iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-12 ~ December-2015

Abstract: Back ground: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized clinically by the presence of features such as polyuria, polydypsia and polyphagia. Patients with this problem are at increased risk for the development of specific complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and atherosclerosis . Microalbuminuria and serum creatinine has emerged as a important indicators to diagnose the high renal risk .The scope of this study is to observe levels of microalbuminuria and Serum Creatinine in the Diabetic and Non diabetic group.

[1]. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet PZ for the WHO Consultation. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO Consultation. Diabetic Medicine 1998; 15: 539-553.
[2]. National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) classification and diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus and other categories of Glucose tolerance Diabetes., 1979;28:1039 – 57.
[3]. Nathan, DM: Long term complications of diabetes mellitus, N.Engl.J.Med., 328: 1676 – 1685,1993
[4]. Insulin resistance and microalbuminuria, Aneliya I. Parvanova et.al., Diabetes, vol.55, May 2006.
[5]. Bennet PH et.al., screening and management of Microalbuminuria in patients with Diabetes mellitus: Recommendations to the scientific advisory committee of the council of Diabetes mellitus of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis.1995: 25,107 - 112

Abstract: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a common medical condition with a wide ranging etiology. Chronic hepatitis B and C viral infection are known to play key roles in the aetiology of CLD especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to identify risk factors of chronic liver disease in Calabar. Methodology: Two hundred and thirteen individuals were recruited for the study, comprising 106 patients with clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic and histologic features of chronic liver disease and 107 apparently healthy volunteers with non-liver disease.

[1]. M J Mphahlele , G Francis , M C Kew , P Van Damme , Epidemiology and control of Hepatitis B: Implications for Eastern and Southern Africa. The South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection, 17 (1,2) , 2002 , 12-17.
[2]. A B Olokoba, S A Aderibigbe , O O Kayode , A community survey of practices related to risk factors for liver diseases among adults in Ilorin metropolis Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 1(2), 2010, 118-121.
[3]. B J Bojuwoye , The burden of viral hepatitis in Africa. West Afr J Med, 16(4), 1997, 198-203.
[4]. Z M Younossi , M Stepanova , M Afendy , Y Fang , Y Younossi , H Mir , et al , Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9(6), 2011, 524-530.
[5]. V O Ansa , E J Peters , J U Ekott , Distribution of liver diseases among medical admissions in University of Calabar teaching hospital. Mary Slessor journal of medicine, 2 (2), 2000, 6-9.
[6]. E N Okeke , C A Daniyam , M Akanbi , S O Ugoya , E I Agaba , Lipid Profile of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis in Jos, Nigeria Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 12, 2010, 56-59.

Abstract: Hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress have been implicated in the development of chronic complications related to Diabetes mellitus (DM). Ischemia and hypoxia are observed in diabetic patientss, in addition to these which are reflected in increased levels of oxidative damage they may modify albumin and hinder its binding capacity to Cobalt Objective: To evaluate plasma levels of IMA (Ischemia modified albumin) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications and to determine their relationship with Glycated haemoglobin and MDA (malondialdehyde) which are proven markers for development of complications.

[1]. Nayak BS, Roberts L. Relationship between inflammatory markers, metabolic and anthropometric variables in the Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients with and without micro vascular complications. Journal of Inflammation 2006, 3:17 doi:10.1186/1476-9255-3-17
[2]. Pradeep Kumar Dabla Renal function in diabetic nephropathy. World J Diabetes. 2010 May 15; 1(2):48–56.
[3]. Wild G, Roglic, A. Gren, et.al. 2004 Global prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes Care ; 27104753
[4]. Lt Gen Mehta SR, VSM, Col Kashyap AS, Lt. Col Das S. Diabetes Mellitus in India: The Modern Scourge. MJAFI 2009; 65:50-54.
[5]. Ceriello A, Motz E: Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Artheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24. 816-823.

