iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2015

Abstract: Diagnostic information in psychiatry can be conceptually separated into symptoms and functional impairment. Functioning and disability are classified in the international classification of functioning(I.C.F.)(WHO 2001).In the present study disability was assessed in patients of five psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol and dementiausing IDEAS. IDEAS is Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale,adopted by Government of India for implementing disability welfare schemes for the mentally ill. It measures disability in the domains of self- care,inter personal activities,communication and understanding, and work.

Aims and objectives: To evaluate the nature and disability in the study groups,To compare the degree of disability with the severity of the disorderTo compare disability among various disorders under study.

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[2]. Schedules for clinical assessment in Neuropsychiatry, version2.1, 1998.Geneva: World Health Organization, Division of Mental Health.
[3]. Babor TF, de la FeuntaJR,Saunders J, et al. Alcohol Use disorders identification test: Guide lines for use in primary health care. Geneva:World Health Organization; 1992.4.Kay SR,Fiszben A, Opler LA.
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Abstract: Aim: To assess the efficiency of topical phenytoin compared to conventional wound care in improving the healing process in diabetic ulcers and prove that topical phenytoin can be used as relatively low cost, case of use and a better alternate in management diabetic ulcers. Material and methods: This is a prospective randomised comparative study where data from 100 patients with diabetic ulcer collected. Of which 50 underwent topical phenytoin dressings, remaining 50 underwent conventional wound care. The results were compared after 14 days. The variables were compared based on rate of granulation tissue formation as percentage of ulcer area covered and duration of hospital stay. The categorical variable was compared by chi square test and continuous variable by student t-test. A p value <0.05 was considered significant.

[1]. Harrison's Principle of Internal Medicine 16th edition Powers AC: Diabetes Mellitus.
[2]. Robert G.Frykberg, DPM,MPH, et al, The journal of foot and ankle surgery,Diabetic Foot Disorders , A clinical Practice Guideline .Page 22-24 sep/oct- 2006
[3]. David C Aron MD,MS Cleveland clinic journal of medicine (Preventing and managing dibetic complcation in elderly patient) volume 75 no. 2,feb 2008
[4]. International study of diabetic mellitus, Reiber GE, Lower Extremity Foot Ulcer and Amputation in Diabetes S.K bhadada , R.K sahay, V.P joysna, J.K agarwal: dibetic neuropathy current concept, Journal of Indian Academy of clinical medicine, vol 2 No.4 oct-dec 2001
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Abstract: Comparison between transdermal Nitor glycerine and oral Nifedipine was done. To assess effectiveness and safety of drugs. Material And Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Government General Hospital, Guntur. Randomised control study in 100 women of preterm labour were enrolled after the informed consent. Among them 50 women received NTG Patch (Group I) and 50 women received oral Nifedipine(GroupII). Result: Successful tocolysis for 90% of patients in Group I and 94% in Group II which was statistically significant (Pvalue 0.541).Preterm labour is more common in primi gravida and second gravida.90% of cases remain undelivered within 48 hours in Group I and 88% in Group II.

[1]. World Health ORganization (WHO) 1993. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Revision, Vol. II. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO.
[2]. Crowley, P. 2002. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth (Cochrane review) .
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[4]. Aruna Kumar, Bharadwaj B, Pawar Namita. Glyceryltrinitrate patch in management of preterm labour. J Obstet Gynecol India 2001 : 51(6) : 55-57
[5]. Smith GN, Walker MC, Mc Grath MJ. Randomised, double - blind placebo controlled pilot study asessing Nitroglycerine as a tocolytic. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 106 : 736 - 739.
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Abstract: Neonatal jaundice occurs frequently in new born babies in the first week of life. It may be harmless but results in "Kernicterus" or "bilirubin brain damage" when it is severe. This study examined prevalence and associated risk factors affecting neonatal jaundice among neonates born between 2005 and 2010 in University College Hospital, Ibadan. The study is a retrospective study where data were retrieved from neonates' case notes frommedical records unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan.A total of 232 neonatal jaundice cases wereanalysed and categorized into mild and severe jaundice. Qualitative response regression models was proposed to obtain the precise estimates of the probabilities of a neonatal having neonatal jaundice. Binary Logistic regression analysis which model neonatal jaundice as a response variable while Neonate age, neonate sex, birth weight, mode of delivery, place of delivery, settlement, G6PD, Mothers' Rhesus factor, mother illness during pregnancy, mother level education, parity of the mother and gestational age were the risk factors. The result showed that gestational age, place of delivery, Rhesus incompatibility, and G6PD were statistically significant risk factors for neonatal jaundice. The model converges at the 4th iteration with -2log-likelihood of 267.712, and Cox & Snell R2 is .206 with probability of 0.0000 at 5% ∝ level of significance, this indicated that the model fitted for the study is adequate at that level of significance.

