iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2015

Abstract: Introduction: The long periods of working at a computer as most of Desk top publishing (D.T.P.) operators do, can cause musculo skeletal problems. Aim & Objectives: 1. To assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort in D.T.P operators.2. To study the work factors influencing the occurrence of musculoskeletal discomfort in D.T.P operators. Materials and Methods: study design: cross sectional study. A sample of 200 D.T.P operators were randomly selected from Guntur district of A.P. Result: The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort in study group was 78%. It was found that there was a gradual increase in musculoskeletal discomfort as the number of hours spent for working on computers daily increased.

[1]. Musculoskeletal Disorders & Workplace Factors , National Institute For Occupational Safety & Health, July 1997
[2]. Parker K.G., Limbus Hr, Cumulative Trauma Disorders. Lewis Publishers, Vsap 71-88
[3]. Armstrong J.J. Et Al, A Conceptual Model For Work Related Neck & Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health 1993: 19:73-84
[4]. Demure B, Luippord Rs Et Al, Baseline Association Between Musculoskeletal Discomfort & Ergonomic Features Of Work Stations. J Occup Environ Med 2000: 42:783-91
[5]. Karlquist Lk, Hagberg M, Koster M Et Al, Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Computer Assisted Design Operators & Evaluation Of A Self Assessment Questionnaire. Int J Occup Environ Health 1996; 2: 185-94
[6]. Mingz, Narthi M, Siivola J. Neck & Shoulder Pain Related To Computer Use. Pathophysiology 2004;11:51-6
[7]. Ortiz-Hermandez L, Jamez-Gonzalez S, Et Al. Computer Use Increases The Risk Of Musculoskeletal Disorders. Arch Med Res 2003; 34: 331-42

Abstract: Carcinoma cervix has major impact on the lives of women worldwide, particularly in developing countries where screening programs are not well established. Carcinoma cervix is now preventable by cytological screening and curable if detected at an early stage by pap smear. Aim: To screen for cervical neoplasia and pre-malignant diseases in pregnant women during 1st antenatal visit who do not have access to routine health care. Methods: This study was done in 200 pregnant women during their 1st registration and pap smears were collected as per conventional method.

[1]. Fader AN, Alward EK, Niederhauser A, et al. Cervical dysplasia in pregnancy: a multinational evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:113.e1-6.
[2]. Katyal Surabhi, Mehrotra Ragini, Complementary procedure in cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. The journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India. 2011. 61(4) ; 436-438.
[3]. Williams textbook of Obstetrics, 24th edition.
[4]. Leopold G.Koss – 4th edition. Volume 1. Scope and sampling techniques in Diagnostic Cytology. Page 1-8.
[5]. Mark I. Hunter; Bradley J.Monk, et al . Cervical neoplasia in pregnancy. Part 1: screening and management of preinvasive disease JULY 2008; American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. E 3-8.
[6]. Ngaojaruwong N et al. Prevalance of abnormal Papanicolaou smer in pregnant women at Phramongkutklao Hospital. Vol.16, No.3, July 2008.
[7]. Thasanak et al. Prevalance and management of Abnormal Pap smear in antenatal cases. Journal of Medical Association of Thailand Vo.88, No.2, Feb 2005.

Abstract:Background: Thyroid swelling is one of the most common complaint of patients presenting to the surgery OPD. Depending on the diagnosis, while some of the patients are started on medical treatment, some patients undergo surgical treatment. The type of surgery performed varies depending on the diagnosis. While post operative complications are rare in the hands of experienced surgeons, they may cause considerable morbidity if the occur. However, most of the complications are manageable. Aim: To study the early post operative complications of thyroid surgeries and their management.

[1]. Richmond BK et al. Complications of thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy in a rural community hospital setting. Am surg 2007 Apr;73(4):332-36.
[2]. Chow TL et al. Outcomes and complications of thyroid surgery: retrospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2001;7(3):261-265.
[3]. Steurer M et al. Advantages of recurrent laryngeal nerve identification in thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy and the importance of postoperative and preoperative laryngoscopic examination. Larynoscope 2002;112(1):124-133.
[4]. Erbil, Barbaros Y et al. Predictive factors for recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery. Clin Otolaryngol 2007 Feb;32(1):32-7.