Abstract: Hereditary angio-oedema (HAE) is a rare genetic condition causing episodes of swellings of the extremities including laryngeal oedema which may be life threatening. Episodes can be unpredictable, or triggered by factors such as trauma, drugs or dental treatment. HAE many times remains undiagnosed. Dental procedures, sickness, and surgery may trigger HAE attacks. There have been no known cases of HAE that have undergone dental surgical procedures reported in the Indian literature. We are presenting herewith a case who reported to our department with a positive history of HAE for whom surgical removal of an impacted third molar was carried out. Keywords: Complement Component 1 Inhibitor Deficiency, Hereditary angio-oedema, laryngeal oedema

[1]. Davis AE. The pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema. Clin Immunol 2005;114:3-9.
[2]. Zuraw BL. Hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1027-36.
[3]. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema: the clinical syndrome and its management in the United States. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006;26:653-68.
[4]. Longhurst H, Cicardi M. Hereditary angio-oedema. Lancet 2012 Feb 4;379:474-81.
[5]. Nzeako UC, Frigas E, Tremaine WJ. Hereditary angioedema: a broad review for clinicians. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:2417-29.
[6]. Bowen T, Cicardi M, Bork K, Zuraw B, Frank M, et al. Hereditary angioedema: a current state-of-the-art review, VII: Canadian Hungarian 2007 international consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy, and management of hereditary angioedema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;100(suppl 2):S30-40.
[7]. Eidelman FJ; Hereditary angioedema: New therapeutic options for a potentially deadly disorder. BMC Blood Disord 2010 May 14;10:3.

Abstract: Coma is a common problem in pediatric patients with high morbidity and mortality. Early recognition is important and several coma scales like GCS have been developed for recording level of consciousness. The AVPU scale is simpler, easy to use and easy to remember. We conducted this study to know how the AVPU scale corresponds with GCS in children. Aims And Objectives: To compare AVPU scale with GCS for assessing level of consciousness in infants and children admitted in emergency department with both infectious and noninfectious etiology. Study Design: Observational study.

[1]. Use of formal coma assessment scales and approaches to management in non-traumatic conditions associated with altered consciousness. A dissertation Dr Patricia W. Njuguna, University of Nairobi, 2006.
[2]. Pediatric coma scales, Fenlle J. Kirkhem, Charles R J C Newton, William White house; Developmental medicine & Child Neurology, 2008, 50: 267-274.
[3]. Fortune P-M, Shann F. The motor response to stimulation predicts outcome as well as the full Glasgow Coma Scale in children with severe head injury. PediatrCrit Care Med 2010;11:339—42.
[4]. Simpson DA, Cockington RA, Hanieh A, Raftos J, Reilly PL. Head injuries in infants and young children — the value of the Paediatric Coma Scale. Child's NervSyst 1991;7:183—90.
[5]. Hahn YS, Chyung C, Barthel MJ, Flannery AM, McLone DG. Head injuries in children under 36 months of age: demography and outcome. Child's NervSyst 1988;4:34—40.
[6]. Advanced Life Support Group. Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS): the practical approach. 5th edition. Oxford. BMJ Books; 2011.117 p.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the incidence, etiology, clinical features, management and short term outcome of Acute Flaccid Paralysis. Design: Prospective observational cross sectional descriptive study. Setting: All the patients diagnosed as Acute Flaccid Paralysis admitted in pediatric wards and ICU of Institute for Women and Child Health, Niloufer Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad were taken for the study for a period of 1 year (from Jan 2011 to Dec 2011).

[1]. AFP Field guide 3rd Edition, 2005 - Government of India Publication.
[2]. Acute Flaccid Paralysis - WHO supplement 1993 Geneva.
[3]. Udani, Text Book of Pediatrics, Vol 1 Revised First Edition 2002.
[4]. Morris AM. Elliot EJ, d' Souza RM, Antony J, Kennet Man Long Bottam H (2004); J. Paediatr Child Health 39: 292 - 6.
[5]. Whitfeild K. Kelly H.Bull World Health Organization 2002; 80(11): 846 -51.
[6]. Parry O, Bhebhe E, Levy LF. Cent Atr. J Med. 1999 Jun, 45(6): 168.

Abstract: The etiology and pattern of mandibular fracture vary considerably among different study populations. Despite many reports about the incidence, diagnosis and treatment of mandibular fracture there is limited knowledge about the specific type or pattern of mandibular fractures in central India. This study attempts to delineate patterns of fracture based on patient age and mechanism of injury in central India. Materials and methods: the medical records of patients with mandibular fractures treated over 2 years period were identified and analysed based on age, sex, mechanism of trauma, number and anatomic location.