Keywords: Kernicterus, bilirubin, G6PD, -2log-likelihood, Cox & Snell R2, Logistic Regression.

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[2]. Anil Dolgun. 2012. Multivariate analysis: Logistic Regression. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University Research Methodology in Health Sciences Course, Department of Biostatistics
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[4]. Cohen, Jacob; Cohen, Patricia; West, Steven G.; Aiken, Leona S. (2002).Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd ed.).
[5]. Colletti JE, Kothari S, Kothori S, Jackson DM, Kilgore KP, Barringer K (2007)."An emergency medicine approach to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia".Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.25 (4): 1117–35, vii. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2007.07.007. PMID 17950138.

Abstract: A comprehensive, inter-disciplinary treatment of the mouth involves the following aspects: assessment of facial characteristics and muscle activity as well as existing relationship between visible dentition and soft tissues to improve patients´ aesthetics and function. There are some physiological and/or pathological conditions which result in excessive exposition of the gums. This causes a negative appearance and limits facial expression. Altered or delayed eruption is one of the main causes of gummy smile. This clinical report describes a gingivoplastic and Osteoplastic procedure for reduction of excessive gingival display.

Keywords: Gummy smile, altered passive eruption, crown lengthening, Gingivoplastic, Osteoplastic

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[6]. Lee EA. Aesthetic crown lengthening: classification, biologic rationale, and treatment planning considerations. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent2004; 16:769-778
[7]. Chu SJ, Karabin S, Mistry S. Short tooth syndrome: diagnosis, etiology, and treatment management. J Calif Dent Assoc 2004;32:143-152

Abstract: Background: Chronic hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress, impairs endothelial function, facilitates monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and thickens intima media contributing to development of atherosclerosis. The resistive index and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery are sonographic parameters that depend on the degree of atherosclerosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of carotid arterial resistive index, IMT with glycemic status in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and methods: Thirty five type 2 diabetic patients with more than 5 year diabetic duration in the age group of 35 to 60 years were selected for this study, 20 age matched healthy individuals were selected as control group. Common carotid artery resistive index, IMT and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) were analyzed by conventional standardized methods.

[1]. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk
factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(1):14-22.
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thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007;115(4):459-467.
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between carotid intima media thickness and silent cerebral infarction in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(1):168-170.
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hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Clin Cardiol. 1993; 16:614–618.

Abstract: Most of the psychiatric illnesses have a chronic relapsing course. Readmission rate for discharged patients is estimated to be approximately 40-50% within a year of their discharge from the hospital. Readmission has a major role in reducing the quality of life and increasing the years of lost life. "Several factors contribute towards readmissions. Understanding these factors will decrease the number of readmissions and cost to the patient and the hospital. Aims and objectives: To study the factors associated with readmissions at Government Hospital for Mental care,Visakhapatnam. To study the association between the socio-demographic correlates illness& treatment variables and the number of readmissions.