Abstract: Adolescence- a period of transition from childhood to young adulthood is a critical period of human development characterized by rapid physical changes that result in awakening of sexual feelings and development of sexual behaviours. As the quest heightened to experiment on sexual adventures, adolescents fantasize into unsafe sexual practices. Adolescents are generally known to display high risk behaviours that make them vulnerable to contacting and transmitting STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as having unplanned pregnancy and poor general reproductive health

[1]. Biro FM,Rosenthal SL. Psychological sequelae of sexually transmitted diseases in Adolescents. Obstet. Gynecol.Clin.N.AM, 1991,219:209-18
[2]. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Nigeria: epidemiological fact sheet on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: UNAIDS and WHO, 2000. (2000 update.)
[3]. Slap GB, Lot L, Hang B, Daniyam CA, Zink TM, Succop PA. Sexual behavior of adolescents in Nigeria: Cross sectional survey of Secondary School students. BM.J. 2003, 326:15
[4]. UNAIDS/World Health Organization UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. UNAIDS: Geneva, 2006 [5]. Balmer DH,Gikundi E and Billingsley MC. Adolescent knowlegde,values and coping strategies:Implication for health in sub-Saharan Africa. J. adolescent health. 1997,21;33-38.
[6]. Odeyemi K, Onajole A, Ogunowo Sexual behaviour and the influencing factors among out of school female adolescents in Mushin market, Lagos, Nigeria. Int J. Adolesc Med Health. 2009; 21(1):101-9.

Abstract: Background And Objectives: Hemodynamic instability, being the commonest and most undesirable complication of the conventional spinal anesthesia approached in lumbar region with hyperbaric local anesthetic, makes it unfavorable and undignified to be the method of choice for lower limbs' surgeries. To offer it hemodynamic stability during lower limbs' surgeries in elderly patients, this study was undertaken to deposit hypobaric local anesthetic(0.25%) intrathecally through the dorsal foramen of sacrum in sitting position. Methods: 50 patients of physical status ASA II and III were submitted to sacral spinal anesthesia with 4ml of 0.25% of injection bupivacaine through the 2nd dorsal sacral foramen in sitting position.

[1]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria A, Paria B, Das G. Sacral spinal anesthesia. Indian J Anesth. 2014; 58(1) : 80-2
[2]. Volka, J,D,. Hadzic,A,. Drobnik, l,.Ernest,A,.Reiss,W,. Thys,D,M. Anatomical landmarks for femoral nerve block: A comparison of four needle insertion sites. Anesth. Analg. 89;1467:1999.
[3]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Das G, Paria A. Combination of Fascia iliaca Compartment Block on the surgical side with sacral spinal anesthesia for Hip to Knee surgery IOSR- JDMS 2014; 13(12) 46-49.
[4]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Das G, Paria A. Combination of Sacral Spinal Anesthesia and Popliteal Fossa Block on Surgical Side for Below Knee Surgery IOSR- JDMS 2014; 13(10) 50-53.
[5]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Paria A. Sacral Saddle Block IOSR-JDMS 2014; 13(4) 39-40.
[6]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Paria A. Sacral Epidural Anesthesia IOSR-JD MS 2014; 13(5) 10-11
[7]. Paria R, Combined Sacral Spinal Epidural Anesthesia. IOSR- JDMS 2014; 13(11):40-43.

Abstract: β Thalassemia Trait(BTT) produces mild ineffective erythropoiesis and associated increased iron absorption from the gut. Based on these reasons it had been suggested that BTT confers an advantage in maintaining iron balance, in which case prevalence of iron deficiency should be lower in those with the trait. This Study was carried out to determine the frequency of coexistence of iron deficiency anaemia among children with β Thalassemia Trait (BTT) aged 1 to 12 yrs. 6 out of the 46 (13%) children with BTT were found to have concomitant iron deficiency (serum ferritin <12 μg/l) in comparison to 5 of the 25(20%) healthy non anemic controls, a difference which is not statistically significant. Microcytosis (MCV<75 fl) was significantly more associated with BTT as compared to control group.