1]. Cardenas JLM, Olate S, Asprino L, Barbosa JRA, Moraes M, Moreira WF. Pattern and treatment of facial trauma in pediatric and adolescent patients. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22: 1251-1255.
[2]. Singh G, Mohammad S, Pal US, Hariram, Malkunje LR, Singh N. Pediatric facial injuries: Its management. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2011; 2(2): 156-162.
[3]. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachl O, Moriera R, Ulmer H. Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: A review of 3385 cases with 6060 injuries in 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62: 399-407.
[4]. Wymann NME, Holzle A, Zachariou Z, Iizuka T. Pediatric craniofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66: 58-64.
[5]. Gassner R, Bosch R, Tuli T, Emshoff R. Prevalence of dental trauma in 6000 patients with facial injuries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 87: 27-33.
[6]. Haug RH, Foss J. Maxillofacial injuries in pediatric patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 90: 126-134.
[7]. Iida S, Matsuya T. Paediatric maxillofacial fractures: their aetiological characters and fracture patterns. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 2002; 30: 237-241.

Abstract: The use of dental lasers for treatment of periodontal diseases has been the area of interest in the recent years. First experiment for dental application in the 1960s, the use of laser has increased rapidly in the last couple of decades.This paper describes the fundamentals of laser and the basic elements of a device. The principles of laser-tissue interaction, photo-thermal events, and different absorption characteristics of dental tissues by laser energy are discussed. This paper has been divided into two parts, first part describes about the basic part of lasers and the second part will describe about the role of lasers in periodontal therapy.

Keywords: Laser, Periodontics, Implant, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG.

[1]. Maiman TH. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. Nature 1960;187:493-494.
[2]. Cobb CM . Laser in periodontics: A review of the literature. J Periodontol 2006;77:545-564.
[3]. Ishikawa I, Aoki A, Takasaki AA, Mizutani K, Sasaki KM, Izumi Y. Application of lasers in periodontics: true innovation or myth? Periodontol 2009;50:90–126.
[4]. Academy Reports. Laser in periodontics. J Periodontol 2002;73:1231-1239.

Abstract: Rupture of the gravid uterus is a life threatening obstetric emergency. Rupture of the uterus in a primigravida without any high risk factors is extremely rare. Herewith we are reporting a case of a primigravida with a full term pregnancy with asymptomatic rupture of the uterus, detected incidentally at caesarean section.

Keywords: Rupture uterus, unscarred uterus.

[1]. Leung AS, Leung EK, Paul RH. Uterine rupture after previous cesarean delivery: maternal and fetal consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(4):945–950.
[2]. Hamilton EF, Bujold E, McNamara H, Gauthier R, Platt RW. Dystociaamong women with symptomatic uterine rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:620–4.
[3]. Justus Hofmeyr G, Say L, Metin Gulmezoglu A. WHO systemic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. BJOG 2005;112:1221–8.
[4]. Ian Donald's Practical Obstetric Problems. BI publication Private Limited. New Delhi 5th edition; 795-804 (1996).
[5]. Padhye SM. Rupture of the pregnant uterus- A. 20 year review. Kathmandu University Medical. J. (2005) Vol. 3,No.3, Issue 11 234-238.
[6]. Mokgokong ET, Marivate M. Treatment of the ruptured uterus. S Afr Med J. 1976;50:1621–4.
[7]. Rahman J, Al-Sibai MH, Rahman MS. Rupture of the uterus in labour. A review of 96 cases. Acta. Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1985; 64(4):311-5.

Abstract: Acne is a very common skin condition of the face and upper trunk affecting millions of adolescents everyday [1]. It is of great interest and importance to explore it further to elucidate possible associated factors which may provide clues to its etiology.

1]. Williams Hywel C, David P: The Challenge of Dermato-Epidemiology Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1997.
[2]. Burton JL, Cunliffe WJ, Stafford I, Shuster S: The prevalence of acne vulgaris in adolescence. Br J Dermatol 1971, 85:119-126.
[3]. Kilkenny M, Merlin K, Plunkett A, Marks R: The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 3. acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1998, 139:840-845.
[4]. Rea JN, Newhouse ML, Halil T: Skin disease in Lambeth. A community study of prevalence and use of medical care. Br J PrevSoc Med 1976, 30:107-114.
[5]. Lello J: Prevalence of acne vulgaris in Auckland senior high school students. N Z Med J 1995, 108:287-289.
[6]. Rademaker M, Garioch JJ, Simpson NB: Acne in schoolchildren: no longer a concern for dermatologists. BMJ 1989, 298:1217-1219.

