar who underwent surgical removal were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. Group A of 50 patients who were given diclofenac sodium (50 mg Oral before and after surgery and dexamethasone (prophylactic 8 mg and postoperative 4 mg IV 8th hourly) , and Group B of 50 patients who were given diclofenac sodium(50 mg Oral before and after surgery) with tramadol(50 mg orally).

Key Words: Preemptive analgesia, Post-operative day care pain control,tramadol, dexamethasone, diclofenac sodium.

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[4]. Jadson Alípio Santana de Sousa Santos. Comparative study of tramadol combined with dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium in third-molar surgery. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery xxx (2012) 1-7.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Seroprevalence of HIV Antibodies in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Oladipo E. K., Afolabi A. Y., Oladipo A. A., Bayo-ige O. O., Bankole O. O., Ogundare S. O.
	:	10.9790/0853-13154649

Abstract: The incidence of new infections of HIV has declined globally due to increased prevention and control measures. In Oyo State Nigeria, there have been increased surveillance activities to complement control measures in recent years. This is the findings of the latest HIV sentinel epidemiological surveillance revealing the seroprevalence of HIV in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. About 515 subjects were tested for HIV antibodies in 2012. Screening tests were carried out using Determine™ HIV 1 & 2 (Abbott) and Chembio HIV 1& 2 Stat-Pak™ rapid test kits following manufacturer's instructions. A seroprevalence rate of 0% was determined with a significantly higher participation in females 61.75% than males 38.25%. The participation rate of different age group from the highest to the lowest is as follows 20-24 years old was found to have the 40.97%, age group of 25-29 years have 25.05%, age group of 15-19 have 19.61%, age group >30 have 8.74%and lastly, the age group 2-14 years old had the lowest participation rate of 5.63%. The results from this show a zero seroprevalence rate in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. According to the results from this study it was observed that prevention and control measures have been stepped up, particularly at both the local level with more attention toward sexually active age group.
Keywords: Antibodies, Control, HIV, Ogbomoso, Prevention, Seroprevalence.

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[10]. Meda N., L. Gautier-Charpentier., R.B. Soudre, H. Dahourou., R. Ouedraogo-Traore., A. Ouangre., A. Bambara., A. Kopozehouen., H. Sanou., D. Vallea., F. Ky., M. Cartoux. (1999). Serological diagnosis of HIV in Burkina Fasso: Reliable, practical strategies using less expensive commercial test kits. Bull. World Health Organ. 77(9): 731-739.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Quality Indicators of Blood Utilization in a Tertiary Care Centre in the North-Eastern India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Kh. Memtombi Devi, Dr. A. Barindra Sharma, Dr. L. Dorendro Singh, Dr. Ksh. Vijayanta, Dr. S. T. Lalhriatpuii, Dr. A. Meina Singh
	:	10.9790/0853-13155052

Abstract: Blood transfusion has become an essential part of patient management in modern medicine. Blood is a scarce resource and the blood needs still exeed its supply. Blood and blood components are frequently ordered and utilized without proper analysis of the real needs. Inappropriate ordering and use of blood can burden the physical and human resources of a health-care facility and increase the cost of medical care. Various strategies and quality indicators have been developed to monitor the justification of appropriateness and efficiency of transfusion therapy. The study was taken up to evaluate the utilization of blood and status of transfusion practice in a tertiary teaching hospital in the North-Eastern India. The quality indicators analysed were Cross-match to Transfusion ratio(C: T), Transfusion index(TI), Transfusion probability(%T), RBC-unit expiration rate, RBC-unit wastage rate and RBC concentrate (packed RBC) to Whole blood ratio( PRBC: WB). The results were within the acceptable limits as per other studies available in the literature. But the PRBC: WB ratio was lower than the WHO recommendation of 90: 10. Continuous monitoring will improve the blood transfusion services and will contribute towards shortening of demand- supply gap.
Key words: Blood transfusion, Blood utilization, Cross-match, Quality indicators, Transfusion practice.