[1]. Deymayer MH, Adiels- tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia inthe world. WHO statistics, 1985; 38:302-316.
[2]. Agarwal DK, Tripathy AN, Upadhaya SK. Nutritional status, physical work capacity, and mental function in school children. Nutritional foundation of India, scientific report, 1987; 6:16-23.
[3]. Nathan DG, Oski FA, editors. Nathan and Oski's Haematology of infancy & childhood 5th Ed. Phil:adelphia WB Saunders. p. 849.
[4]. Nathan DG, Oski FA, editors. Nathan and Oski's Haematology of infancy & childhood 5th Ed. Phil:adelphia WB Saunders. p. 850.
[5]. Hinchcliffe ,Lilleyman.frequency of co incident iron deficiency and β Thalassemia Trait in British Asian children .J Clin Path1995;48:594-595.
[6]. Madan N,Sikka M,Sharma S,Rusia U. Phenotypic expression of haemoglobin A2in β Thalassemia Trait with iron deficiency. Ann. hematol. 1998;77:93-96.
[7]. Mehta BC, Gandhi S, Kamath P. Survey of children of lohana community in Bombay for β Thalassemia Trait and iron deficiency. Ind J Hematol 1989;7:63-66.

Abstract: Badly mutilated teeth or the grossly decayed teeth often pose problems to the restorative dentists during their treatment due to unavailability of sufficient clinical crowns. Hence a crown lengthening procedure prior to restorative treatment is mandatory during management of such teeth.

[1]. Camargo PM, Melnick PR, Camargo LM. Clinical Crown Lengthening in Esthetic Zone. C D A Journal 2007;3 5,Number7:487- 498
[2]. Cohen DW. Lecture, Walter Reed Medical Center 1962 June 3
[3]. Ingber FJS, Rose LF, Coslet JG. The biologic width. A concept in periodontics and restorative dentistry. Alphan Omegan 1977; 10:62-5
[4]. Cohen ES. Crown lengthening. Atlas of Cosmetic & reconstructive periodontal surgery.Third edition.
[5]. Ernesto A. Lee, Cir Dent. Aesthetic Crown Lengthening: Classification, Biologic Rationale, And Treatment Planning Consideration .Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2004; 16(10): 769- 778
[6]. Cohen DW, Current approaches in periodontology. J Periodontol 1964; 35:5-18
[7]. Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B, Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol 1961; 32:261-7

Abstract: Childhood is the most crucial and formative period of human life. A healthy childhood is essential for future growth and development. It is greatly influenced by parent, family, society and environment which formulate attitude, behavior, manner and emotions [1]. Millions of children across the world are deprived of this crucial phase of life, those are the orphans and abandoned children. In the absence of the child's parents, grandparents, or reluctant relatives not willing to take care of the child, orphanage act as an institution to provide care and support for these unfortunate children. These children are educated within or outside the orphanage. Orphanages provide an alternative for care and adoption for some of these children. There are about 153 million orphan children living in the world and Asia is the home for nearly 60 million of the children [2]. It has been observed that about 11 million abandoned children, 90% of whom are girls live in India [3, 4]. Orissa, an eastern Indian state has about 16,382 orphans who live in the orphanages [5]. There are 272 child care institutions in Odisha, registered under the government (Juvenile Justice Act 2014) and they provide care as per the norms of Act [5].

[1]. Regional training seminar on Guidance and counseling Module 4. Behaviour modification. UNESCO. February 2000: 1-69.
[2]. Children's statistics. SOS children's villages USA. Available from: http//www.sos-usa.org/our-impact/childrens-statistics. Accessed on May 10,2014
[3]. More girls are being adopted. The good news ends there (16 September 2014). Available from:http//www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/more-girls-are-being-adopted-the-good-news-ends-there-32428. Accessed on May 19,2014
[4]. World's Children works with 40 orphanages and homes for children in India. Available from http://worldschildren.org/where-we-work/india. Accessed on May 20,2014
[5]. Government of Odisha, Department of Women and child development. Available from http//www.odisha.gov.in . Accessed on May 26, 2014.
[6]. Pelletier DL. The relationship between child anthropometry and mortality in developing countries: implications for policy, programs and future research. J Nutr 1994, 124:2047S–2081S.