Abstract: Out of the 182 samples of middle ear exudates examined 154 specimens contained bacterial pathogens and 18 specimens were sterile. Table 4.1 shows the total Isolation rate of bacterial pathogens from the 182 samples. A total of 53 of the isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus by Gram's Method, catalase and coagulase tests. And 34 of the isolates produced some greenish pigmentation on macConkey agar medium and also gave a fishy or musty odour. They were also found to be motile at 37oC strongly oxidase positive and were confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the 154 total isolates, 25 showed some swarming in several cases at 37o c after 24 hours of incubation on blood agar and where confirmed as proteus mirabilis. Apart from Haemophilus Infuenzae and Streptococcus Pyogenes which were identified, using X and V factors, Satellitism test and bacitracin disc respectively, others such as Escherichia coli were identified biochemically to species level. Of all the six different bacterial pathogen isolated staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent accounting for 34.42%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 22.08% and Proteous mirabilis with 16.23%, Streptococcus pyogenes 13.64%, Escherichia coli 8.44%, while the lowest prevalent rate was recorded in Haemophilus influenza with 5.19%.

[1]. Jawetz., Melnick and Adelberg, S. Medical Microbilogy. 2007. 4th Edition. Pg 1710- 1715.
[2]. Alejandro H., Jack L. P., Howard E. R., Nader S., Ellen R. W., Diana H. K., Kathleen C., Marcia K., Sonika B., Mary Ann H. ,
Lisa M. Z., Carly J., Marcia A. P., Tracy L. B., and Karen A. B. Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Children under 2 Years of Age.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 2011. Vol. 364(2); Pg 105.
[3]. Antonietta M. A, Anna M.C, Massimo M, Chiara V, Alessia M, Giorgio C, Annalisa D.S and Gian L.M. Children with recurrent
otitis show defective IFNγ-producing cells in adenoids. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology , 2008. Volume 19, Issue 6, pages 523–
526.
[4]. Little P, Gould C, Moore M, Warner G, Dunleavey J, Williamson I. Predictors of poor outcome and benefits from antibiotics in
children with acute otitis media: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ. 2002 Jul 6;325(7354):22
[5]. Ehrlich, G .D., Veeh, R., Wang, X., Costertor, J. W., Hayes, J. D., Hu, F. Z., Daigle, B. J., Ehrlich, M. D. Mucosal biofilm
formation on middle ear mucosa in the chinchilla model of otitis media. JAMA, 2002. Vol. 287(13): Pg 1710-1715.
[6]. Glezen, W. P. Prevention of acute otitis media by prophylaxes and treatment of influenza virus infection. Vaccine. 2000. Vol.19
(1); Pages S56–S58

Abstract: Use of teaching aids in medical education technology is an active area of educational research. Lectures can be supplemented with the use of mixed audiovisual aids for better illustrations, clarity and learning. This study was designed to know the views on the use of mixed aids in lecture classes. The Information was collected by a pre-structured, pre-tested, pre-coded questionnaire among the first year medical students of Tripura Medical College & Dr. B.R.A.M. Teaching Hospital of Agartala, Tripura. Ninety eight (98) medical students, including boys (57.14%) and girls (42.86%) participated in this present study. Fifty three (53) participants (54.08%) opted for the use of mixed of audiovisual aids in lecture classes.

[1] Priyadarshini KS, Shetty HV, Reena R. Assessment of different teaching aids and teaching methods for the better perception of
biochemistry by 1st mbbs students. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences Dec 2012;1(6):1159-65.
[2] Golden AS. Lecture skills in medical education. Indian J Pediatrics 1989; 56:29-34.
[3] Bhowmick K, Mukhopadhyay M, Chakraborty K, Sen PK, Chakraborty I. Assessment of perception of first professional MBBS
students in India about a teaching learning activity in Biochemistry. South East Asian Journal of Medical Education 2009; 3(2):27-
34.
[4] Murray-Harvey R. Learning styles and approaches to learning: distinguishing between concepts and instruments. Br J Educ Psychol
1994; 64:373-88.
[5] Brown G, Manogue M. AMEE Medical Education Guide No.22: Refreshing lecturing: a guide for lecturer. Medical Teacher 2001;
23(3):231-44.
[6] Baxi SN, Shah CJ, Parmar RD, Parmar D, Tripathi CB. Students perception towards different teaching aids in a medical college.
African Journal of Health Professions Education 2009; 1:15-6.

