iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2015

Abstract:Evaluation of cardiac structure is essential for definitive diagnosis of cardiac anomalies, which has significant implications in planning and implementing prenatal therapy. Congenital cardiac malformations are the most common anomalies encountered in pediatric clinics. The present study is aimed at analyzing various morphological and morphometric parameters of human fetal hearts by collecting heart specimens from dead and spontaneously aborted fetuses of various gestational ages. A total of 60 apparently normal dead aborted embryos and fetuses of both sexes and of 10 - 40 weeks gestational age were utilized for observing and measuring certain morphological and morphometric parameters of external body and external cardiac parameters. All the external body parameters and external cardiac parameters are moderately correlated except heart height and heart weight that were strongly correlated with body weight. Mean values of all parameters are increasing significantly with gestational age in trimester wise groups whereas in week wise group they are differing significantly. All the parameters are having significant strong positive correlation among each other. Heart height and heart weight were strongly correlated with body weight. The morphometric data and their innovative interpretation have immediate applications in both morphological and functional areas of cardiology, which is helpful in permanent clinical evaluation of fetal heart development.

Key words: Aborted fetuses, External fetal body dimensions, External cardiac parameters, Fetal heart height, Fetal heart weight.

[1] Bronshtein M, Siegler E, Yoffe N, Zimmer EZ (1990): Prenatal diagnosis of ventricular septal defect and overriding aorta 14 weeks gestation, using transvaginal sonography. Prenatal Diagn; 10; 697-702.
[2] Jennecy Sales Cavalcanti, Suzana Marques Duarte: Morphometric study of fetal heart: a parameter for echocardiographic analysis. Radiol. Bras. 2008 Mar/Apr: 41(2): 99-101.
[3] Hornberger LK, Sahn DJ, Klienman CS, et.al. (1991): Tricuspid valve disease with significant tricuspid insufficiency in the fetus: diagnosis and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol ; 17: 167-73 (cited by Cavalcanti JS, 2008).
[4] Wladmiroff JW, Mc Ghie J (1981): Ultasonic assessment of cardiovascular geometry and function in the human fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 88: 870-5 (cited by Cavalcanti JS, 2008).
[5] Allan LD, Joseph MC, Boyd EG, Campbell S, Tynan M (1982): M-mode echocardiography in the developing human fetus. Br Heart J; 47; 573-83.
[6] De Vore GR, Siassi B, Platt LD (1984): Fetal echocardiography, IV M-mode assessment of ventricular size and contractility during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in the normal fetus. Am J Obstet Gynaecol. ; 150: 981 (cited by Cavalcanti and Duarte, 2008).

Abstract: Objective : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tranexamic acid in the reduction of blood loss during and after caesarean section. This study was conducted during period of two years. Methods: This is a prospective and randomized study consisting of 200 patients undergoing caesarean section. This included 100 cases from study and 100 cases from control group. Both primigravida and primipara previous one caesarean section were included.

[1]. Katsaros D, Petricevic M, snow NJ.tranexamic acid reduces postbypass
[2]. blood use: a double blind, prospective, randomized study of 210 patients. Ann thorac surg 1996; 61:1131-5.
[3]. Hoylaerts M , lijnen HR, colleen D studies on the mechanism of the antifibrinolytic a action of tranexamic acid biochim biohys acta 1981;673: 75-85.
[4]. Sunanberg L, astedt B, Nilsson IM. Abruption placetae treatment with the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid. Acta obstet gynecol scand 1980;59:127-30.
[5]. Bekassy Z, Astedt B. treatment with the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid. acta obstet gynacol scand 1990;69: 353-4
[6]. Zheng SR, Yang HX, et al. clinical study on the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing postpartum blood loss. Chin J obstet gynecol2001;36:59.