Abstract: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a surgical procedure, during which all necessary manipulations are performed using nasal endoscopic video assisted fibreoptic camera. So bleeding has to be minimized, since even small amount of blood may completely obstruct vision. Controlled hypotension is a technique used to limit intraoperative blood loss to provide the best possible surgical field. Methods: After approval by our institutional Ethics Committee, 60 patients were recruited and randomized into two drug groups: nitroglycerine (Group N) and dexmeditomidine (Group D). After induction of anesthesia, an infusion for group N was started with nitroglycerine 0.5-10 μg/kg/min & for group D with dexmedetomidine loading dose of 1 μg/kg over 10 min followed by maintenance infusion rate of 0.2- 0.7 μg/kg/hr. The infusion rates were then titrated to maintain MAP between 65-75 mm of Hg. Intraoperative blood loss in both the groups was recorded.

[1]. Khalil H, Nunez DA, Functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis (Review), TheCochrane Library, 4, 2009.
[2]. Slack R, Bates G, Functional endoscopic sinus surgery, Am Fam Physician, 58(3), 1998, 707-18.
[3]. Mafee MF, Chow JM, Meyers R, Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Anatomy, CT Screening, Indications, and Complications, AJR, 160, 1993, 735-44.
[4]. Cincikas D, Ivaskevicius J, Martinkenas JL, Balseris S, A role of anesthesiologist in reducing surgical bleeding in endoscopic sinus surgery. Medicina (Kaunas), 46(11), 2010, 730-4.
[5]. Drozdowski A, Sieskiewicz A, Siemiatkowski A, Reduction of intraoperative bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery, Anaesth Intensive Therapy,XLIII,1, 2011, 43-47.
[6]. Morgan GE, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ, Hypotensive agents, in: Clinical Anesthesiology, 4(New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2012) 255-262.

Abstract: Isolated radial head fracture constitutes about 20% of all acute elbow injuries. Bilateral fracture of radial head is a rare entity. We report a case of bilateral symmetrical Mason type I radial head fracture. Patient was treated non-operatively, the MEPS being excellent on both sides at 12 weeks. The patient was followed up for one year.

Keywords: Bilateral, Elbow, Mason, Non-operative, Radial head fracture

[1]. Hodge JC. Bilateral radial head and neck fractures. J Emerg Med.1999;17:877-881
[2]. Deshmukh NV. Bilateral radial head fractures in a martial arts athlete. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:270–271.
[3]. Mason ML. Some observations on fractures of the radial head with a review of one hundred cases. Br J Surg. 1954;42:123.
[4]. Mason JA, Shutkin NM. Immediate active mobilisation in the treatmentof fractures of the head and neck of the radius with a review of one hundred cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1943;76:731–7.
[5]. Radin EL, Riseborough EJ: Fractures of the radial head: A review of eightyeight cases and analysis of the indications for excision of the radial head and non operative treatment,J Bone Joint Surg48;1055-1064,1966.

Abstract: Salivary gland neoplasms are rare and constitute 3% to 4% of head and neck neoplasms.Most neoplasms arise in the parotid gland (70%), whereas tumours of the submandibular gland (22%) and sublingual and minor salivary glands (8%) are less common. Salivary gland tumours are interesting to the surgeons, as they are unique in the way they present, that is with a diverse array of clinical patterns and varied histological patterns..It is important to detect benign and malignant salivary gland tumours preoperatively to plan the treatment and to prepare the patient as well as surgeon in order to have better surgery for malignant tumours.Registered subjects registered in surgery department of K.R Hospital(MMC &R.I,Mysore) with diagnosis of parotid gland tumours in FNAC report from January 2013 to June 2014 were taken up for the study.Parotid gland tumours most commonly occur in third and fifth decade. Most of the tumours occur infemales. Most of them are benign and most of the benign tumoursare pleomorphic adenoma. FNAC is a good tool in diagnosing parotid gland tumours.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of parotid gland tumuours and superficial parotidectomy is the most commonly performed surgery for benign as well as low grade malignant parotid tumours .Most important complications of parotid surgery were wound infection and facial palsy.Long term follow-up is necessary as pleomorphic adenomas tend to recur after long time. Keywords - Parotid gland tumour,pleomorphicadenoma,superficialparotidectomy,FNAC,Facial palsy