1]. Vasudeva S, Narendrakumar MS, SekharKC:Duration of first admission and its relation to the readmission rate in a psychiatry hospital, Indian J of Psychiatry oct-Dec; 51(4).
[2]. Bridge JA Barb RP. Reducing hospital readmission in depression and Schizophrenia:Current evidence. Current Opin Psychiatry 2004;17:505-11.
[3]. W.H. Sledge, B.Astrachan, K.Thompson, J.Rakfeldt, and.Leaf,"Case management in psychiatry: an analysis of tasks", American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.152 no.9,pp.1259-1265,1995.
[4]. P.Montgomery and H. Kirkpatrick " Understanding those who seek frequent Psychiatric hospitalisations ",Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol.16, no.1,pp15-24,2002.
[5]. E.M. Arnold,D.B. Goldston, A. Ruggiero, B.A.Reboussin,S.S.Daniel, and E.A.Hickman," Rates and predictors of rehospitalisation among formerly hospitalised adolescents, "Psychiatric Services, vol. 54,no. 7,pp.994-998,2003.
[6]. J.D. Prince, A.Akincigil, E.Kalayet al.,Psychiatricrehospitalisation among elderly persons in the United States", Psychiatric Services, vol. 59,no.9, pp1038-1045, 2008.

Abstract:Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) in order or advance mandible is a common surgery for patients with mandibular retrognathism. While various complications could result after this surgery, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of BSSO surgery on electric activity and function of masseter muscle. 36 patients in need of mandibular advancement with BSSO technique participated in the present study. At three time points including prior the surgery, 3months, and 6 months after electromyography (EMG) of the masseter was recorded. The results indicated that the electric function of the muscle decreased significantly after 3 months (P-value < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed between baseline and 6 month follow up EMG values (P-value > 0.05). According to the results of the present study, orthognathic surgery of retrognathic mandible lead to transient alterations of masseter muscle activity which would be resolved after 6 months.
Keywords: Electromyography, Lip Paresthesia, Mandibular Retrognathism, Masseter Muscle, Sagital Split Osteotomy.

[1] B.N. Epker, J.P. Stella, L.C. Fish, Dentofacial deformities: Integrated orthodontic and surgical correction St Louis: Mosby, 1996.
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Abstract: Aim of this study was to standardize the Antimalarial drug sensitivity testing using microtitre plate method similar to WHO III plate method. The study was conducted over a period of two years from January 2013 to December 2014. Total 44 patient samples were included in this study (22 were P. falciparum and 22 were P. vivax). 68.18% of P. falciparum blood samples showed resistance to chloroquine. Resistance was also detected for amodiaquine (18.18%) and sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine (15%). No resistance was detected for artemisinin, mefloquine and quinine. P. vivax showed 27.73% resistance to chloroquine and 13.64% resistance to primaquine. No resistance was found for other antimalarial drugs. Chloroquine resistance has developed because of indiscrimate use of this drug. Proper diagnosis of malaria and drug sensitivity testing should be done routinely to prevent emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs. Monotherapy should be avoided and combined drug therapy will reduce chances of emergence of drug resistance. Keywords: Microtitre plate, Chloroquine, Primaquine, Artesunate, Antimalarial drug sensitivity testing.

[1]. Donelly AS, Rebekah B, Gisela H, Nahla BG, Khalid BB, Christian H, et al. Culture-adapted Plasmodium falciparum isolates from UK travellers: in vitro drug sensitivity, clonality and drug resistance markers. Malaria Journal. 2013; 12:320.
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Abstract: Tujuan: Mengetahui adanya perbedaan ekspresi HIF2α pada plasenta kehamilan preeklampsia IUGR dan kehamilan preeklampsia non-IUGR. Untuk membuktikan adanya hubungan antara ekspresi HIF2α dengan berat badan bayi lahir dan derajat IUGR. Metode: Penelitian cross sectional. Penelitian menggunakan spesimen sel trofoblas pada plasenta dari preeklampsia IUGR dan preeklampsia non-IUGR. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 42 (nPE-IUGR=21, nPE-NonIUGR= 21). Sampel plasenta dikumpulkan di laboratorium Biomedik, kemudian diperiksa ekspresi HIF2α. Hasil diuji dengan Shapiro-Wilk test dan Levene test dilanjutkan dengan Mann-Whitney test dan Spearman test. Hasil: Ekspresi HIF2α pada preeklampsia IUGR lebih tinggi dibanding preeklampsia non IUGR didapatkan perbedaan secara bermakna dengan [p(0,000)< 0.05]. Ekspresi HIF2α memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan berat badan lahir bayi dengan [p(0,000)< 0.05]. Ekspresi HIF2α memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan derajat IUGR dengan [p(0,000)< 0.05].