Abstract: The human placenta is the "Mirror of maternal and foetal status:" The human placenta is a Labyrinthine, Heamochorial, chorio-allantoic and deciduate organ. A term placenta was described by morton (1957) in multigravid female. The present study has been undertaken to study whether maternal and foetal causes for variation in morphometric study of placenta have any relevance with reported abnormalities the tremendous benefit will be achieved by solving above problems and paucity of much work in this part of North coastal Andhra Pradesh gave an impetus to take up the study of morphometric data of placenta

Keywords: Battledore Placenta ,Circumference, Diameter, length & Weight of the Placenta and Umblical cord, Cotyledons, Monochorionic-biamniotic Placenta.

[1]. Amoroso, E.C.: Placentation. In, Marshall's Physiology of reproduction. 3rd. edition (ed. A.S. Parkes), Vol. 2, pp.
127-309, 1952. Longmans Green, London.
[2]. Amoroso, E C. Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction. Parkes A S. , editor. Vol. 2. Boston: Little Brown ; 1952;
[3]. Archibald, J. D.; Rose, K. D. The Rise of Placental Mammals. Rose K. D., Archibald J. D. , editors.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press; 2005. pp. 1–8.
[4]. Asher, R. J. The Rise of Placental Mammals. Rose K. D., Archibald J. D. , editors. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ.
Press; 2005. pp. 50–70.

Abstract: The platform switching concept involves the reduction of the restoration abutment diameter with respect to the diameter of the dental implant.Crestal bone loss has been documented as one of the important factors that affect the long term prognosis of a dental implant. Platform switching for maintaining peri-implant bone levels has gained popularity among implant manufacturers over the last few years. However, the assumption that the inward shifting of the implant- abutment junction may preserve crestal bone was primarily based on serendipitous finding rather than scientific evidence.

[1]. Lazzara RJ, Porter SS. Platform switching: a new concept in implant dentistry for controlling post-restorativecrestal bone levels. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2006;26:9-17.
[2]. Serrano-Sanchez P,LuisJ,Manzanera-Pastor E. The influence of platform switching in dental implants. A literature reviewMed Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 May 1;16 (3) :e400-5.
[3]. CalvoGuirado JL, SaezYuguero MR, Pardo Zamora G, Muñoz Barrio E. Immediate provisionalization on a new implant design for esthetic restoration and preserving crestal bone.Implant Dent. 2007;16:155-64.
[4]. Gardner DM. Platform switching as a means to achieving implant esthetics. N Y State Dent J. 2005;71:34-7.
[5]. Luongo R, Traini T, Guidone PC, Bianco G, Cocchetto R, Celletti R. Hard and soft tissue responses to the platform-switching technique. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent.2008;28:551-7

Abstract: Adolescence is the period of maturation between childhood and adulthood heralded by the physiological signs and surging hormones of puberty.WHO defines age group 12-19 yrs.Adolescence is largely a time of exploration and making choices, a gradual process of working towards an integrated concept of self. Adolescents/young adults have higher rates of substance use and use disorders than older adults.Earlier onset of substance use predicts greater addiction severity and morbidity.Drug abuse among adolescents is a cause of concern because use in this age group is associated with increased risk of accidents, violence and high-risk sexual behaviour.

[1]. (Volkow and Li.The neuroscience of addiction.Nature Neuroscience,8,1429-1430(2005).
[2]. (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/focus-adolescent-health/en/ 1/4).
[3]. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH),2010,highlights
[4]. National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2011.drug facts:high school and youth trends.NIH.the science of drug abuse and addiction
[5]. Ray R(2004).The extent,pattern and trends of drug abuse in india, national survey ,DAMS report.
[6]. Brogensinghakoijam, M.nukshisanglajamir, Ebenezerphesao, gojendrasinghsenjam. Inhalant use among schoolchildren in northeast India: a preliminary study.Substance abuse: research and treatment .research gate.01/2013; 7:185-90. DOI: 10.4137/SART.S12750.

