iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-12 ~ December-2015

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer accounts for 29.7% of cancers in Nigerian females.1 The incidence among Nigerian women is increasing, with a peak at 35-45 years age bracket.2 Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness and practice of self breast examination as a screening tool for early detection of breast cancer among female traders and shoppers in Sagamu. The objectives were: to assess the awareness of self breast examination among the study group; to find out what proportion of them do practise self breast examination; and to find out factors that are associated with the practice of self breast examination.

[1]. Adebamowo, C. A. and Adekunle, O.O. Case controlled study of the epidemiological risk factors for breast cancer in Nigeria. Br J. Surg. 1999; 86: 665-668.
[2]. Anyanwu, S.N. Breast cancer in Eastern Nigeria: a ten year review. West Afr J Med. 2000; 19: 120-125.
[3]. Robbins, Ramzi S. Cotran, Vinay Kumar. Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th Edition. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 2004: 1119-1154.
[4]. Atoyebi O.A, Atimomo C.E, Adesanya A.A, Bredugo B.K, Rocha Afodu J.T, An Appraisal of 100 patients with Breast Cancer seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine 1997; 7:104-108.
[5]. Agboola AOJ, Musa OA, Adekanbi FA, et al: Pattern of Malignancies in OOUTH Sagamu. Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 2008; 54 (5-6):84-87.
[6]. Abudu, E. K. et al. Malignant Breast Lesion at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu – a Histopathological Review. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2007; 14 (1): 57-59.

Abstract: Introduction: Development of human kidney runs through a series of continual and mutually dependent changes during which kidney obtains its morphological and functional matuarity. The evaluation of fetal morphometrical growth parameters have been subject of increased awareness for the assessment of fetal growth and development and prenatal diagnosis of renal anomalies,genetic counseling and treatment of prenatal renal disorders like Wilm's tumor, multicystic renal dysplasia, hydronephrosis. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the morphometric development of the kidneys during the fetal period.

[1]. Jovevska S, Tofoski G. Comparison between ultrasound and microdisection measurements of human fetal kidney.Contributions, Sec. Biol. Med. Sci.2008;29(2): 337–344.
[2]. Kaul I,Menia V,Anand AK,Gupta R. Role of Fetal Kidney Length in Estimation of Gestational Age. JK science 2012 April - June;14(2):65-9.
[3]. Konje JC, Abrams K R,Bell SC, et al. Determination of GA after the 24th week of gestation from FKLmeasurements.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 592-97.
[4]. Yusuf N, Moslem FN, Haque JA, et al. Fetal kidney length:Can be a new parameter for determination of GA in 3rd trimester. TAJ 2007; 20(2): 147-50.
[5]. Ram KS et al.Morphometrical assessment of kidney in fetuses of different gestational age groups.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 2014;4(10).

Abstract: Objective: The present study was conducted to find out a relationship of the growth rate of fetuses, thymus, suprarenal glands (both left and right), thymus weight/body weight ratios and suprarenal glands weight/body weight ratios of human fetuses at different gestational weeks. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 89 (eighty nine) fetuses of different gestational ages ranging from 9 to 40 weeks obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Imphal, India. The gross morphological parameters such as weights of fetus, thymus, suprarenal glands (both left and right) and corresponding organs weight/body weight ratios were noted. Their mean  SD values were calculated and measured. The data were statistically and graphically analyzed.

[1] Schmidt, J.E. (1959). Medical Discoveries: Who and When. Thomas. pp. 9–10.
[2] O'Hare, A. Munro Neville, Michael J. (2012). The Human Adrenal Cortex Pathology and Biology - An Integrated Approach. London: Springer London. pp. Chapter 2: Historical Aspects. ISBN 1447113179. [3] Dyson M. Endocrine System. In: William PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, Ferguson MWJ, editors. Gray's Anatomy. 38th Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p.1881-1900. [4] Sahana S.N.: Endocrine system, human Anatomy: Central Book Agency, Calcutta, 3rd Edn (II), 439-442, 1980. [5] What are the Adrenal Glands? About.com. Retrieved 18 September 2013. [6] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved10 February 2015. [7] Adrenal gland. Medline Plus/Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 11 February 2015. [8] Ross M, Oawlina W (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.708, 780. ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6.