[1]. Alberta, P.H (2008). Intrauterine growth restriction diagnosis and management. Practice Resource for Healthcare providers, Perinatal Health Program
[2]. Alexander, E.P (2011). Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with increased apoptosis and altered expression of proteins in the p53 pathway in villous trophoblast. Apoptosis.
[3]. Andrea, L (2012). Screening, diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth restriction. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 34(1): 17-28.
[4]. Berthold, H (2009). Oxygen as modulator of trophoblast invasion. Anatomy Journal, pp 14-20.
[5]. Cunningham, F.G, Leveno, K.J, Bloom, S.L, Hauth, J.C, Rouse, D.J, Spong, C.Y (2010). Fetal growth disorders. In Williams Obstetrics. United states of America: The McGraw-Hill companies.
[6]. Damir, R (2011). Trophoblast apoptosis in human term placentas from pregnancies complicated with idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation. The journal of maternal-fetal and neonatal medicine, 745-751.

Abstract: Introduction: Genuine stress urinary incontinence is a significant urological condition in female, effecting psychosocial welfare, interpersonal relationships, quality of life and general health. Methods: A prospective study was performed to analyze outcomes Transobturator Tape(TOT) mesh repair in genuine stress urinary incontinence in Department of Urology, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam over a two year period. All patients underwent TOT mesh repair under spinal anesthesia with a mean follow up of two months. Results: Total number of patients studied was 50. Majority of women in our study fall in 40 to 45 years age group, with mean age of 42.5years. All patients belong to STAMEY Grade I (70%) or Grade II (30%). Maximum patients' weight pad 3.5gms preoperatively. Sixty four percent patients had VLPP of 60-80 cm of H2O and 36% have 80-120 cm of H2O. Majority (92%) of patients in our study were cured of stress urinary incontinence with TOT mesh repair and 8% of patients had symptomatic improvement. No failures were noted.

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Abstract: We present a case of 55 year old male patient a known case of NIDDM, Hypertension, IHD, CVA and BA who presented with appendicular perforation for emergency laparoscopic appendicectomy. In this case we have tried to discuss the challenges of performing laparoscopic surgery in a multiple comorbid patient with cardiac dysfunction under regional anesthesia. Our patient successfully underwent laparoscopic surgery under sole epidural anesthesia. The key to success was good preoperative assessment and optimisation, aggressive hemodynamic monitoring, lowered intra abdominal pressure and reduction in pneumoperitoneum time.

[1]. Sagar Sadhu, Sujit Sarkar, Tarshid A. Jahangir, Rakesh Verma, Forqan Shaikh, Sanjay Kr. Dubey, and Manas Kr. Roy. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Patients with Cardiac Dysfunction. Indian J Surg. 2011 Apr; 73(2): 90–95.
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Abstract: Regional Odontodysplasia is a rare severe,non hereditary developmental anomaly with an unknown etiology.On radiographs affected teeth have an abnormal morphology,a hypoplastic crown and only a faint outline of hard tissue, a condition termed ghost teeth.This report describes the clinical and radiological findings of Regional Odontodysplasia.

Keywords: Regional odontodysplasia ,ghost teeth,delayed eruption..

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the application of the Alvarado score in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. This study was reported for the first time from Republic of Mauritius. A total of 106 patients with clinical impression of acute appendicitis were included in this study. All patients underwent thorough clinical evaluation, pre-operative total leucocyte count (TLC) and differential leucocyte count (DLC) along with Alvarado scoring. Based on the presence of signs & symptoms Alvarado score was assigned..

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Abstract: Background: Global warming has become one of the major environmental issues facing the world today and there is distressing evidence of wide range of implications for human health. Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitude regarding global warming among the high school students. Materials and Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 400 students of three different medium schools using pretested, self administered questionnaire. Ethical clearance, informed consent and assent was taken from the concerned authority and person. Percentage and Chi-square was applied for statistical analysis. Results: In this study only (16.5%) of students had good knowledge about global warming while majority (70.5%) of them had average knowledge and (13%) had poor knowledge towards the same. Majority (78.5%) of students had average attitude towards global warming whereas (21.5%) of them had poor attitude.