Abstract: One of the most common congenital defect involving the face and jaws is cleft lip and palate. Treatment of cleft lip and palate is always by team approach and orthodontist plays an important role in it. Hence this case report discusses the details regarding orthodontic management of cleft lip and palate in a 15 year old adolescent female patient who presented with a class I molar and canine relationship on right side and end on left side, maxillary and mandibular anterior crowding, increased overbite, over retained maxillary deciduous left lateral incisor and a supernumerary tooth, missing maxillary left lateral incisor and a severely rotated maxillary left central incisor. The patient was treated with a Preadjusted edgewise appliance with non extraction line of treatment . The canine and molar relationship, the arch alignment, overbite was corrected and also the missing maxillary left lateral incisor was replaced with a clear plastic appliance which acted as a retainer and a provisional bridge. The total treatment time was only ten months. The orthodontic and restorative procedures as well as the clear plastic appliance has resulted with a significant improvement in esthetics and self confidence of the patient.

Keywords - Cleft lip and palate, Box Loop, Clear Plastic Appliance

[1] R Reddy SG, Reddy RR, Bronkhorst EM, Prasad R, Ettema AM, Sailer HF, et al. Incidence of cleft Lip and palate in the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010;43:184–9.
[2] Proffit WR, fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. (4thed). St. Louis, 2007, Elsevier.
[3] Graber , Vanarsdall and Vig. Orthodontics:Current Principles and Technique . (4thed). St. Louis, 2007, Elsevier.
[4] Millard DR.Cleft lip.In:McCarthy JW, May JW, Littler JW, eds.Plastic Surgery.Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co;1990.
[5] Sheridan JJ, Ledoux W, McMinn R:Essix technology for the fabrication of temporary bridges,J Clin Orthod 28:8, 1994.

Abstract: Insulinoma is very rare tumor, patients present with features of profound hypoglycemia, life threatening coma.high degree of suspicion is required for this rare entity. Many patients are erroneously referred to psychiatrists and neurologists. In majority of the cases there is diagnostic delay of years. Some patients even die due to unnoticed severe hypoglycemia. A young male presented to us with after three years of recurrent attacks of coma, hypoglycemic symptomsin diagnosis .During these three years patient consulted several doctors even at tertiary level hospital. Even specialists missed the insulinoma and patient was erroneously diagnosed to have a psychiatric problem. Insulinoma was diagnosed when patient presented in coma that also by chance. Enucleation was performed patient recovered well and is moving forward with his life happily

[1]. JemalA, Seigel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics,2009. CACancer J clin.2009;59(4):225-249.
[2]. Pour PM, Schnider B. The link between exocrine pancreatic cancer and endocrine pancreas. Int J Pancreatil.1999;25(2):77-87.
[3]. Christen HB, Brusgaard K, Beck Nielsen H, Brock JB. Non insulinoma persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycemia caused by an activating glucokinase mutation: hypoglycemia unawareness and attacks. Clin endocrinol 9oxf) 2008;68(5):747-755.
[4]. Van Hoe L, Gryspeerdt S, Marchal G et al. Helical CT for preoperative localization of islet cell tumor of pancreas: value of arterial and parenchymal phase images. AJR Am Roentgenol. 1995;165(6):1437-1439.
[5]. Thoeni RF, Muller-Lisse UG, Chan R, et al. detection of small functional islet cell tumors of pancreas: selection of MR imaging sequences for optimal sensitivity.. Radiology 2000;214(2):483-490.

Abstract: It has been said that cirrhotic liver is an infertile soil for the development of secondaries from extrahepatic malignancies. We present case of cirrhosis of liver with secondaries from a duodenal malignancy.

Key words: cirrhosis, extrahepatic malignancy, duodenal malignancy.

[1]. Lisa, J. R., Solomon C., and Gordon, E. J. Secondary carcinoma in cirrhosis of the liver. Am. J. Path., 1942, i8, I37-140.
[2]. Ruebner Bh, Green R, Miyai K, Caranasos G, Abbey H. The rarity of intrahepatic metastasis in cirrhosis of the liver. A statistical explanation with some comments on the interpretation of necropsy data. Am J Pathol. 1961 Dec;39:739-46.
[3]. Vanbockrijck M, Klöppel G. Incidence and morphology of liver metastasis from extrahepatic malignancies to cirrhotic livers. Zentralbl Pathol 1992 Apr; 138(2) :91-6.