Abstract: Bezoar is an uncommon condition which occur by ingestion of indigestible material like hair( trichobazoar) furr fruit and some vegetable(phytobazoar). most commonly found is trichobazoar. from the accumulation of Such material in intestinal track lead to formation of a large mass of bazoar. The "bezoar" is a Persian word means "protection from poison. The first bezoar in human was in 1779 during an autopsy of a patient who died from sepsis due to peritonitis after complication of bezoar due to gastric perforation.1 Trichotillomania ( hair pulling) was first described in literature in 1889.in Trichotillomaniacs only 30% eat their hair and in these trichophagia patient only 1% eat excessively to that point to form trichobazoar in their .2 trichobazoar occur mainly in young females with psychiatric disorder, one who pull out one's own hair (Trichotillomania) and eat it (trichophagia).

[1]. Vaughan ED Jr, Sawyers JL, Scott HW Jr. The Rapunzel syndrome. An unusual complication of intestinal bezoar. Surgery
1968;63:339-343.
[2]. Bouwer C, Stein DJ. Trichobezoars in Trichotillomania:case report and literature review. Psychosom Med 1998;60:658–60.
[3]. Cohen LJ, Stein DJ, Simeon D, Spadaccini E, Rosen J, Aronowitz B et al (1995) Clinical profile, comorbidity and treatment history
in 123 hairpullers: a survey study. J Clin Psychiatr 56:319–326
[4]. Phillips MR, Zaheer S, Drugas GT: Gastric trichobezoar: case report and literature review. Mayo Clin Proc 1998, 73:653-656.
[5]. Gupta Naik S, Naik S, Chaudhary AK, Jain P, Sharma A: Rapunzel Syndrome Reviewed and Redefined. Dig Surg 2007, 24:157-
161.
[6]. Bhatia MS, Singhal PK, Rastogi V, Dhar NK, Nigam VR, Taneja SB. Clinical profile of trichotillomania. J Indian Med Assoc. 1991
May;89(5):137-9
[7]. Frey AS, McKee M, King RA, Martin A. Hair apparent: Rapunzel syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2

Abstract: Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health today. It can affect
anyone, of any age, in any country. The misuse of nonprescription drugs amongst students has become a serious
problem. The youth is especially exposed to the media and the increased advertising of pharmaceuticals poses a
larger threat to the young population. Methodology: V R Siddhartha Engineering College has been selected
randomly among all engineering colleges located in Vijayawada, Krishna district, Andhrapradesh, India.
Sample size of 150 students has been chosen randomly for this study. Results: Out of the 150 participants,55.3%
of study subjects were female, Majority of the participants (84.7%) were of urban origin, and 86% of their
parents are educated.

[1]. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014, WHO.
[2]. Ansam F. Sawalha, Ph.D A Descriptive Study of Self-Medication Practices among Palestinian Medical and Non-Medical
University Students.
[3]. Aline Reis Rocha Barros, Rosane Harter Griep, Lúcia Rotenberg: self-medication among nursing workers from public hospitals:
Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2009 novembro-dezembro;17(6):1015-22
[4]. Syed Nabeel Zafar1, Reema Syed2, Sana Waqar3: Self-medication amongst University Students of Karachi: Prevalence,
Knowledgeand Attitudes: J Pak Med Assoc, Vol. 58, No. 4, April 2008
[5]. Burak LJ, Damico A, College students' use of widely advertised medications. J Am Coll Health 2000; 49: 118-21.
[6]. Vucic VA, Trkulja V, Lackovic Z. Content of home pharmacies and selfmedicationpractices in households of pharmacy and
medical students inZagreb, Croatia: findings in 2001 with a reference to 1977. Croat Med J 2005;46: 74-80P

Abstract: Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a common skin problem with a characteristic clinical picture and its etiopathogenesis is supposed to be an autoimmune .Infectious agents like hepatitis viruses have been incriminated to be a triggering factors . Objective: In the recent years there is an increase in the frequency of cases of lichen planus with different clinical picture and behavior. So,the aim of present work is to record the upsurge in cases of lichen planus in Iraqi population and to study the clinical behavior and to record any associated infections like hepatitis viruses..