[1]. Aladag E, Ugurlu NB. Global climate change education in Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.herodot.net/conferences/ayvalik/papers/educ-08.pdf. Accessed on 13/12/2013.
[2]. Aydin F. Secondary school students' perceptions towards Global warming: A phenomenographic analysis. Scientific Research and Essays 2010; 5(12): 1566-70.
[3]. Santos Dos MAO. South African postgraduate consumer's attitude towards global warming. African Journal of Business Management 2011; 5(3): 4215-25.
[4]. Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R, et al. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet 2009; 373(9676): 1693-733.
[5]. National Circumstances – Climate Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-and-climate-change/the-national-circumstances. Accessed on 5/11/2014.

Abstract: Carcinoma of a breast is rare in men accounting for 0.6% of all breast cancers and less than 1% of malignancies in men. Risk factors are same as that of female breast cancer. Poor prognosis of this cancer is attributed to late age of presentation. We present a case of male breast cancer diagnosed with cytology in a 73 year old male patient to highlight its rarity and to increase the awareness. Keywords: Breast cancer, Male, Prognosis.

[1]. Rizzolo P, Silvestri V, Tommasi S, Pinto R, et al. Male breast cancer:genetics, epigenetics and ethical aspects. Annals of Oncology 2013; 24( 8):75-82.
[2]. Melenhorst J, Van berlo C.L.H., Nijhuis P.H.A. Simultaneous Bilateral Breast Cancer in a Male: a Case Report and Review of the Literature. Actachir belg,2005;105:531-532.
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[6]. Ruddy K, Winer E. Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. Annals of Oncology. 2013;00:1-9.

Abstract: Orthodontics is based on tooth movement through bone resulting from the application of mechanical forces. The bone remodeling takes place through an inflammatory process associated with pain or discomfort. Orthodontic pain is the most frequent complaint of the patients undergoing orthodontic therapy. The lengthy duration of treatment along with frequent pain due to the orthodontic appliances often leads to patient burn out and has been associated with discontinuation of orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this review article is to throw a light on the various possible causes of orthodontic pain and to discuss the various management options for the orthodontic pain.

Keywords: Orthodontic Pain, Nonsteroidal-antiinflammatory drugs, orthodontic tooth movement.

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[5]. Jones M, Chan C. The pain and discomfort experienced during orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial of two initial aligning arch wires. Am.J.Orthod.DentofacialOrthop. 1992 Oct;102(4):373‐381.
[6]. Gameiro G.H., Pereira-Neto J.S., Magnani M.B., Nouer D.F., The influence of drugs and systemic factors on orthodontic tooth movement. J. Clin. Orthod., 2007; 41(2): 73-78.
[7]. Knop L.A., Shintcovsk R.L., Retamoso L.B., Ribeiro J.S., Tanaka O.M., Non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory use in the context of orthodontic movement. Eur. J. Orthod., 2012; 34(5): 531-535.

Abstract: To identify levels of cervical cancer risk factor and symptom awareness as well as reasons for not seeking medical help in Bihar (India) female population. Design: Population based survey. Setting: Mahavir Cancer Sansthan , Patna. Sample: Bihar representative sample of females aged 16 years and over (n = 142). Materials and methods: Respondents completed the Cervical Cancer Awareness Questionnaire which included questions on awareness of cervical cancer symptoms, risk factors (both recalled and recognised) and reasons for not seeking medical help. Multiple regression analysis were used to identify predictors of higher symptom and risk factor recognition ..

[1]. Bruni L, Barrionuevo – Rosas L, Serrano B, Brostons M, Albergo G, Osano R, Munoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Castellsague X, Human Papilloma virus and Related Diseases in India. Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV information cancer), Summary Report 2014.
[2]. Shanta V. Perspectives in cervical cancer prevention in India, (2003). The international network for cancer treatment and research.
[3]. National Cancer Registry Programme (2006). An overview. Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi.
[4]. Canavan TP, Doshi NR (2000). "Cervical cancer.". Am Fam Physician, 61,2000, 1369-76.
[5]. Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, et al The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet, 364, 2004, 249-56.