[1] Morish M, Ayob Y, Naim N, Salman H, Muhamad NA, Yusaff NM. Quality indicators for discarding blood in the National Blood Center, Kuala Lumpur. Asian J Transfus Sci 2012 ; 6(1): 19-23
[2] Roback JD, Grossman BJ, Harris T,Hillyer CD. Ed. Technical Manual, 17th edition, American Association of Blood Banks,2011.Bethesda, Maryland.p.24
[3] Chawla T, Kakepoto GN, Khan MA. An Audit of Blood Cross-match ordering practices at the Aga Khan University Hospital: First step towards a Maximum Surgical Blood ordering Schedule . J Pak Med Assoc 2001; 51 : 251-54
[4] Lowery TA, Clark JA. Successful implementation of Maximum Surgical Blood order Schedule. J Med Assoc, Ga 1989; 79: 155-58
[5] Hardy NM, Bolen FH, Shatney CH. Maximum surgical blood order schedule reduces hospital costs . Am Surg 1987; 53: 223-25
[6] The Clinical Use of Blood Handbook, World Health Organization, Blood Transfusion Safety, Geneva,2002.p.3-4.
[7] Hui CH,William I, Davis K. Clinical audit of the use of fresh-frozen plasma and platelets in a tertiary teaching hospital and the impact of a new transfusion request form. Internal Medicine Journal 2005; 35(5): 283-88
[8] Safe blood and blood products: indicators and quality of care. World Health Organization, Regional office for the western Pacific, Manila, Philippines. October 1996
[9] Friedman BA, Oberman HA, Chadwick AR. The maximum surgical blood order schedule and surgical blood use in the United States. Transfusion 1976; 16: 380-87
[10] Palmer T, Wahr JA, O' Reilly, Greenfield ML. Reducing unnecessary cross-matching : a patient-specific blood ordering system is more accurate in predicting who will receive a blood transfusion than the maximum blood ordering system. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 369-75.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Management of Dental Waste in Private Clinics in Chhattisgarh State, India – A Cross Sectional Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Ruchi Arora, Dr. Ankush Agrawal, Dr. Deepesh Singh, Dr. Jyothirmai Reddy
	:	10.9790/0853-13155366

Abstract: Aims: Dentistry is a profession dedicated to promoting and enhancing oral health and well-being. To accomplish these goals, dentists use a variety of materials and equipment. Unfortunately, some of the materials that are currently in use like silver amalgam, x-ray films etc. including heavy metals and biomedical waste present potential challenges to the environment. Hence the aim of the present study was to assess the management of dental waste in private clinics of Chhattisgarh state, India. Methods and Material: A self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed among 100 practising dentists, who were private practitioners. The survey form was composed of 27 questions framed based on knowledge, attitude and those regarding the practice of dentists in relation to dental health-care waste management. Chi-square test (with Yates correction; wherever applicable) was used for analysing the factors influencing waste management practices. Results: Programs about waste management practices had significant influence on the knowledge of respondents about waste management guidelines (P value = 0.01), on application of colour coding practice for disposal of waste (P value = 0.01) and on disposal of amalgam (P value = 0.01). The knowledge about waste management guidelines has significant influence on application of colour coding practice for disposal of waste (P value < 0.0001).Conclusions: Though most dentists were aware of the hazardous effect of improper disposal of dental waste; majority of them still practiced improper waste disposal. There is need to retrain the practitioners on the importance and new technologies of proper waste disposal.
Key-words: Dental solid waste, solid waste management, dental clinics.