Abstract: Introduction:The human lungs are divided by fissures into lobes, which facilitate movements of lobes in relation to one another. Anatomical variations of lungs including number, fissures and lobes are at utmost important. Aim: The study was done to note the morphological variation of the fissures and lobes in fetal lungs. Materials and Methods:62 human fetusesfrom 12 weeks to 40 weeks of gestational age were collected from the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, RIMS Hospital Imphal, after getting formal permission from the concern authority/ persons and the Institutional Ethics Committee. After fixation in 10% formalin, fetuses were dissected and both lungs were removed for examinations

[1]. Sadler TW. Langman's medical embryology. 11th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2010.
[2]. Moore KL, Persaud TVN. The developing human:clinically oriented embryology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008.
[3]. Larsen WJ. Anatomy: development, function, clinical correlations. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002.
[4]. Standring S, Ellis H, Healy JC, Johnson D, Williams A, Colins P, et al, editors. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 39th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2005.
[5]. Rosse C, Gaddum-Rosse P. Hollinshead's Textbook of Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.
[6]. Craig SR, Walker WS. A proposed anatomical classification of the pulmonary fissures. J R CollSurgEdinb 1997;42:233-4.
[7]. Medlar EM. Variations in interlobular fissures. Am J Roentgenol Rad Ther 1947;57:723-25.
[8]. Lukose R, Paul S, Sunitha. Morphology of lungs: variations in lobes and fissures. Biomed 1999;19:227-32.

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the etiology of sterile central corneal melt in four consecutive cases. Settings and Design: Tertiary Care Referral Centre in Tamilnadu. Prospective, single institution, interventional case–series. Materials and Methods: Four patients of sterile central corneal melts with suspected systemic association were included. Investigations done and systemic associations were confirmed. All the four cases were started with systemic immunosuppressants by Rheumatologist. Three of the sterile central corneal melts were managed with Tectonic penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). One case was managed with bandage soft contact lens (BCL). Results: All the four sterile central corneal melts were associated with systemic autoimmune diseases: Secondary Sjogrens with Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), Rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu Arteritis, Not yet diagnosed autoimmune disease.

[1]. Jack J Kanski Brad Bowling.Clinical Ophthalmology A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH.Seventh edition, page 202,203. [2]. Rheumatology Marc C. Hochberg … [et al.].—5th ed. [3]. M I Jayson, D L Easty. Ulceration of the cornea in rheumatoid arthritis. AnnRheum Dis 1977;36:428-432. [4]. Bernauer W, Ficker LA, Watson PG, DartJKG. The management of orneal perforations associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology1995;102:1325-37. [5]. Messmer E, Foster S. Destructive corneal and scleral disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis:medical and surgical management. Cornea 1995;14:408-17. [6]. AmiraStylianides, Mark N.A. Jones, Stephen B Kaye. Rheumatoid arthritis – associated corneal ulceration: mortality and graft survival. [7]. Hung-Chi Jesse Chen, Ju-ChuanCheng, Ching-HsiHsiao . Systemic Lupus Erythematosus presenting as corneal perforation . Volume 21, Issue 2, June 2009, pp 169-171. [8]. JB Imboden, DB Hellmann, JH Stone.Current Rheumatolgy Diagnosis & Treatment, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2007. [9]. J A Goldman. Anticentromere antibody in patients without CREST and scleroderma: association with active digital vasculitis, rheumatic and connective tissue disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 Sep; 48(9): 771-775.