Abstract: Objective:To determine the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) among Iraqi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its association with disease activity. Patients and methods: This case control study included 100 patients with SLE and 100 healthy controls comparable in age and sex. Baseline characteristics [age, sex, disease duration, and SLE clinical features] were documented. Lupus disease activity was measured using systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI). The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for fibromyalgia were applied for both groups. Comparative statistics were done using Chi square test for categorical variables and students' independent 2 samples (t) test for continuous variables..

[1]. Carville SF, Arendt-Nielsen S, Bliddal H, et al. EULAR – evidence-based recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:536–41.
[2]. HeymannRE,Paiva ES, Helfenstein MJ, et al. ConsensoBrasileiro doTratamento de Fibromialgia. Rev BrasReumatol. 2010;50:56–66.
[3]. Abeles AM, Pillinger MH, Solitar BM, Abeles M. Narrative review: the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:726–34
[4]. Nielsen CT, Lood C, Ostergaard O, et al. Plasma levels of galectin-3-binding protein reflect type I interferon activity and are increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2014 Nov 19;1(1):e000026. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2014-000026. eCollection 2014.
[5]. Bader-Meunier B. Initial presentation of childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a French Multicenter study. J Pediatr 2005;146:648-653
[6]. Wolfe F, Petri M, Alarcón GS, et al. Fibromyalgia. Systemiclupus erythematosus (SLE) and evaluation of SLE activity. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:82–8.
[7]. Akkasilpa S, Goldman D, Magder LS, Petri M. Number of fibromyalgia tender points is associated with health status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:48–50.

Abstract: The pineal gland is very important human endocrine gland and its location and size is very important for the neurologist and neurosurgeons and for the radiologist because in certain radiological investigations it is the guide of midline and its right or left shifting is highly suggestive of space occupying lesion in the brain. The aim of study was to find out the morphometric parameters of pineal gland and their variations in the different age groups. For this 100 cases were scaned by 3D CT Scan out of which 73 are males & 27 are females from mp region. All the measurements were taken in sagittal, coronal and axial view by CT scan & measurement done directly on computer on DICOM images using the DICOM viewer software..

1]. Turgut M, Kumar R., Pineal Gland and Melatonin: Recent Advances in Development, Imaging, Disease and Treatment, ( New York, Nova Science 2011).
[2]. Reyes PF. Age related histologic changes in the human pineal gland. Prog Clin Biol Res.1992;253–61.
[3]. 3. Keller SS, Roberts N., Measurement of brain volume using MRI: software, techniques, choices and prerequisites, Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2009;87:127–51.
[4]. Sumida M, James Barkovich A and Hans Newton T. "Development of the pineal gland: measurement with MR". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1996;17:233–36.
[5]. Langman j., Medical Embryology 3rd ed.(Baltimore,Williams &Wilkins,1975) 175–78.
[6]. Janusz Golan, Kamil Torres, Grzegorz J. Staśkiewicz, Grzegorz Opielak, Ryszard Maciejewski. Morphometric parameters of the human pineal gland in relation to age, body weight and height. Folia Morphol. 2002; 61:111–13.

Abstract: Aims And Objectives: Comparison of the efficacy of Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam during monitored anaesthesia care in minor ENT surgical procedures with special emphasis on the sedative properties and the effectiveness of sedation, the number of doses of rescue analgesics given and the haemodynamic properties measured. Materials And Methods: 40 patients aged between 15-50 years undergoing ear surgeries under local anaesthesia randomly received Inj. Dexmeditomidine 1μg/kg intravenously, over 10 mins followed by 0.5μg/kg/hr(Group D) or Inj. Midazolam 0.06mg/kg diluted intravenously slowly, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/hr(Group M) followed by dextrose normal saline infusion at 0.2 ml/kg/hr. Sedation was titrated to Ramsay sedation score (RSS) of three. Vital parameters, intraoperative pain intensity by visual analogue scale (VAS)>3,no of rescue analgesics doses with fentanyl 1μg/kg was recorded.