[1]. Baveja G, Muralidharar S, Aggarwal P. Hospital Waste Management – an overview. Hospital Today 2000; 5(9):485-6.
[2]. Manohar D, Reddy P R, Kotaih B. Characterization of solid waste of a super speciality hospital – a case study. Ind J Environ Health 1998;40(4):319-26.
[3]. Info Nugget, Hospital Waste Management and Bio-Degradable Waste. Government of India, Press Information Bureau, http://pib.nic.in/infonug/infaug.99/i3008991.html - downloaded on 18.10.2012.
[4]. Osamong LA, Gathece LW, Kisumbi BK, Mutave RJ. Management of Dental Waste by Practitioners in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr J Oral Health 2005;2(1&2):24-9.
[5]. Govt. of India, ―Bio-medical waste (management and handling) rules‖. The gazette of India. Ministry of Environment and Forest. 1998.
[6]. National guidelines on Hospital waste management. Biomedical waste regulations. 1998.
[7]. Hashim R, Mahrouq R, Hadi N. Evaluation of Dental Waste Management in the Emirate of Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research 2011;4(2):64-9.
[8]. Hiltz M. The Environmental Impact of Dentistry. J Can Dent Assoc 2007;73(1):59-62.
[9]. Central of Disease Control, Hepatitis B fact sheet, July, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/NCIDOD/Diseases/Hepatitis/b/bfact.pdf, (accessed 18.10.2012).
[10]. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Guidelines for Infection Control in dental Health-Care Settings, CDC, USA, 2003.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Knowledge and Attitude of Lactating Mothers towards Infant oral health care in Udaipur
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Subha Dogra, Dr. Ruchi Arora, Dr. Deepak P. Bhayya, Dr. Dashmesh Thakur
	:	10.9790/0853-13155760

Abstract: Good oral health is an integral component of good health. Infant oral health (IOH) is the foundation upon which preventive education and dental care must be built to enhance the opportunity for lifetime free of preventable oral diseases. Researches show that mothers play an important role in the decision making processes regarding health care for their children. Identifying the indispensible role of mothers about health care for their children it becomes mandatory to assess the knowledge and attitudes regarding infant oral health and educating them as they are the primary care givers. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 400 lactating mothers post partum admitted in various government and private hospitals of Udaipur city after obtaining ethical clearance from the concerned authorities. Of the 400 subjects surveyed, included 200 rural mothers from the nearby villages of Udaipur city and 200 urban mothers from Udaipur city. The responses were assessed based on the recommendations of American of Paediatric Dentistry (AAPD).Based on the results of this study it was found that knowledge of mothers was inadequate on IOH care, urban mothers had a comparatively poorer knowledge than rural. There is a need to increase the knowledge of mothers, especially in the urban sector through effective strategies.

Keywords: Caries, infant oral health, lactating mothers, pacifiers, teething, weaning.

[1]. McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent 8th ed. Mosby;2004.
[2]. Anticipatory guidance in infant oral health : Rationale and recommendations.Am Fam Physician. 2000; 61 : 115-20 , 123- 4.
[3]. Implementing an infant oral program. Journal of the California dental association. 2002; 30(10):752-61. [4]. Policy on the dental home. In: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Oral health policies. Pediatr Dent. 2002;24(7 suppl):10–42. [5]. Hale KJ. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Pediatric Dentistry. Oral health risk assessment timing and establishment of the dental home. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 pt 1):1113–6.
[6]. Douglass JM, Douglass AB, Silk HG. A Practical Guide to Infant Oral Health. Am Fam Physician.2004 Dec 1;70(11):2113-2120.
[7]. American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Clinical Guidelines on infant oral health care. Paediatr Dent. 2004;26:67-70.
[8]. Sanchez OM, Childers NK, Fox L, Bradley E. Physicians' views on pediatric preventive dental Care. Pediatr Dent.1997;19:377-83.
[9]. Gross GJ, Howard M. Mothers' decision–making processes regarding health care for their children. Public Health Nurs. 2001;18(3):157-68.
[10]. World Health Organization. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. A systematic review. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Repair of perforation with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Hariharavel V. P., Ashok Kumar A., Sankar Annamalai, Aravindhan R., Kavitha Ramar
	:	10.9790/0853-13156164

Abstract: Root perforations may occur due to pathological processes or treatment consequences. Such perforations are severe complications and are associated with dramatically compromised endodontic treatment outcomes, especially when bacterial infection is allowed to establish and if the seal between the endodontic space and periradicular tissue is not provided. A new known material, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) promotes a favorable environment for regeneration and has been successfully used for various endodontic surgeries, apexification and perforation procedures. This case report describes the management of perforation which occurred in the critical region of tooth.