Abstract: In this study we sought to investigate the effects of chronic alcoholism on the body leading to changes in levels of serum magnesium and other serum electrolytes. METHOD: A total of fifty (50) patients with chronic alcoholism without treatment were included in the study. Twenty five (25) healthy non alcoholic controls were also included in the study for comparison.

[1]. Knochel JP. Derangements of univalent and divalent ions in chronic alcoholism.In:EpsteinM, ed. The Kidney in liver disease 3rd edition. Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins,1988:132-53.
[2]. DM Vasudevan , Sreekumari .Textbook of Biochem3istry for Medical students 7th ed ,S Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(p)Ltd, chapter11,p 141.
[3]. Q.M.Anstee,D.E.J.Jones . Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine , 22nd ed, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Ltd , chapter 23, p 957.
[4]. De Marchi S, Cecchin E, Basile A, Bertotti A, Nardini R, Bartoli E. Renal tubular dysfunction in chronic alcohol abuse-effects of abstinence.N.Engl J Med 1993 Dec23;329(26):1927-34.

Abstract: Tuberculosis of the cervical spine is a rare clinical entity, with predilection for the dorsolumbar spine. Incidence being 0.03% of all the cases. The most common site involved is the vertebral body. We report an unusual case of lower cervical Pott"s spine, who presented as infra auricular abscess. Keywords: tuberculosis, pott"s spine, cervical spine,infra auricular abscess.

[1]. Wurtz R, Quader Z, Simon D, et al. Cervical tuberculosis vertebral osteomyelitis: case report and discussion of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(6): 806-8.
[2]. Carey ME. Infections of the spine and spinal cord. In: Youmans JR, ed. Neurological Surgery. 4th edn, vol.5. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996: 3270-304.
[3]. Lukhele M. Tuberculosis of cervical spine. S Afr Med J 1996;86:553-6.
[4]. Polland BA, El-Beheiry H. Pott's disease with unstable cervical spine, retropharyngeal cold abscess and progressive airway obstruction. Can J Anaesth 1999;46:772-5.
[5]. Obisesan AA, Lagundoye SB, Lawson EA. Radiological features of tuberculosis of the spine in Ibandan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci 1977;6:55-67.

Abstract: Incomplete appendectomy may predispose to the development of stump appendicitis. Stump appendicitis, the interval re-inflammation of the residual appendiceal tissue, is a rare complication of appendectomy. Stump appendicitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with a previous history of appendectomy who presents with signs and symptoms of appendicitis.

[1]. Roberts KE,Starker LF,Duff AJ,Bell RL"Stump appendicitis:A Surgeons dilemma", J SOC Lap surg, vol.15, 373-8,2011
[2]. Bickell NA, Aufses AH, Jr, Rojas M, Bodian C. How time affects the risk of rupture in appendicitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2006; 202(3): 401–406 [PubMed]
[3]. Truty MJ, Stulak JM, Utter PA, Solberg JJ, Degnim AC. Appendicitis after appendectomy. Arch Surg. 2008; 143(4): 413–415 [PubMed]
[4]. Harris CR. Appendiceal stump abscess ten years after appendectomy. Am J Emerg Med. 1989; 7(4): 411–412 [PubMed]
[5]. Devereaux DA, McDermott JP, Caushaj PF. Recurrent appendicitis following laparoscopic appendectomy. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994; 37(7): 719–720 [PubMed]
[6]. Walsh DC, Roediger WE. Stump appendicitis–a potential problem after laparoscopic appendicectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997; 7(4): 357–358 [PubMed]

Abstract: Here is a case of 43 years female posted for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy with a previously diagnosed Sciatica. The patient had a history of low back ache since 3 years. She had a complaint of typical radiating pain and tingling sensation in her left leg. The MRI report showed Degenerative disc disease at lower lumbar region with mild disc bulge at L3-L4 level and diffuse disc bulge and central herniation at L4-L5 level with focal spinal canal narrowing. Anaesthetic management of this patient has been discussed.