[1]. Yuan, H., Chiang, C.Y., Cheng, J., Salzmann, V., Yamashita, Y.M. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1715–21.
[2]. Cormack JR, Orme RM, Costello TG (2005). "The role of alpha2-agonists in neurosurgery". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 12 (4): 375–8.
[3]. Paris A, Tonner PH (2005). "Dexmedetomidine in anaesthesia". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 18 (4).
[4]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc (1 March 2009). "Midazolam Injection". USA: National Institutes of Health.
[5]. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP (1992). "Intensive surveillance of midazolam use in hospitalized patients and the occurrence of cardiorespiratory arrest". Pharmacotherapy 12 (3): 213–16
[6]. Eren G, Cukurova Z, Demir G, Hergunsel O, Kozanhan B, Emir NS. Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and three different doses of Midazolam in preoperative sedation. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2011;27:367-72.
[7]. Karaaslan K, Yilmaz F, Gulcu N, Colak C, Sereflican M, Kocoglu H. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for monitored anesthesia care combined with tramadol via patient-controlled analgesia in endoscopic nasal surgery: A prospective, randomized, double-blind,clinical study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2007;68:69-81.

Abstract: Actinomycosis of the tonsillar tissue is a rare pathological condition whose clinical significance has been disputed over by authors worldwide. Specimens of chronic tonsillitis showing Actinimycoses were involved in this study. The histopathology of the tonsillectomy specimens revealed colonies of Actinomyces in tonsillar crypts, along with cryptitis and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. The question whether the presence of colonies in tonsil is incidental or causative for tonsillar lesions is still not definitely solved.The present study was conducted to determine the histopathological features of tonsils and significance of Actinomycosis in chronic tonsillitis.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the histopathological features of tonsils and significance of Actinomycosis in chronic tonsillitis..

[1]. Schwartz HC, Wilson MC. Cervicofacial actinomycosis following orthognathic surgery: report of 2 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59: 447-9.
[2]. Ashraf MJ, Azarpira N, Khademi B, Hashemi B, Shishegar M. Relation between Actinomycosis and histopathological and clinical features of the palatine tonsils: an Iranian Experience. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2011; 13:499-502.
[3]. Soler Sendra A, Subirana Pozo FX, Consola Maroto B, Serra Carreras J, Cuquet Pedragosa J. [Tonsillar actinomycosis manifested as expectorated debris]. [Article in Spanish] Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2009; 60: 372-374.
[4]. Assimakopoulos D, Vafiadis M, Askitis P, et al. The incidence of Actinomyces israelii colonization in tonsillar tissue. A histopathological study. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 1992; 93:122–126.
[5]. Mohamad I. Actinomyces in the tonsils: Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Experience. The Internet Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2009; 8(2).
[6]. Bhargava D, Bhusnurmath B, Sundaram KR, Raman R, Al Okbi HM, Al Abri R, et al. Tonsillar actinomycosis: a clinicopathological study. Acta Trop 2001; 80:163–168.

Abstract: Laryngoscopy and intubation are associated with stress response changes like tachycardia, hypertension and dysrhythmias. The hemodynamic responses during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation should be abolished to balance the myocardial oxygen supply and demand which is a key note in the safe conduct of anaesthesia. Many studies have shown Clonidine , a selective α2 adrenoceptor agonist with sedative and analgesic effects, to be an effective drug for attenuation of hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. Gabapentin, is a newer drug being used as an antiepileptic . Recently few studies have shown it to be useful for attenuation of intubation responses. Here we have compared the effects of Clonidine and Gabapentin for attenuating hemodynamic effects on laryngoscopy and intubation. We found that Gabapentin was a better drug compared to clonidine to attenuate the pressor response associated with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation, but the tachycardiac response is not completely attenuated. More over incidence of side effects is lower in patients treated with gabapentin.

Keywords - Clonidine , Gabapentin, Hemodynamic Response, Intubation..