Abstract: We report two cases of ocular trauma with stone pelting from outside while travelling in train. In first case the insult resulted in Berlins edema, choroidal rupture and vitreous haemorrhage. Second case presented as globe rupture. Both the patients were healthy individuals with normal vision who had sudden painfull loss of vision after trauma. Velocity of train and velocity of the stone had synergistic effect to produce gross drop in vision from severe blunt trauma to the eye.[1]

Keywords: Berlins edema, choroidal rupture, globe rupture, train journey

[1]. Blunt trauma eye-Williame E. Benson and John B. Jeffers
[2]. Parsons disease of the eye 22nd edition
[3]. World eye injury registry- Graefes Archives
[4]. International Society of Occular Trauma
[5]. Ruptures and bleeding- Earl R. Crouch
[6]. Pattern of ocular injuries in stone pelters in Kashmir valley-Original article Saudi journal of ophthalmology-sept 2012- Shabana Khan; MS, Nowsheen Abdullah MS

Abstract: Ectopic pregnancy was first recognised by Busiere in 1663 on examining the body of an executed prisoner in Paris. Gifford made a more complete report in 1731 in England, describing the condition in which the fertilised ovum was implanted anywhere outside the uterine cavity [1]. During this decade the number of hospitalisations for ectopic pregnancy has tripled and ectopic pregnancy has emerged as a leading cause of maternal morbidity[2,3]. Fortunately the risk of death has declined despite increasing incidence of the disease. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in non-white patients is approx. 12/1000. Out of all ectopic pregnancies, 98.5% are singleton tubal pregnancies and rest is at other sites, which create diagnostic problems and have been associated with greater morbidity and mortality than tubal pregnancies. Pregnancy in the rudimentary horn of a bicornuate uterus is a very rare condition and Johnsen reported the incidence of this pregnancy at approximately one in one lakh pregnancies[4].

[1]. Rock JA, Thompson JD, Te Linde's Operative Gynaecology: Ectopic Pregnancy, Eighth edition. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott-
Raven, 1997;501-27.
[2]. Dorfman SF, Deaths from Ectopic Pregnancy, United States, 1979-80 Obstet Gynaecol 1983;62;334-42.
[3]. Weinsten L, Marris MB, Dotters D, Christian CD. Ectopic Pregnancy- A new surgical epidemic 1983;61:698-701.
[4]. Johnsen K. Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn, two case reports Obstet Gynaecol 1969;34:805-8.
[5]. Martin JN, Sessums JK, Martin RW, Pryor JA, Morrison JC: Abdominal pregnancy: current concepts of management. Obstet
Gynecol 1988, 71:549-557.
[6]. Studdiford WE: Primary peritoneal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1942, 44:487-491.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the Diathermy Vs Scalpel skin incision in abdominal surgeries. Materials &Methods: A total of 140 patients were taken for this study . 72 patients underwent diathermy incision (Group A)who were compared with 68 scalpel incision patients ( Group B). variables used in this study were incision time , incisional blood loss and postoperative pain . Results : Diathermy skin incision are having less bleeding , less incision time and less postoperative pain when compared with scalpel incision.

[1]. JohnsonCD,Serpell JW(1990) Wound infections after abdominal incision with scalpel or diathermy . Br J Surg 77:626-627.
[2]. Sebben JE . Electrosurgeryprinciples : cutting current and cutaneous surgery – part – I J dermatolsurgoncol . 1988: 14: 29- 31
[3]. Madden JE , Edlich RF , Custer JR , Panek PH , Thul J , Wangensteen OH . Studies in the management of the contaminated wound.IV Resistance to infection of surgical wounds made by knife ,electrosurgery and laser . Am J Surg.1970: 119(3) :222:4
[4]. Kumar V , Tewari M , Shukla HS . A comparative study of scalpel and surgical diathermy incision in elective operations of head and neck cancer. Indian J cancer 2011, 48 :216-9
[5]. CuschieriA , Steele RJ . Surgical craft and technology .In :Cushieri A , Steele RJ , Moosa AR editors . Essential surgical practice vol1.4 thedoxford : Butterworth – Heinemann 2000 ,37-68.
[6]. Sivaj A, Farooq – Dar M , Gilani AB , Raziq S . Elective midline Laparatomy : Comparison of diathermy and scalpel incisions professional Med J .2011, 18(1):106-111

Abstract: Counterfeiting is selling or marketing of non-genuine products as genuine under the name of famous manufacturer without the awareness of both real manufacturer of the product and the consumer. Drugs are consumed for prevention or treatment of disease and hence they provide optimal wellbeing for patients. If the drugs are counterfeited it leads to decreased prevention and treatment of the disease and leads to increased morbidity and mortality.