[1]. William P Smith. Disorders of the salivary glands.26th ed. Chapter 50. In: Baileyand Love's Short Practice of Surgery, Norman S Williams, Christopher SKBulstrade, Ronan P O'Connell, eds. London: Edward Arnold; 2008. pp. 723-738.
[2]. Robert R Lorenz, James L Netterwille, Brian B Burkey. Head and neck surgery.19th ed. Chapter 35. In: Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, Townsend, Beuchamp,Evers Mattox, eds. Philadelphia: Elsevier Publications; 2008. pp. 811-813.
[3]. Richard O Wein, Rakesh K Chandra, Randal S Weber. Disorders of the head andneck.9th ed. Chapter 18. In: Schwartz Principles of Surgery, Charles F Brunicardi,ed. New York: The McGraw Hill Companies; 2010. pp. 507-11.
[4]. Aaron Ruhalter. Anatomy of parotid gland, submandibular triangle and floor ofmouth.5th ed. Chapter 23. In: MOS Mastery of Surgery, Joseph E Fischer, Kirby IBland, eds. New Delhi: Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2007. pp. 284-90.
[5]. Hill ME, Constella DO, Hern RPA, Henk JM, Rhys P Evans, Breach N, et al.Cisplatin and 5-flourouracil for symptom control in advanced salivary adenoidcystic carcinoma. The Head and Neck Unit, London.
[6]. Au KH, Choy Ts, Ngan KC. Radiotherapy for major salivary gland carcinoma: Asingle institution experience. Hong Kong: JHK Col Radiology; 2001. pp. 189-95.

Abstract: Introduction: The object of antenatal care consists of care of pregnant women, identification of high risk pregnancies ,her safe delivery and post-natal follow up, and care of her new born infant and maintenance of lactation. Maternal complications and poor perinatal outcome are highly associated with non-utilization of antenatal and delivery care services and poor socioeconomic conditions of the patient, with poorer outcomes in unbooked than booked patients.

[1]. M.S. Chahande, A.R. Jadhao, S.K. Wadhva, Suresh Ugha , Study of Some Epidemiological Factors in Teenage Pregnancy - Hospital Based Case Comparison Study Indian Journal of Community Medicine ,Vol. 27, No. 3 (2002-07 - 2002-09).
[2]. Bratati Banerjee1, GK Pandey2, Debashis Dutt3, Bhaswati Sengupta3, Maitraeyi Mondal3, Sila Deb1; Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi INDIAN JOURNALO OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE,Year : 2009 | Volume : 34 | Issue : 3 | Page : 227-231.
[3]. S. H. Mahavarkar, C. K. Madhu and V. D. Mule ; A comparative study of teenage pregnancy1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Miraj, Maharashtra, India Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2008, Vol. 28, No. 6, Pages 604-607.
[4]. Gilbert WM, Nesbitt TS, Danielsen B. Childbearing beyond age 40: pregnancy outcome in 24 032 cases. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1999, 93:9–14.
[5]. V.N. Amarin1 and H.F. Akasheh1 ; Advanced maternal age and pregnancy outcome Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Ali Military Hospital, Karak, Jordan ; Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ; Volume 7, Nos 4/5, July - September 2001, 646-651.

Abstract: Lesser omental cyst is a rare entity which commonly presents as an abdominal lump. Its incidence is more in paediatric age group than in adults. In adults, females are affected more than males. Ultrasonography abdomen and CT scans are mainly the tools for pre-operative diagnosis of omental cysts. Complete excision is the treatment of choice for omental cysts. Recurrence and malignant transformation are rare complications. In our study, we described a 30 year old lady presented with abdominal swelling and vague abdominal pain. CECT whole abdomen was done pre-operatively. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and omental cyst was diagnosed intra-operatively. Complete excision was thus done and post-operative histopathology confirmed the diagnosis..

