iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2015

Abstract: Background And Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis is one of the most common endocrinal emergency in the world. Electrolyte and fluid imbalances are known to occur in diabetic ketoacidosis. Phosphorus containing compounds have important roles in cell structure, function and acid base balance. Phosphorus depletion occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis owing trans-cellular shift and hyperphosphaturia. This study was undertaken to study phosphorus levels and its correlation to clinical profile in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.

[1]. Seshiah V, Siddharth N. Shah, API Text Book of Medicine, 7th ededition:1116
[2]. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patient with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(7): 1335
[3]. S B Baker,L G Worthly.The Essentials of Calcium,Magnesium and Phosphate metabolism. Critical Care and Resuscitation.2002;4:301-306
[4]. Carl A. Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, David E. Bruns. "Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics". 4th Edn. 2006:page-1905
[5]. Kebler R, McDonald FD, Cadnapaphornchai P. Dynamic changes in serum phosphorus levels in diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med. 1985 Nov;79(5):571-6
[6]. Wyckoff J, Abrahamson MJ.Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State. C Roland Kahn, Gordan C Wies, George L.King, Alen M Jacobson, Alene Moses, Robert J Smith. JOSLINS DIABETES MELLITUS, 14th Edition Lippincott Williams 2008;53:892-896

Keywords: gingival overgrowth is a matter of concern to both the patient and the practitioner. Gingival overgrowth can be inflammatory, non inflammatory or combined. Accurate diagnosis and management is a challenge in the clinical practice. The present paper highlights an unusual case report of conditioned gingival enlargement in puberty, modified by mouth breathing habit and its management. Keywords: gingival enlargement, puberty enlargement, gingival inflammation.

[1]. Ragezi JA, Sciubba J (eds): Oral Pathology, Clinical-PathologicalCorrelations, 2nd edition. Philadelphia; WB Saunders. 1993; pp196-202.
[2]. Hirshfield I:hypertrophic gingivitis :its clinical aspects, I Ann Dent Assoc 19:799,1932
[3]. Gulati MS,Grewal .N,Kaur.A,A comparative study of effect of mouth breathing and normal breathing on gingival health in childrenJ.Indsoc.pedo.prev Dent,16:72-83
[4]. Jacobson L 1973 mouth breathing: gingivitis J.periodontol.res,8:269-277
[5]. Alexander AG 1970 ,habitual mouth breathing and its effect on gingival health.parodontologie:49-5
[6]. Jacobson L, Liander.Arownson(1972)crowding and gingivitis:A comparison between mouth breathers and non mouth breathers .slard.I.Dent8.: 500-504

Abstract: Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a neglected disease. At this critical moment in the fight against HIV/AIDS, when the world has made incredible progress in reducing the HIV/AIDS scourge, the fight against opportunistic infections should be encourage especially war against Cryptosporidium parvum. Cryptosporidiosis causes prolong or persistent diarrhoea in HIV/AIDs patients and the cost of rehydration and management of such patients is huge, therefore this research set to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among HIV seropositive patients attending a tertiary health centre in Nigeria. Methodology: This is a prospective descriptive cross – sectional study and 182 consecutive adults and children of both sexes between one year and sixty-five years who were HIV seropositive and receiving treatment at Prof Sadiq Wali treatment center in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano..

[1]. Michael JG, Ana-Maria C and Kelly P. Intestinal Protozoa. In: C. Gordon and Z. Alimuddin, eds. Manson's Tropical Diseases, 22nd ed. United Kingdom Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 1397-1406.
[2]. Miller K. Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, 2nd ed. UK Saunders imprint, 2003: 375.
[3]. Casemore DP. Human cryptosporidiosis. In: DS Reeves, AM Geddes, eds. Recent advances in infection, no 2. Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone, 1989: 209-36.
[4]. Tyzzer EE. Cryptosporidium parvum a coccidium found in the small intestine of the mouse. Arch Protistenkunde., 1912, 26: 394 – 398.
[5]. Slavin D. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (spnov). J. Comp. Pathol. 1955, 65: 262 – 266.
[6]. Current WL, Reese NC. and Ernst JV. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons: Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med. 308: 1993, 1252-1257.

Abstract: Hysterectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgeries throughout the world.Objective:To find out the most common indication for hysterectomy among rural patients and to correlate the histopathological findings with clinical presentation.Materials and methods:A retrospective study was performed in the Department of Pathology, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Science from Oct 2013 – Nov 2014. A total of 90 specimens were received and histopathological findings were compared with clinical presentation. Results:The most common indication for hysterectomy was leiomyoma (41%) followed by adenomyosis (15.5%) and the most common presentation was increased bleeding. The mean age of hysterectomy was 44.6 years and the average parity of the patients was 1.7.

Keywords: Hysterectomy, Leiomyoma, Menorrhagia.