Keywords: MTA, Perforation, Anterior tooth.

[1] Kvinnsland I, Oswald RJ, Halse A, Gronningsaeter AG. A clinical and roentgenological study of 55 cases of root perforation. Int Endod J, 22, 1989, 75–84.
[2] Glossary of Endodontic Terms. American Association of Endodontists, (Chicago IL, 2003)
[3] Gutmann JL, Dumsha TC, Lovdahl PE. Problem Solving in Endodontics. (Mosby, 2006)
[4] De-Deus G, Reis C, Brandão C, Fidel S, Fidel RA. The ability of Portland cement, MTA, and MTA Bio to prevent through-and-through fluid movement in repaired furcal perforations. J Endod, 33(11), 2007, 1374–7.
[5] Torabinejad M, Chivian N. Clinical application of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod, 25(3), 1999, 197–205.
[6] Thomas Clauder, Su-Jung Shin. Repair of perforations with MTA: clinical applications and mechanisms of action. Endodontic Topics, 15, 2009, 32–55.
[7] Fuss Z, Trope M. Root perforations: classification and treatment choices based on prognostic factors. Endod Dent Traumatol, 12, 1996, 255–264.
[8] Oviir T, Pagoria D, Ibarra G, Geurtsen W. Effects of gray and white mineral trioxide aggregate on the proliferation of oral keratinocytes and cementoblasts. J Endod, 32(3), 2006, 210–3.
[9] Annamalai S, Mungara J. Efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical plug in non-vital young permanent teeth: preliminary results. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 35(2), 2010, 149-55.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prevalence of myopia among the medical students in western India vis-à-vis the east Asian epidemic
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. S. Sood, A. Sood
	:	10.9790/0853-13156567

Abstract: The prevalence of myopia among students has reached epidemic proportions in east Asia. Indian data also suggests a high prevalence, especially in the southeast. We examined the trend locally, in 148 first MBBS students at a medical college in Pune, located in Maharashtra, a western state of India. We report a prevalence of 45% and compare it to that reported globally as well as from different regions of India. In the study population, we conclude, though myopia is quite prevalent, the east Asian trend of epidemic proportions is not yet evident. We emphasize timely institution of preventive measures to prevent an epidemic of myopia in India.
Keywords: Medical students, Myopia, Myopia epidemic, Prevalence.

[1] S. Onal, E. Toker, Z. Akingol, G. Arslan, S. Ertan, C. Turan and O. Kaplan, Refractive errors of medical students in Turkey: one year follow-up of refraction and biometry, Optometry and Vision Science, 84(3), 2007, 175-180.
[2] C.W. Pan, D. Ramamurthy and S.M. Saw, Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia, Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 32(1), 2012, 3-16.
[3] Y.F. Zheng, C.W Pan, J. Chay, T.Y. Wong, E. Finkelstein and S.M. Saw, The economic cost of myopia in adults aged over 40 years in Singapore, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 54(12), 2013, 7532-7537.
[4] L.L. Lin , Y.F. Shih , Y.C. Lee, P.T. Hung and P.K. Hou, Changes in ocular refraction and its components among medical students-a 5-year longitudinal study, Optometry and Vision Science, 73(7), 1996, 495-498.
[5] W.W. Woo, K.A. Lim, H. Yang, X.Y. Lim, F. Liew, Y.S. Lee and S.M. Saw, Refractive errors in medical students in Singapore, Singapore Medical Journal, 45(10), 2004, 470-474.
[6] Y.C. Chow, B. Dhillon, P.T. Chew and S.J. Chew, Refractive errors in Singapore medical students, Singapore Medical Journal, 31(5), 1990, 472-473.
[7] L.L. Lin, Y.F. Shih, C.B. Tsai, C.J. Chen, L.A. Lee, P.T. Hung and P.K. Hou, Epidemiologic study of ocular refraction among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995. Optometry and Vision Science, 76(5), 1999, 275-281.
[8] S. Chalasani, V.K. Jampala and P. Nayak, Myopia among Medical Students-A Cross Sectional Study in A South Indian Medical College, Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 2012, 233-242.
[9] R.G. Kathrotia, A.G. Dave, S.T. Dabhoiwala, N.D. Patel, P.V. Rao and E.R. Oommen, Prevalence and progression of refractive errors among medical students, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 56(3), 2012, 284 –287.
[10] N.S. Wakode, S.L. Wakode and D.D. Ksheersagar, Risk Factors for Myopia in Medical Students, International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology, 8(1), 2013, 09-11.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Nutrition Knowledge and its Impact on Food Choices among the students of Saudi Arabia
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Suneetha Epuru, Mashael Usweed Humaid Al Shammary
	:	10.9790/0853-13156874