Keywords: Anaesthetic management, spinal stenosis, lumbar disc disease

[1]. Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR. Neurologic complications after neuraxial anesthesia or analgesia in patients with preexisting spinal stenosis or lumbar disc disease. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;29:A89.
[2]. Selander D. Neurotoxicity of local anesthetics: animal data. Reg Anesth 1993;18:461-468.
[3]. Schneider M, Ettlin T, Kaufmann M, et al. Transient neurologic toxicity after hyperbaric subarachnoid anesthesia with 5% lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1993;76:1154-1157.
[4]. Yee TC, Kalichman MW. Effects of aging on nerve conduction block induced by bupivacaine and procaine in rats. J Periph Nerv System 1997;2:175-179.
[5]. Kane RE. Neurologic deficits following epidural or spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1981;60:150-161.

Abstract: Introduction:Non-communicable diseases will account for 73% of deaths and 60% of the global disease burden by 2020. Physical activity plays a major role in the prevention of these non-communicable diseases. Hence the present study was aimed to study the practice of physical activity and other associated factors influencing physical activity among doctors of King George Hospital-Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam. Methods:Across-sectional study was conducted among 234 doctors. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using MS Excel software and was represented in the form of percentages and proportions.

[1]. World Health Organization. Global recommendations on Physical activity for Health. Geneva: WHO press; 2010.
[2]. Misra A, Nigam P, Hills AP, Chadha DS, Sharma V, Deepa KK et al.Consensus Physical activity Guidelines for Asian Indians. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. January 2012, 14(1): 83-98. doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0111.
[3]. American college of sports medicine[internet]. Indianapolis: ACSM issues new recommendations on quantity and quality of exercise.2008[ cited 2015 Apr 02]. Availablefrom:http://www.acsm.org/about-acsm/media-room/news-releases/2011/08/01/acsm-issues-new-recommendations-on-quantity-and-quality-of-exercise
[4]. American Diabetes Association[internet].What we Recommend[updated 2014 Oct 22; cited 2015 Apr 02]. Available from:http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/fitness/types-of-activity/what-we-recommend.html
[5]. Logsdon DN, Lazaro CM, Meier RV. The Feasibility of Behavioural Risk reduction in primary medical care. Am J Prev Med.1989; 5(5):249-256.

Abstract: Objective: This study was intended to evaluate perception of the young adult obese women towards outdoor cycling (henceforth referred to as –cycling) as a proper and useful modality as compared to walking. Study Design: The study, a questionnaire based, was conducted in a weight management clinic in Maharashtra state, India. Obese women between 18 - 40 years of age during their first visit were studied for their perception about cycling Results: There was no significant difference between the scores with walking and cycling indicating these as proper and useful modalities of exercise

[1]. Alan alwan et.al. Noncommunicable diseases countries profiles, WHO 2011: page 5
[2]. Flier, J. F. Obesity, Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 15th edition, volume 1, pages 479 – 486.
[3]. Ohtake P.J.(2008). The impact of obesity on walking: implications for fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Cardiopulmonary physical therapy journal, article June 2008 , number 4 ; 350-353
[4]. Schmitz K.H.et al. (2003). Strength training for obesity prevention in the midlife women, International journal of obesity , 326-333.
[5]. Willis Leslie H. et al.(2012). Effects of aerobic and/ or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults . J. App. Physiol, 113 : 1831 - 1837

Abstract: Although we make every effort to eliminate sources of dissatisfaction in denture construction, it is impossible to eliminate all possible sources. Treating problems with complete denture use requires patience on patients‟ part and patience, skill and experience on the part of dentist. The dentures are worn for a longer time with minimum rest to the denture -bearing tissues which leads to irritation of the soft tissues, depriving it from blood supply and also leading to resorption of the supporting bony foundation. Soft tissues beneath the dentures suffer deformation. Lytle1 has established the difference between physiologically tolerable deformation and a pathologic one.