[1]. Tripathi K D. Essentials of medical pharmacology.6th edition. New Delhi: Jaypee publications; 2008.
[2]. Bansal D, Malla S, Gudala K, TiwariP.Anti-Counterfeit Technologies: A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective.Sci Pharm. 2013; 81:p 1–13.
[3]. WHO Report. International medical products anti‐counterfiting taskforce; 2006.
[4]. Mali D K ,Mitkare S S, Moon R. S.Anticounterfeit Packaging In Pharma Industry: Review.Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011; 3( 3):p4-6.
[5]. Morris J, Stevens P. Counterfeit medicines in less developed countries: Problems and solutions, London, International Policy Network.(cited on 21/7/2015 at http://www.fightingdiseases.org/pdf/ipn_counterfeit.
[6]. Mahalakshmi B V, "Fake drugs are a growing problem" pharmaceuticals export promotion council (set up by ministry of commerce, govt. of India); 4th October 2010
[7]. International Medical Products Anti‐Counterfeiting Taskforce, Principles and Elements for National Legislation against Counterfeit Medical Products; IMPACT General Meeting Lisbon;2007; 1–13.

Abstract: Background: Convulsion is a condition where in the muscles of the body contract and relaxes rapidly and repeatedly resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body .It is often a symptom of the epileptic seizure. Gap junctions play an important role in the generation and spread of the epileptic seizures .Quinidine being one of the gap junction blockermay have the potential role in the treatment by inhibiting the development and spread of the seizures.

[1]. Lowenstein DH.Seizures and epiliepsy. In: Longo DL, Kasper DL,HauserSL,Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine.18thed. New york: McGraw Hill;2011.3251-69.
[2]. Colledge N R, Walker B R, Raltson S H. Davidson's principles of medicine.21stedition.Edinburgh : Churchil livingstone;2010.
[3]. Dandan R H,Brunton L L.Goodman and Giman's : Manual of pharmacology and therapeutics.2ndedition.New York: McGrawHill education;2014.
[4]. Fisher R S. Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Res Brain Res Rev.1989:14;245-78.

Abstract: Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment involves selective alveolar decortication in the form of decortication lines and grooves which is performed around the teeth that are desired to move orthodontically. This procedure is done to induce a state of increased bone turnover and, which will enhance in a faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement. This technique has several advantages, including faster tooth movement, shorter treatment time span, safer expansion of constricted arches, enhanced post-orthodontic treatment stability and extended envelope of tooth movement. This case report describes a surgical technique and case report involving periodontally accelerated osteogenicorthodontics.

[1]. Hessam Nowzari, Frank Kazuo Yorita, and Hsuan-Chen Chang. Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics Combined with Autogenous Bone Grafting. Compendium 2008; (4).
[2]. Vig PS, Weintraub JA, Brown C, et al. The duration of orthodontic treatment with and without extractions: a pilot study of five selected practices. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;97(1):45-51.
[3]. Kocadereli I. Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122(1):67-72.
[4]. Wilcko WM, Wilcko T, Bouquot JE, et al. Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2001;21(1):9-19.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to detect and describe the existence and incidence of anatomical variations of the coeliac trunk by Using imaging technique. Materials and Methods: 80 patients visited the, radiology department of S.M.S.MEDICAL college jaipur . To cover the whole abdominal aorta in each patient, spiral CT angiography scan will be made and thin slices (0.6 mm) axial images will be obtained, Both sagittal and coronal images will be reconstructed. Results: We found that 77.5% of patients presented a classic anatomy of the coeliac trunk, Using this imaging technique, we found the existence of variations of these abdominal blood vessels in 22.5% of patients.