Abstract: Food choices vary widely depending on various influencing factors. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the current nutrition knowledge and their impact on food choices and dietary practices in a sample of subjects from the University of Hail (UOH).
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using online UOH student forum. 100 students participated in the study (males 45 and females 55). The subjects were surveyed through a previously standardized questionnaire for questions related to their nutrition knowledge and awareness along with behaviours related to food choices.

Keywords: Food Choices, Nutrition Knowledge, Saudi Arabia, Young Adults.

[1]. Mela DJ. Determinants of food choice: relationships with obesity and weight control. Obes Res. 2001; Nov 9: Suppl 4: 249S-255S.
[2]. http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/review-food-choice/. Accessed on Mar, 15th, 2013.
[3]. Tippett KS, Yasmin SC. Design and operation: the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey, 1994-1996. U S Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nationwide Food Surveys report No 96-1. 1998.
[4]. Beydoun MA, Wang Y. Do nutrition knowledge and beliefs modify the association of socio-economic factors and diet quality among US adults? Prev Med. 2008; 46(2): 145–153.
[5]. Ma J, Betts NM, Horacek T, Georgiou C, White A. Assessing stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake in young adults: a combination of traditional staging algorithms and food-frequency questionnaires. Health Educ Res. 2003; 18(2): 224-36.
[6]. Gibney MJ. European consumers' attitudes and beliefs about safe and nutritious foods: concepts, barriers and benefits. In Proceedings of the International Food Conference: 'Thinking beyond tomorrow' held in Dublin June '2004.
[7]. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the evidence report. National Institutes of Health. Obesity Research. 1998; (Suppl 2): 51S–209S.
[8]. Yahia N, Achkar A, Abdallah A, Rizk S. Eating habits and obesity among Lebanese university students. Nutr J. 2008; Oct 30; 7:32.
[9]. Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Parental influence on eating behavior: conception to adolescence. J Law Med Ethics. 2007; Spring;35(1): 22-34.
[10]. Wang Y, Chen X. Between-group differences in nutrition- and health-related psychosocial factors among US adults and their associations with diet, exercise, and weight status. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; Apr;112(4): 486-498.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2011.12.003.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antioxidants Protect Cell Damage from Free Radicals: A research study on Thyroid Hormones in Wistar Rats
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Karan Peepre, Bhawna Bhimte, U. Deshpandey, Dr. P. S. Choudhary
	:	10.9790/0853-13157579