[1]. Kumar V ,Abbas A,Aster J, Robbins& Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease ,Saunders,Philadelphia,Pa,USA,8th ed,2009.
[2]. Shiohara T, Kano Y,―Lichen Planus and lichenoid dermatoses ,‖ Dermatology ,J.L.Bolognia ,J.Jorizzo,andR.P. Rapini,
Eds.,pp.159–180 ,Mosby Elsevier,NewYork ,NY,USA, 2008.
[3]. Miller C.S, Epstein J.B , Hall E.H , Sirois D,―Changing oral care needs in the United States :the continuing need for oral
medicine,‖Oral Surgery,Oral Medicine,Oral Pathology,Oral Radiology, and Endodontics,91,1,34–44,2001.
[4]. Bouquot J.E , Gorlin R.J,―Leukoplakia,LichenPlanus, and other oral keratoses in23 ,616white Americansovertheageof
35years,‖Oral Surgery Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, 61,.4,373–381,1986.
[5]. Ax´ell T, Rundquist L,―OralLichenPlanus—a demographicstudy ,‖Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology,15,1,52–56,1987.
[6]. Alabi G.O,Akinsanya J.B,―Lichen Planus in tropical Africa,‖Tropical and Geographical Medicine,33,2, 143–147,1981.

Abstract: Mandibular foramen is an irregular foramen located a little above the center of the mandibular ramus on its medial surface. Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels pass through it, traverse the mandibular canal and supply the mandibular teeth. Mental foramen is located in the anterior surface of the body of the mandible. Mental nerve and vessels pass through it. Anatomy of mandibular and mental foramen is important for dental surgeons in inferior alveolar and mental nerve block, surgical procedures like apical curettage of mandibular premolars, amalgam filling, periodental surgery etc. to avoid to the neurovascular bundle passing through the foramen.

[1]. Bavitz JB, Harn SD, Hansen CA, Lang M., An Anatomical Study Of Mental Neurovascular Bundle Implant Relationships. Int J
Oral Maxillofac Impl.1993; 8: 563-73.
[2]. Sawyer DR, Kiely Ml, Pyle MA. The Frequency Of Accessory Mental Foramina In Four Ethnic Groups. Arch Oral
Biol.1998;43:417-20.
[3]. Oliveira Junior EM, Araiya ALD, Da Silva CMF, Sousarodrigues CF, Lima FJC. Morphological & Morphometric Study of Mental
Foramen On The M-CP-18 Jiachienjiang Point. International Journal Of Morphology (Temuco) 2009;27:231-8.
[4]. Oguz O, Bozkir MG. Evaluation of Location of Mandibular And Mental Foramina In Dry Young Adult Human Males, Dentulous
Mandibles.WestIndian Med J.2002;51:14-20.
[5]. Nicholson ML. A Study of The Mandibular Foramen In The Adult Human Mandible. Anat. Rec.1985; 212(1):110-2.
[6]. Arifin AZ, Asano A, Taguchi A, Nakamoto T, Ohtsuka M, Tsuda M, et al. Computer Aided System For Measuring The Mandibular
Cortical Width On Dental Panoramic Radiographs In Identifying Post- Menopausal Women With Low Bone Mineral Density.
Osteoporosis Int. 2006;17: 753-9.

Abstract: Assessing healthcare quality is a dire need on account of huge costs of mistakes by healthcare
practitioners. The growth in world population as well as change in illness patterns among populations while the
availability of doctors as well as healthcare indicators are not the same across the world adds another
dimension to challenges faced by the healthcare sector in different countries. Maintaining or improving
healthcare quality is an aim that national governments as well as hospital managements are keen on. However,
the metrics employed for measuring healthcare quality would vary greatly depending upon the perspective of
measurement i.e., whether it is the perspective of patients/customers, doctors/practitioners or employers.