[1]. Tan JJ, Tan KK, Chew SP. Mesenteric cysts: an institutionexperience over 14 years and review of literature. World JSurg 2009;33(9):1961-5.
[2]. Egozi EI, Ricketts RR. Mesenteric and omental cysts inchildren. Am Surg 1997;63(3):287-90.
[3]. Moralioğlu S, Sönmez K, Türkyilmaz Z, Başaklar AC,Kale N. A child with a giant omental cyst. Acta Chir Belg2007;107(6):724-5.
[4]. Vanek VW, Phillips AK. Retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and omental cysts. Arch Surg. Jul 1984;119(7):838-42
[5]. Mohanty SK, Bal RK, Maudar KK. Mesenteric cyst--an unusual presentation. J Pediatr Surg. May 1998;33(5):792-3.
[6]. Kurtz RJ, Heimann TM, Holt J, Beck AR. Mesenteric and retroperitoneal cysts. Ann Surg. Jan 1986;203(1):109-12
[7]. Kumar S, Agrawal N, Khanna R, Khanna AK. Giantlymphatic cyst of omentum: a case report. Cases J2009;2:23.
[8]. Tillaux PJ. Cyste du mesentere un homme: ablation par la gastromie: quersion. Revue de Therapeutiques Medico-Chirurgieale Paris. 1880;47:479.

Abstract: Aim :To describe efficiency and post operative outcome of open trans vesical repair of vesico vaginal fistula(VVF)and present our experience with 20 such patients. Methodology :A total of 20 patients were diagnosed with post hystrectomy(n=18),and post myomectomy (n=2)VVF.All patients were first treated conservatively with bladder drainage using a foley catheter without any sucess.After 12 weeks,patients underwent open transvesical repair of VVF.Complimentary procedures like omental inerpositioning was done in all the patients and two patients required right ureteric reimplantation.

[1]. Falandry L. Traitement des fistules uro-génitales postpartum en Afrique, 261 cas observés en dix ans. Prog Urol. 1992;2:861-73.
[2]. Ramsey K, Iliyasu Z, Idoko L. Fistula Fortnight: innovative partnership brings mass treatment and public awareness towards ending
[3]. obstetric fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;99 Suppl 1:S130-6. de Bernis L. Obstetric fistula: guiding principles for clinical management and programme development, a new WHO guideline. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;99 Suppl 1:S117-21.
[4]. Tebeu PM, de BL, Doh AS, Rochat CH, Delvaux T. Risk factors for obstetric fistula in the Far North Province of Cameroon. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;107(1):12-5.
[5]. Muleta M. Obstetric fistula in developing countries: a review article. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006;28(11):962-6.
[6]. Holme A, Breen M, MacArthur C. Obstetric fistulae: a study of women managed at the Monze Mission Hospital, Zambia. BJOG.
2007;114(8):1010-17.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the by-products formed on interacting different irrigating solution used in Endodontic practice through Hybrid Qudrupole-Orbital Mass Spectrometer. Method: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (0.16%, 1%, 2.5% and 5.25%) was interacted with Chlorhexidine (CHX) solution, 10% citric acid, 37% phosphoric acid, 7% maleic acid, distilled water, saline solution and ethanol The solutions were mixed in a ratio of 1:1and Hybrid Qudrupole-Orbital Mass Spectrometer were used to characterize the by-products. Results: An orange-brown precipitate is formed on interacting CHX with NaOCl (1%, 2.5% and 5.25%). No precipitate was observed on CHX was associated with 0.16% NaOCl, citric acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid and distilled water. When associated with ethanol and saline solution, salt precipitaion was formed. Conclusion: The interaction of NaOCl and CHX forms orange-brown precipitate because of oxidizing agent NaOCl. The precipitate formed in association with ethanol and saline solution was due to lower solubility and salting-out process respectively. NaOCl solution on reacting with citric acid and phosphoric acid mainly lead to chlorine formation. Intermediate flushes with distilled water helps to prevent or decrease the formation of precipitate thus preventing the detrimental effect of precipitate.

Keywords – Chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, Mass spectrometry, citric acid, phosphoric acid

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[2]. Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: a review. J Endod 2004;30:559 – 67.
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[5]. Rasimick BJ, Nekich M, Hladek MM. Interaction between chlorhexidine gluconate and EDTA. J Endod 2008;34:1521–3.
[6]. Basrani BR, Manek S, Sodhi RN, et al. Interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate. J Endod 2007;33:966–9.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the in vitro activity of BL BLI combinations containing sulbactam and tazobactam. Drugs evaluated include ceftazidime+sulbcatam (Zydotum) ceftazidime+tazobactam (Combitaz), cefoperazone+sulbactam (Sulprazon), pipercillin+tazobactam (Tazocin) and ceftazidime (C-ZID) alone against gram-negative organisms obtained from different clinical specimens from different hospitals located in North and West region of India. Among 618 samples collected, 238 were sterile and only 380 samples showed the presence of bacterial infections with P. aerugenosa as the most predominant pathogen (56.3%) followed by E coli. (13.4%), S. aureus (10.8%), S. pneumoniae (9.2%,), P. vulgaris (4.7%), H. Influenzae (3.1%) and S. pyogenes (2.4%).