Abstract:Antioxidant vitamins neutralize free radicals and may prevent unwanted free radical cellular damage in the body. Free radicals damage other molecules by removing electrons and destroying deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.The thyroid gland is an organ of "oxidative nature" as huge amount of ROS, especially of H2O2, are produced in the thyroid under physiological conditions. Aims- To evaluate the effect of antioxidants on thyroid hormones in rats, fourty wistar were used in this study and with antioxidants namely Vit. C, Vit. E and Turmeric. Methods-The present research work has been undertaken to investigate the free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant status in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients.Adult male Wister rats, weighing around 150-200 gms were used in this research work and under maintained animal care facilities and veterinary supervision. All rats were fed with normal diet (20% protein) and have been administered with known amount of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and turmeric.Results-Samples has been analysed after 15 & 30 days of feeding. Results showed increased levels of thyroxin in rats after 15 days (Vit C-5.2 ± 1.2 NS,Vit E - 5.3 ± 0.5 NS and Turmeric-5.3 ± 0.87 NS).Conclusion-It was observed that the circulating levels of T3 were significantly increased in Vit. C, Vit. E and Turmeric extract treated rats (Table -2 and 3). The thyroid hormones responded to antioxydants indicating the significance of antioxydants for the prevention of occurrence of certain diseases in thyroid gland by protecting biological system against potentially harmful effects of processes or reactions that can cause excessive oxidations.
Keywords: Antioxidants, Free radicals, Thyroid hormones, Turmeric, Vit. C & Vit. E.

[1] Guerrero A, Pamplona R, Postero-Otin M, et al. Effect of thyroid status on lipid composition and peroxidation in the Mouse liver. Free Rad Biol Med 1999; 26(1-2): 73-80.
[2] Mates JM, Perez-Gomez C, Nunez de Castro, I. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin. Biochem 1999; 32(8): 595-603.
[3] Yilmaz S, Ozan S, Benzer F and Canatan H. Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21(4): 325-30.
[4] Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 1-85. 6.
[5] Das K, Chainy GB. Thyroid hormone influences antioxidant defense system in adult rat brain. Neurochem Res 2004; 29(9): 1755-1766.
[6] Resch U, Helsel G, Tatzber F and Sinzinger H. Antioxidant status in thyroid disfunction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40(11): 1132-1134.
[7] Yilmaz S, Ozan S, Benzer F and Canatan H. Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21(4): 325-30.
[8] Venditti P, Balestrieri M, Di Meo S, and De Leo T. Effect of thyroid state on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defenses, and susceptibility to oxidative stress in rat tissues. J Endocrin 1997; 155(1): 151-157. 16.
[9] Carmeli E, Bachar A, Barchad S, et al. Antioxidant status in the serum of persons with intellectual disability and hypothyroidism: A pilot study. Res Development Disab 2008; 29(5): 431-438.
[10] Burton G W & Ingold K U, Vitamin E as an in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, Ann New York Acad Sci, 570 (1989) 570.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Large double Tetrahedral and Prismic bladder stones: A unique Vesicolithotomy findings in a paraplegic
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Mukoro Duke George || Ikobho D. A.
	:	10.9790/0853-13158083

Abstract: Urinary tract stone is a common phenomenon following severe recurrent dehydration and stasis of urine. They usually form in various shapes and sizes. The reported case was a very unique in shape and size and was formed by the interplay of various precipitating factors including loss of urinary bladder control following spinal injury. Method: Review of indexed case, the management, radiographic film as well as review of published literatures. Result: The index case was 45 year old paraplegic, who presented with urinary retention, supra-pubic and right iliac fossa pain. Past history of repeated fasting from water. He had emergency x-ray of the pelvis which showed two large super-imposed oval shaped homogenous opacities of calcific densities in the pelvic cavity measuring approximately 42x50 mm & 39 x 48 mm. He had a repeat cystolithotomy under general anesthesia. First episode was performed five years ago. The excised stones were uniquely tetrahedron prism in shape. The dry weight of one of them was 46g with range of 4.3 to 4.5 cm in dimensions, while the other was 42 g with 4.2 to 4.3 centimeters in dimensions. The combine weight of calcium containing stones narrowly escape the criteria of a massive stone, but their shape remains unique. Conclusion: The stress of surgery and anesthesia can be averted when preventive measures toward stone formation are been practiced.
Keywords: urinary stones, tetrahedron prisms in shape, paraplegic, calcium, cystolithotomy.