[1]. Bernstein AB, Hing E, Moss AJ, Allen KF, Siller AB, and Tiggle RB (2003). Health care in America: Trends in utilization.
Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2003. Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf
[2]. Buttell, P., Hendler, R. and Daley, J. (2007). Chapter 3 - Quality in Healthcare: Concepts and Practice. The Business of Healthcare,
3 (003): 61-95. Retrieved from: http://healthcarecollaboration.typepad.com/healthcare_collaboration_/files/quality_buttell.pdf
[3]. Campbell , S.M., Braspenning, J., Hutchinson, A., and Marshall, M. (2002). Research methods used in developing and applying
quality indicators in primary care. Qual. Saf. Health Care, 2002, 11:358-364. Retrieved from:
http://www.who.int/management/district/ResearchMethodsQualityIndicatorsPHC.pdf.
[4]. CMO Office, Department of Health Report (2013). Health Care Quality Indicators in the Irish Health System: Examining the
Potential of Hospital Discharge Data using the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry System. Retrieved from:
http://www.rte.ie/documents/news/hcqi.pdf
[5]. DeFrances, C.J., Lucas, C.A., Buie, V.C. and Golosinskiy, A. (2008). 2006 National Hospital Discharge Survey. National Health
Statistics Reports, No. 5, July 30, 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr005.pdf.

Abstract: Thalassemia are a group of inherited haematological defects in the synthesis of either α or β
polypeptide chains of the globin portion of the haemoglobin molecule, and therefore, referred to as α or β type
and are characterized by hypochromic, haemolytic anaemia of varying degrees. Based on their clinical and
genetic orders, thalassemia is classified mainly into major (homozygous) and minor (heterozygous) types.
Thalassemia major or β -thalassemia, or Cooley's anaemia, exhibits the most severe clinical symptoms while
thalassemia minor or α -thalassemia is mild and considered to be clinically asymptomatic. An intermediate form
of thalassemia may also occur.

[1]. Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. Thethalassaemias. In: The thalassaemia syndromes. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1981; p. 149-56.
[2]. Kaur N, Hiremath SS. Dental caries and Gingival status of 3-14 year old Beta thalassemia major patients attending paediatric OPD
of Vani Vilas hospital, Bangalore. Archives of Oral Sciences and Research, 2012; 2:67-70.
[3]. Al-Wahadni AM, Taani DQ, Al-Omari MO. Dental diseases in subjects with b-thalassemia major. Community Dentistry and Oral
Epidemiology, 2002; 30:418-22.
[4]. Luglie PF, Guglielmo Campus C, Deiola MG, Mela D. Gallisai. Oral condition, chemistry of saliva, and salivary levels of
Streptococcus mutans in thalassemic patients Clinical Oral Investigations, 2002;6(4):223-26.
[5]. Henry K, Carrole PE, Knutson JW. Studies on dental caries, dental status and dental needs of elementary school children. Public
health report (Washington) 1938; 53:751-65.

Abstract: One of the most common complications following impacted third molar surgery is alveolar osteitis
(AO). Various variables affect the incidence of AO following impacted third molar extraction. The aim of the
present study was to evaluate the effect of surgery difficulty on the incidence of AO after impacted mandibular
third molar surgery. Patients with the age range of 18-30 years old with at least one impacted mandibular third
molar participated in the present study. In order to determine the difficulty of the surgery, the direction, depth of
impaction, and relationship with ramus of the impacted third molar was evaluated on the panoramic radiograph
according to the Pederson scale.

[1] T.P. Osborn, G. Frederickson, I.A. Small, T.S. Torgerson, A prospective study of complications related to mandibular third molar
surgery, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 43, 1985, 767-72.
[2] A.R. Noroozi, R.F. Philbert, Modern concepts in understanding and management of the ''dry socket'' syndrome: Comprehensive
review of the literature, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 107, 2009, 30-6.
[3] M. Eshghpour, N.M. Rezaei, A. Nejat, Effect of menstrual cycle on frequency of alveolar osteitis in women undergoing surgical
removal of mandibular third molar: a single blind randomized clinical trial, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 71, 2013, 1484–9.
[4] M. Eshghpour, A. Nezadi, A. Moradi, R.M. Shamsabadi, N.M. Rezaei, A. Nejat, Pattern of mandibular third molar impaction: A
cross-sectional study in northeast of Iran, , Niger J Clin Pract, 17, 2015, 673-677.
[5] A.L. Sisk, W.B. Hammer, D.W. Shelton, Complication following removal of impacted third molars: The role of the experience of
the surgeon, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 44, 1986, 855-J.R. Ragno, A.J. Szkutnik, Evaluation of 0.12% chlorhexidine rinse on the
prevention of alveolar osteitis, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 72, 1991, 524-6.