[1] Narendra Pamidi, Sreedher Varma And Venkata Ramana Vollala. Anomalous branching pattern of coeliac trunk. International Journal of Anatomical Variations 2008; 1, 8–9. [2] Yildirim M., Ozan H., Kutoglu T., Anatomic variations "Left gastric artery originating directly from the aorta." Journal of surgical and radiological anatomy, 2005; 20(4):303-305. [3] Pulakunta T, Potu BK, Gorantla VR, Rao MS, Madhyastha S, Vollala VR. The origin of the inferior phrenic artery: a study in 32 South Indian cadavers with a review of literature. J Vasc Bras 2007; 6(3):225-230. [4] Petrella S, Rodrigues CFS, Sgrott EA, Fernandez GJM, Marques SR, Prates JC. "Origin of inferior phrenic arteries in the coeliac trunk." Int. J. Morphology., 2006; 24(2):275-2 . [5]. Ugurel MS, Battal B, Bozlar U, Nural MS, Tasar M, Ors F, Saglam M, Karademir I: Anatomical variations of hepatic arterial system, coeliac trunk and renal arteries: an analysis with multidetector CT angiography. Br J Radiol 2010, 83(992):661–667.78.

Abstract: Tooth agenesis is one of the most common congenital malformations in humans. Hypodontia can either occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) or can be associated with a syndrome (syndromic hypodontia), highlighting the heterogeneity of the condition. Gene anomalies or mutations in MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2 and EDA genes, appear to be most critical during the development of tooth, leading to various forms of tooth agenesis and systemic features. The aim of this paper is to review the genetic basis of hypodontia and identify the genes that have been definitively implicated in the agenesis of human dentition.

Key words: congenitally missing teeth, hypodontia, mechanisms, molecular genetics

[1]. Vastardis H. The genetics of human tooth agenesis: new discoveries for understanding dental anomalies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:650-6.
[2]. Tallon-Walton V, Nieminen P, Arte S, Carvalho-Lobato P, Ustrell-Torrent JM, Manzanares-Céspedes MC. An epidemiological study of dental agenesis in a primary health area in Spain: estimated prevalence and associated factors. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e569-74.
[3]. Järvinen S, Lehtinen L. Supernumery and congenitally missing primary teeth in Finnish children. An epidemiologic study. Acta Od-ontol Scand, 1981;39:83-6.
[4]. Trevor P, Pemberton J, Gee J, Pragna I. Gene discovery for dental anomalies: A primer for the dental professional. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137: 743–52.
[5]. Thesleff I. Genetic basis of tooth development and dental defects. Acta Odontol Scand 2000; 58: 191–4.

Abstract: Objectives: To compare the effectiveness, complication , cost effectiveness, hospital stay, time off work and patient assessment of treatment by Rubber Band ligation and suture ligation under vision in the treatment of second degree haemorrhoids. Methods: A prospective interventional study of 40 cases of second degree haemorrhoids was carried out from 1st jan2011 to 31st march 2012 at R.G.Kar hospital Kolkata.. All patients both male and female who presented with second degree haemorrhoids were included in the study, and these were divided in two group randomly One group was treated by Barron's band Ligator and rubber bands (RBL) on outdoor basis and the other group was treated by suture ligation under vision (SL) under anaesthesia . Both the groups were followed after one ,three and six months.

[1]. Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs. Principles and practice of surgery for colon, rectum and anus, 1st ed, Quality Medical Publishing Inc., 1992; 1: 10-38, 2: 51-62; 8: 180-197.
[2]. Russell RCG, Norman S. Williams, Christopher J. K. Bulstrode. Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 25th ed, 69: 1253-1259\
[3]. JA Murie, AJW Sim, I Mackenzie. Rubber band ligation versus haemorrhoidectomy for prolapsing hemorrhoids. A long term prospective clinical trial. Br J Surg 1982; 69: 536-38.
[4]. Arabi Y, Gatehouse D, Alexander J. Williams, Keighley MRB. Rubber band ligation or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy for treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 1977; 64: 737-740.
[5]. David Marshman MD, Philip J Huber Jr. W Timmerman, C Thomas Simonton, F Clark Odom, Eric R Kaplan. Hemorrhoidal Liga Ligation. A review of efficacy. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 369-377