[1] Lo S, Johnston R, Al Sameraaii A et al. Seasonal Variation in the Acute Presenta-tion of urinary Calculi over 8 years in Auck-land, New Zealand.Brit J Urol Internat. 2009; 106: 96- 101.
[2] Trinchieri A, Ostini F, Nespoli R et al. A pro-spective study of recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence after a first renal stone. J Urol. 1999; 162: 27–30.
[3] Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E. Kidney stone disease. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115(10): 2598–608. [4] Eroglu M, Unsal A, Cimentepe E, Bakirtas H. Giant ureteral stone associated with partial ureteral duplication. Int Urol Nephrol. 2003;35(4):485-7.Turkey.
[5] Lawrence A, Koya MP.Management of urolithiasis – a review,Samoa medical Journal pP41-43.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prevalence of Filaria Worm Amongprospective Blood Donors Attending a Tertiary Health Institution In Southwestnigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	T. OJO-BOLA || C. T. OMISAKIN || A. J. ESAN || M. F. OWOSENI
	:	10.9790/0853-13158487

Abstract: The prevalence of microfilaria parasite was carried out among prospective blood donors at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria. A total of 863 blood samples were examined for the parasite using microscopic diagnosis method. 22(2.5%) samples were positive for different species of microfilaria with highest prevalence observed in Loa loa. All the 22 microfilaremia subjects were male donors and were asymptomatic with highest prevalence among the blood group O Rhesus D positive (77.3%). Age group 21-30 years were more infected with filarial worm. The results therefore indicate that there is possible warning of problematic transfusion filariasis in this study location as there might be misdiagnosis of the parasite among blood donors and this call for the attention of the relevant authority that blood donors should be adequately screened for microfilaria parasite before such blood is transfused to avert its consequences on the recipients, hence the need for the study.
Keywords: prevalence, Filarial worm, blood donor.

[1]. Ajayi M.B; Agboola T.F; Adeleke M.A and Gyang P.V (2010). Prevalence of malaria parasite among blood donors in Lagos University teaching hospital, Lagos Nigeria. Annals of Biological Research, 2010, 1 (3):72-75
[2]. Akinboye, DO and Ogunrinade, AF (1987). Malaria and loaisis among blood donors at Ibadan, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 81:398–9.
[3]. Bregani ER, Balzarini L, Ghiringhelli C and Tarsia P (2003). Transfusional Mansonellaperstans microfilariasis. Parassitologia. 45:71–2.
[4]. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010) "Lymphatic Filariasis"www.cdc.gov
[5]. Centre for Disease and Prevention (CDC)(2011). The CDC provides a fact sheet and other information on filariasis at its website. http://www.cdc.gov.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia , a possible threat for metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese prepubertal children
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Hedef Dhafir El-Yssin
	:	10.9790/0853-13158891

Abstract: Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects child's health or wellbeing. Due to the rising prevalence of obesity with its many adverse health effects in children, it has been recognized as a serious public health concern. Adipose tissue or body fat is composed of adipocytes specialized in storing energy as fat. Adipose tissue also serves as an important endocrine organ by producing hormones such as leptin, resistin, and the cytokine. Aim: to explore the relationship between serum insulin and leptin in order to detect the presence of any impairment of these parameters as risk factors for metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese prepubertal children, in an attempt to overcome the increased health risk associated with obesity in children. Subjects and methods: Fifty healthy obese children and 30 normal weight children who were selected from subjects attended the hospital and students of primary schools age range of children was between 5 to 11 years. Sera were obtained after centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 15 minutes and were used to measure the levels of insulin and leptin.

[1] Sweeting HN. ―Measurement definitions of obesity in childhood and adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated ― . Nutr J 2007; 6:32 .
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