Abstract: Septal deviation is a frequent structural etiology or malformation causing nasal obstruction. A deviated septum may cause blockade of one or both nostrils, nasal congestions, frequent nose bleeds, frequent sinusitis, facial pains, headache, postnasal drip, noisy breathing during sleep etc. Aim of this study is to improve the surgery procedure with the use of intranasal flexible plastic splint and fast recovery of DNS patients from blockade and free of synechia formation in the nose and breathe freely and improved drainage.

[1]. Baljosevic I, Milovanovi J, Novkovic M, Stankovic K and Baljosevic Z. (2011) Surgical treatment of nasal septal deviation
(septoplasty) in children. Acta Chir Lugosi. 58(3):59-62.
[2]. Boferas KM (2013) Role of dexomethasone administration after septoplasty as comparative prospective audit. PAN Arab J of
Rhinology 3(2):54-60.
[3]. Dalal N, Shah C, Kumawat K and Sorathiya R (2013) Endoscopic septoplasty:Study of 25 cases. Medical Sciences.21(9):352-
353.
[4]. Donald PJ (1994) Anatomy and Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. pp754.
[5]. Kosama Pires deOliviera A, Elias Junior E, Santor LVD, Betterga SG and Mosellin M (2005) Prevalence of Deviated Nasal
Septum in Curitiba, Brazil. Intl Arch of Otorhinolaryngology. 9(4): 1-5.
[6]. Mladina R and Subaric M (2003) Are some septal deformities inherited? Type 6 revisited. Int J Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology.
67(12):1291-1294.

Abstract: Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic that has moderate affinity to mu receptor .They inhibit reuptake of Serotonin and noradrenaline (2) .It has become increasingly popular for Variety of reason because of production of analgesia by Tramadol without depression of ventilation and low potential for development of tolerance , dependence and abuse potential. There are few tramadol induced seizures report around the world (5).We are reporting 3 cases who developed generalized tonic clonic seizure after i.v. injection of tramadol given as pre medication for anaesthsia and analgesia

[1]. CSL Biotherapies (NZ) limited . Tramal ( tramadol ) data sheet. July 2007.
[2]. Sanson RA, Sansone L A. Tramadol:Seizure , serotonin syndrome, and co administered antidepressant . Psychiatry (Edgmont)
2009;6 :17 -21.
[3]. Mehrpour M. Intravenous tramadol – induced seizure: Two case reports. Iran J Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 4:146 -7.
[4]. Potschka H, Friderichs E , Loscher W , A anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effect of tramadol and its enantiomers and its MI
metabolite in rat kindling model of epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol. 2000; 131:203 _12.
[5]. Petramfar P, Borhani H. Tramadol induced seizure: Report of 106 patients . Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2010;12:49 -51.

Abstract: A proper debridement, disinfection and a three dimensional hermetic seal of the root canal system were essential for a successful root canal therapy (1). Majority of the endodontic failures occurs because of undetected roots/canals. Hence, a clear understanding ofthe root canal anatomy and its possible variations is a prerequisite for successful root canal treatment (2).

[1]. Sharma S, Mittal M, Passi D, Grover S. Management of a maxillary first molar having atypical anatomy of two roots diagnosed
using cone beam computed tomography. J Conser Dent.2015;18:342-45
[2]. Kottoor J, Albuquerque DV, Velmurugan N. Four-Rooted Mandibular First Molar with an Unusual Developmental Root Fusion
Line: A Case Report. Case Reports in Dentistry.2012;237302:1-4
[3]. Kottoor J, Albuquerque DV, Velmurugan N. A New Anatomically Based Nomenclature for the Roots and RootCanals—
Part1:Maxillary Molars. International Journal of Dentistry.2012;120565:1-7
[4]. Weinstein T, Rosano G, Del Fabbro M, Taschieri. Endodontic treatment of a geminated maxillary second molar using an
endoscopoe as magnification device. 2010;43:443-50.
[5]. Singla M, Aggarwal V. C-Shaped palatal canal in maxillary second molar mimicking two palatal canals diagnosed with the aid of
spiral computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Radiol Endod 2010;109:92-5 .
[6]. Jaikrishnan S, Kottoor J, Mathew J, Kumar SR, George S, Hari K. Evaluation and endodontic management of a patient with 6
single–rooted molars: a case report. Gen Dent 2015;63:35-3 .