[1]. Lytle, R. B.: The Management of Abused Oral Tissues in Complete Denture Construction,J. PROSTH. DENT. 7: 27-42, 1957.
[2]. Lytle, R. B.: Soft Tissue Displacement Beneath Removable Partial and Complete Dentures, J. PROSTH. DENT. 12: 34-43, 1962.
[3]. Mese A, Guzel KG.Effect of storage duration on the hardness and tensile bond strength of silicone- and acrylic resin-based resilient denture liners to a processed denture base acrylic resin.J Prosthet Dent. 2008;99(2):153-9.
[4]. Hatamleh MM, Maryan CJ, Silikas N, Watts DC.Effect of net fiber reinforcement surface treatment on soft denture liner retention and longevity.J Prosthodont. 2010;19(4):258-62.
[5]. Hatamleh MM, Rodrigues FP, Silikas N, Watts DC.3D-FE analysis of soft liner-acrylic interfaces under shear loading.Dent Mater. 2011;27(5):445-54.

Abstract: Background: The correct position of bristles of a toothbrush requires them to be bent at an angle of 45 along with gums and teeth surfaces. This practice is quite difficult by many people especially dis- advantage group of people. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of users on a newly designed toothbrush with two brushing surfaces where bristles were prefabricated at an angle of 45o. Methodology: The innovative toothbrush was provided to 500 voluntarily study participants in Malaysia, Pakistan, Egypt, Japan and Germany. The subjects cleaned their teeth for two weeks without oral hygiene instructions. The participants submitted their responses based on closed end questionnaire via hard and soft copy. Data was analyzed.

1]. Graetz C, Bielfeldt J, Wolff L, Springer C, El-Sayed KM, Salzer S et al., Toothbrushing education via a smart software visualization system. J Periodontol 2013; 84:p186-195.
[2]. Almomani F, Brown C, Williams KB. The effect of an oral health promotion program for people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2006; 29:p274-281.
[3]. Ramlho VL, Ramalho HJ, Cipullo JP, Azoubel R, Burdmann EA. Comparison of azithromycin and oral hygiene program in the treatment of cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia. Ren Fail 2007; 29:p265-270.
[4]. Arai T, Kinoshita S. A comparison of plaque removal by different toothbrushes and tooth brushing methods. Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ 1977; 24:p177-188.
[5]. Poyato- Ferrera M, Segura-Egea JJ, Bullon-Fernandez P. Comparison of modified Bass technique with normal toohbrushing practices for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal. Int J Dent Hyg 2003; 1:p110-114.

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the effects of length and diameter of cast posts and core on their retention. Materials and Methods: Ninety six newly extracted anterior teeth were collected. The teeth were randomly divided into eight groups. Group 1 received a post of 8mm length and 1.4mm diameter. Group 2 received a post of 10mm length and 1.4mm diameter. Group 3 received a post of 12mm length and 1.4mm diameter. Group 4 received a post of 14mm length and 1.4mm diameter. Group 5 received a post of 8mm length and 1.6mm diameter. Group 6 received a post of 10mm length and 1.6mm diameter. Group 7 received a post of 12mm length and 1.6mm diameter.

[1]. Hoffmann-Axthelm W. A history of dentistry. Quintessence 1981; 271.
[2]. Hunter AJ, Feiglin B, Williams JF. Effect of post placement on endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1989; 62:166-172.
[3]. Skol DJ. Effective use of core and post concept. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 52:231-234.
[4]. Allison DA, Michelich RJ, Walton RE. The influence of master cone adaptation on the quality of the apical seal. J Endod 1981; 7:61-65.
[5]. Mattison GD. Photoelastic stress analysis of cast gold endodontic posts. J Prosthet Dent 1982; 48:400-407.

Abstract: The hemodialysis (HD) is medical procedure that use a special machine (dialysis machine) to filter water products from the blood and to restore its normal constituents. Many patients during dialysis develop hypotension, so this will lead to cessation of the session of hemodialysis . Dialysis hypotension is estimated to occur in 20% of (HD) session. 0bjective: to assess the effect of changing position on blood velocity, blood pressure and hemoglobin during hemodialysis. Chose the best position for doing hemodialysis without development of hypotension and to know which age groups have the best response hemodialysis.