[1]. Malhotra S, Sharma S, Hans C. Prevalence of Hospital Acquired Infections in a tertiary care hospital in India. Int J Med Med Sci 2014;191-94.
[2]. Jensen ET. Landsprævalensundersøgelse 2008. CAS-nyt 2008;108:1-2.
[3]. Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat TL, Abdul Molok H, Hashim S, Sarijo J, Abd Latif NH, Abu Hanifah Y, Kamarulzaman A (2005).

Abstract: Sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone are responsible for physiological changes in women at specific phases of their life. Menopause is associated with symptoms of estrogen deficiency. Estradial levels fall gradually in the years before menopause. Levels of follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) begin to rise and the levels of sex hormones begin to fluctuate. This causes changes in the periodontium like xerostomia, burning sensation in the oral mucosa, bleeding on probing and brushing, bad taste and alveolar bone loss. The most significant problem seen during menopause is osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and fragility causing an increase in fracture risk. There is a reduction in bone mass caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, favouring resorption resulting in demineralization of bone..

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[6]. North American Menopause Society. Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide. Third ed:2007.
[7]. Krall EA, Garcia RI, Dawson-Hughes B (1996) Increased risk of tooth loss is related to bone loss at the whole body,hip and spine. Calcif Tissue Int 59:433-437.

Abstract: Syphilis is a chronic disease with a waxing and waning course, the manifestations of which have been described for centuries. Syphilis has re-emerged as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and a possible transmission factor in the spread of HIV infection. It occurs worldwide, and the incidence varies significantly with geographic location. In the pre-antibiotic era, syphilis was often called "the great imitator" because its signs and symptoms are similar to those of various other diseases. Syphilis manifests in four stages primary, secondary, latent and tertiary. Primary stage manifests as painless ulcer called as chancre at the site of inoculation. Nonpruritic, papular rash, condylomatalata and mucous patches are seen in secondary stage and tertiary syphilis manifests as gummaand neurosyphilis. Gumma is commonly seen on the palate or tongue and rarely with palatal perforation. In this article, we discuss a rare case of palatal perforation caused by tertiary syphilis along in a 55 years old male patient along with the review of literature.

Keywords: Syphilis, Sexually transmitted disease, Gumma, Palatal perforation.

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Abstract: Post operative pain is one of the important factor which affects the recovery of a patient especially in major surgeries and in elderly patients. Poor pain control is associated with increased morbidity and mortality also affecting the psychological condition of the patient. Recently multimodal analgesia is advocated wherein multiple drugs acting on different receptors are used to reduce the toxicity of using a single drug and improve the quality of analgesia. In our study 54 patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy under GA were considered. Patients were divided into 2 groups.

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[2]. Girish Babu Narasimha Murthy, Girish M Bengalorkar, Ravi Madhusudhana. A comparative study of ketorolac with lornoxicam as pre-emptive analgesics in patients who were undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia. JDCR.2012;6(3):418-422.
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[5]. Peduto VA, Ballabio M, Stefanini S,Efficacy of propacetamol in the treatment of postoperative pain. Morphine-sparing effect in orthopedic surgery. Italian Collaborative Group on Propacetamol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998;42(3):293-8.
[6]. T.F.Cobby, I.M.Crigton, Kyriakides K.Rectal paracetamol has a significant morphine sparing effect after hysterectomy.Br J Anaesth 1999;83(2):253-6.

Abstract: A tail in a six year old girl is reported and the findings from previously reported cases of true and pseudo tails are discussed. The girl presented with a dorsal midline appendage and associated pain over the tip of the appendage. Radiologic evaluation showed five well developed coccygeal vertebrae. She was thoroughly investigated to exclude any underlying spinal pathology. As the cosmesis was not an indications for that patient and symptoms were not so severe patient was treated conservatively and followed up for three years .