[1] Henderson J. Airway management in the adult. In: Miller RD, editor. Miller's Anaesthesia, 7 th ed. Churchill Livingstone: Philadelphia; 2010. p. 1573-1610.
[2] King BD, Harris LC, Griefenstein FE, Elder JD, Dripps RD. Reflex circulatory responses to direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation performed during general anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1951; 12: 556-66.
[3] Derbyshire DR, Smith G. Sympatho adrenal responses to anaesthesia and surgery. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 725-39.
[4] Yokota S, Komatsu T, Yano K, Taki K, Shimada Y.Nagoya .Effect of oral clonidine premedication on hemodynamic response during sedated nasal fiberoptic intubation.J Med Sci. 1998 May;61(1-2):47-52.
[5] Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280:1831–6.
[6] Marashi SM, Ghafari MH, Saliminia A: Attenuation of hemodynamic responses following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation - Comparative assessment of Clonidine and Gabapentin premedication. M.E.J. Anaesth 2009;20 (2):233-237.

Abstract: Thyrotoxicosis is a common endocrine disorder which may be of primary or secondary thyrotoxicosis type affecting almost all the organ systems of the body. The aim of this study is to study the age, sex distribution, modes of clinical presentation, investigation and management of the disease.

Method: Thirty patients with thyrotoxicosis were studied prospectively from October 2012 to March 2014. Patients were diagnosed by clinical examination and by investigation like thyroid profile (T4, T3, TSH) levels in K.R.Hospital using inclusion and exclusion criteria's. All diagnosed patients were rendered euthyroid with medical line of treatment before subjecting them for surgery..

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Abstract: A growth curve was determined using a standard strain of Sporothrix schenckii (ATCC 14284). Yeast nitrogen base medium (YNB) was used to study the different phases of growth in the mycelial form of Sporothrix schenckii. After doing the sub-culture, the optical density (OD) was recorded and then tube was incubated at 25ºC, thereafter, daily readings of OD were taken to obtain a growth curve. Lag phase was observed from time of inoculation to day one. Log phase was observed from day 2 to day 14 followed by the stationary phase till day 16. Thereafter, an unceasing decline in ODs was observed till day 34 and considered as the death phase. Keywords: Sporothrix schenckii, lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase.

[1]. P.S. Grover, R. Bareja, M. Kaystha, Characterization of lipids of Sporothrix schenckii, J. Acad. Indus. Res., 1(9), 2013, 568-570.
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[3]. S. Shadomy, A. Espinel-Ingroff, L. Paxton, Laboratory methods in medical mycology, 4th ed. U.S. Department of health education and welfare, Public health services: Centre for disease control, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978, 173.
[4]. T.C. Granade, M.F. Hehmann, W.M. Artis, Monitoring of filamentous fungal growth by in situ microspectrophotometry, fragmented mycelium absorbance density, and 14c incorporation: alternatives to mycelial dry weight, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49(1), 1985, 101-108.

Abstract: Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the proper treatment plan. The available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the lateral incisor site and single tooth implants. Dental implants offer a promising treatment option for placement of congenitally missing teeth. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed in these cases. This article aims to present a case report of replacement of unilaterally congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors with dental implants.

Keywords: Congenitally missing teeth, dental implants, interdisciplinary approach..

[1]. Richardson G, Russell KA. Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors and orthodontic treatment considerations for the single-tooth implant. J Can Dent Assoc 2001;67:25-8
[2]. Dhanrajani PJ. Hypodontia: Etiology, clinical features, and management. Quintessence Int 2002;33:294-302.
[3]. Bishop K, Addy L, Knox J. Modern restorative management of patients with congenitally missing teeth: 4. The role of implants. Dent Update 2007;34:79-80,82.
[4]. Kokich VG. Maxillary lateral incisor implants: Planning with the aid of orthodontics. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:48-56
[5]. Valle AL, Lorenzoni FC, Martins LM, Valle CV, Henriques JF, Almeida AL, et al. A multidisciplinary approach for the management of hypodontia: Case report. J Appl Oral Sci 2011;19:544-8
[6]. Millar BJ, Taylor NG. Lateral thinking: The management of missing upper lateral incisors. Br Dent J 1995;179:99-106