[1]. Firth J. D.,Patrick H Maxwell. (2002). Medical Masterclass,Nephrology,Secondedition,Module 11:66.
[2]. Daugirdas J.T.(2001). Pathophysiology Of Dialysis Hypotension: An Update. Am J Kidney Dis.; 38:(Suppl 4): 11–17.
[3]. John AS.,Tuerff SD.,Kerstein M.D.(2000).Nonocclusivemesnteric Infarction In Hemodialysis Patients.J Am Collsurg: 190:84-88.
[4]. Schreiber , M.J .J.R .(2001).Clinical Dilemmas In Dialysis:Managing The Hypotensive Patient. Setting The Stage.
[5]. Ronco ., Brendolana.,Milan M. (2005). Impact Of Biofeed –Back-Induced Cardiovascular Stability On Hemodialysis Tolerance Andefficiency.Kidneyint 2000:58:800-808.

Abstract: We conducted a prospective study of children suffering from acute diarrhoea, at a private tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai. Children were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 included children on oral rehydration therapy (ORT) + Zinc + Bacillus Clausii (Probiotic) and Group 2 comprised of children on ORT+ Zinc. We studied 131 cases admitted to the paediatric ward of whom 83 (63.4%) were males and 48 (36.6%) were females. Children less than 2 years, 2-6 years and 6-12 years were 73 (55.7%), 35(26.7%) and 23(17.5%) respectively.The duration of diarrhoea in Group 1 was 22.64 hours and Group 2 was 47.05 hours (p< 0.01). The frequency of diarrhoea showed improvement within 24 and 60 hours in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively (p<0.01).Similarly, the mean duration of hospital stay was 2.78 days in Group 1 and 4.30 days in Group 2. The treatment cost was INR 779 & INR 944whilesocial cost was INR 937 & 1409 in Group 1 & 2 respectively. Thus Group 1 & 2 spent INR 1716 and INR 2353 respectively.

[1]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Health Organization.Guidelines for The evaluation of probiotics in food: joint FAO/WHO Working Group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food.
[2]. World Health Organization: The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers, Geneva, 1995, World Health Organization; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Diagnosis and management of food borne illnesses, MMWR 53:5, 2004.
[3]. From: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Managing acute gastroenteritis among children, MMWR Recommendations Rep 53:1–33, 2004.
[4]. Allen SJ, Okoko B, Martinez E, Gregorio G,Dans LF. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Systemic Rev.2004;(2):CD003048.

Abstract: Background: Breast feeding has been accepted as the most vital intervention for reducing infant mortality and ensuring optimal growth and development of child. It is the ideal method for the physiological and psychological needs of the infant. Breast feeding is of extreme importance for safeguarding health and welfare of growing infant and this practice must be persevered , protected and promoted by all means. Objectives: This study was conducted to find the level of knowledge and practices regarding Breast feeding. An attempt was made by the investigators to introduce correct feeding practices during the process of investigation.

[1]. Afrosea L, Banua B, Ahmeda KR, Khanoma K_ Factors associated with knowledge about breastfeeding among female garment workers in Dhaka city. WHO South-East Asia Journal Of Public Health 2012;l(3):249-255 [2]. Agarwal S. Srivastava K. Sethi V. Maternal and New-bom Care Practices Among the Urban Poor in Indore. India: Gaps. Reasons and Possible Program Options. Urban Health Resource Center, New Delhi. 2007.
[3]. Anandaiah R, Choe MK. Are the WHO guidelines on breastfeeding appropriate for India. National Family Health Survey Subject Reports Number 16. Interna-tional Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India. 2000. [4]. Bathija C. G. Anand RK. Effect of perinatal motivation on breast feeding in Educated mothers Indian Pediatrics 1987; 24: 933-937. [5]. Chaturvedi P Banait N. Knowledge and Attitude regarding breast feeding in mothers attending Antenatal Clinics Indian J Pediatrics 2000, 67:259-262.