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Abstract: Technology moves fast and creates many new applications. Various teaching methodologies have been utilized in medical education, which is an active area of educational research. Use of teaching aids in medical education technology is swiftly changing from blackboard to virtual simulations. The preclinical basic science subjects - Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry are taught in the first year. Each discipline follows its own sequence and learning outcomes and is not clearly defined. So, lectures can be supplemented with audiovisual aids for better illustrations, clarity and learning. So, the study was designed to know the preferred teaching aid(s) among first-year medical students. Information has been collected by a pre-structured, pre-tested, pre-coded questionnaire among the first year medical students. Ninety eight (98) first semester medical students, including boys (57%) and girls (53%) participated in this present study.

Key Words: Audio-Visual Aids, Over-head projector, Power point.

[1] Baxi SN, Shah CJ, Parmar RD, Parmar D, Tripathi CB. Students perception towards different teaching aids in a medical college. African Journal of Health Professions Education 2009;1:15-6.
[2] Flores-Mateo G, Argimon, JM. Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:119.
[3] Meo SA. Power of PowerPoint and role of chalkboard. Medical Teacher 2008;30(6):639–41.
[4] Bhowmick K, Mukhopadhyay M, Chakraborty K, Sen PK, Chakraborty I. Assessment of perception of first professional MBBS students in India about a teaching learning activity in Biochemistry. South East Asian Journal of Medical Education 2009;3(2):27-34.
[5] Prabhu R, Pai KM, Prabhu G, Shrilatha. A Lecture in Medical Physiology- PowerPoint versus Chalkboard. South East Asian Journal of Medical Education 2014;8(1):72-6.

Abstract: Objective: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an important mucocutaneous neoplasm with few well known clinicopathologic types. KS may flare as part of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients or develop in the context of immunosuppression. Although clinical presentations are usually characterized by purplish to red, cutaneous, polymorphous lesion i.e macules, nodules and plagues localized on extremities, face, trunk and rarely genitals, the clinical course of AIDS-related KS can be highly variable with progression ranging from slow to explosive. This present study attempted to evaluate the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma and correlate its association in HIV patients with CD4 counts as well as viral load..

[1]. Mehta S, Garg A, Lalit K, Mottal S, Khare AK, Kuldeep M. Kaposi's Sarcoma as a presenting manisfestation of HIV. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 32(2): 108-110.
[2]. Feller L, Khammissa R, Gugushe T, et al. HIV-associated Kaposi Sarcoma in Africa children. SADS 201; 65: 20-22
[3]. Mesri EA, Cesarman E, Boschoff C. Kaposi sarcoma and its associated herpes virus. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10: 707-719.
[4]. Asuquo ME, Ogunkeyede A, Bassey EE, Ebughe G. Kaposi sarcoma: Changing trend in calabar, South east Nigeria. Anals of Afri Med 2008; 7(3): 98-101.
[5]. Hong A, Lee CS. Kaposi sarcoma: Cllinicopathological analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV associated cases. Patho Oncol Res 2002; 8: 31-35.
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[7]. Fellae l, Lemmer J, HIV-Associated Kaposi's sarcoma: Pathogenic Mechanism" Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Rad 2007: 104(4): 521-529.
[8]. Oladokun R, Kolude B, Ogun G, Brown B, Osinusi K. Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV Positive Nigerian Children. World Jour of AIDS 2011; (1): 63-69.

Abstract: Acute pancreatitis is one of the complications of Organophosphorous insecticide (OP) poisoning. It is thought to occur from ductal hypertension and pancreatic parenchymal injury as a result of excessive pancreatic cholinergic stimulation. Pancreatic involvement in OP poisoning may range from enzyme elevation to necrotizing pancreatitis that necessitates surgery. Further OP induced acute pancreatitis is believed to follow a subclinical and uneventful course and the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis can be obscured by the systemic effects of OP toxicity. Hemorrhagic pancreatitis with bleeding within or around pancreas, a sequel of acute pancreatitis, is an uncommon, unusual complication of OP poisoning usually leading to a fatal outcome.

Key words: Organophosphate, Asymptomatic Pancreatitis, Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis, Pancreatic necrosis..

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