[1]. Graves, E j. National centre for health statistics. National Hospital discharge survey. Annual summary, 1990. Viral Health stat (13), 1992,No 112.DHHS publication PHS 92 – 1773.
[2]. Singh A, Arora AK. Why Hysterectomy Rate are Lower in India. Indian J Community Med. 2008 Jul;33(3):196-7.
[3]. Rather GR, Gupta Y, Bharadwaj S. Patterns of lesions in hysterectomy specimens; A Prospective study. J.K.Science 2013;15(2)63-68.
[4]. Nousheen F, Iqbal J, Bhatti FA, Sheik S. Hysterectomy The patient perspective. Ann Gynaecol 2004;10:339-41.

Abstract: Bochdaleks Hernia, a posterolateral Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is usually asymptomatic and usually manifest in adult. Patient are usually incidentally diagnosed when investigated and treated for other disease. Early diagnosis is essential to avoid subsequent morbidity and mortality related to it.

Keywords: Congenital diagphramatic hernia, Bochdaleks hernia

[1]. Beyanta L, Lassucia I, Ramus F et al. Bochdaleks hernia in Adult; J Clinical Gastroentrol 2001; 32;155-57
[2]. Bjelica Rodie B, Lyestine Pribu R, Petrovic S. Bogdanovic D; congenital poterolateral right diagphramatic hernia- a cases repot. Med Pregl 2000, 53(11-12) ;613-6
[3]. M.Abdullah et al, Congenital Diaphramatic Hernia in a post par tum women. J Malasia ,Vol 58, No 1 MARCH 2003
[4]. Mullin ME, Stein J, Saini SS et al: Prevalance of incidental Bochdaleks hernia in large adult population, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177;363-6
[5]. Kirkland J A. Congenital posterolateral diaphragamatic hernia in adult. Br j Surg 1959;47;16-22.

Abstract: Aim: To assess which modality (POD – 2 removal Vs POD -4 removal of catheter) has overall benefits for the patient undergoing TURP. Methodology: we performed this prospective study on 68 patients From January 2011 to January 2014, The patients were divided into two groups. Group I included patients in whom the catheter was removed on POD – 2 and Group – II included patients in whom catheters were removed on POD-4. After removal of catheter, the patients were observed and outcomes carefully recorded.

[1]. Transurethral prostatectomy still the gold standard- Aus NZ J Surgery 1997: 354-7
[2]. Post operative retention of urine: a prospective study-BMJ 1991; 302: 894-6.
[3]. Transurethral prostatectomy: immediate and post operative complications: A co-operative study of 13 participating institutions evaluating 3885 patients-J.Urology 1989: 141: 243-7.
[4]. Acute urethral retention in men: a comparison of voiding and non-voiding patients after prostectomy J.Urology 1995; 153: 385-8.
[5]. A critical evaluation of the results of transurethral resection of the prostate. Br.J.Urology 1978: 50: 542-6.
[6]. Early removal of catheter following TURP. B.J.Urology 1993; 72: 928-9.

Abstract: Background: The tibia is the most commonly fractured bone in the body and majority of the fractures occur among the most economically productive age group of the populace. The hallmark of treatment of this fracture is locked intramedullary nailing. Patient and methods: The study design was retrospective descriptive, done over a one year period on all consecutive patients who sustained tibia shaft fractures and were managed by unreamed locked intramedullary nailing.

[1]. Odatuwa-Omagbemi D.O, Inikori A.K, Otene C.I, Enemudo R.E.T. Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Cross-sectional Study in a Sub-urban Teaching Hospital; NigJor Of Orth and Tra, 2013; 12(1):66-70.
[2]. Firooz M., Alireza E., Firoozeh M.,Laleh D. B., Reza S., Mehdi N. L. Adult Tibia Shaft Fractures – Different Patterns,Various Treatments and Complications;Med SciMonit, 2011; 17(11): CR640-645.
[3]. Littenberg B, Weinstein LP, McCarren M et al: Closed Fractures of the Tibia Shaft. A Met-analysis of Three Methods of Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg, 1998; 80A: 174–83
[4]. Chapman MW, Oslon SA. Open Fractures. In: Rockwood's and Green's Fracture in Adults. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996; 305-52.
[5]. Bhandari M, Guyatt GH, Swiontkowski MF et al: Treatment of Open Fractures of the Shaft of the Tibia. J Bone Joint Surg, 2001; 83B: 62–68.

Abstract: Objective: Exploring gynecological symptoms in apparently asymptomatic women to identify hidden portion of iceberg of diseases like malignancy and determining causes for delayed presentation. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by giving preformed questionnaire to 100 female accompanying persons of the patients at government maternity hospital, Tirupati. The questionnaire contains leading questions regarding various gynecological problems. If symptoms were present women were asked whether they underwent medical consultation, if not the reasons for not consulting.

[1]. Bhatanagar N, Khandekar J, Singh A, Saxena S. The silent epidemic of reproductive morbidity among ever married women (15-49years) in an Urban Area of Delhi. Journal of Community Health. 2013;38:250-6.
[2]. Dixon-Muller R, Wasserheit J. The Culture of silence: Reproductive Tract Infections among Women in the Third World. New York: International Women‟s Health Coalition. 1991.
[3]. Khattab, H. Silent Endurance: The Social Conditions of Women‟s Reproductive health. Amman: UNICEF. 1992.
[4]. Singh M M, Devi R, Gupta S S. Awareness and health seeking behaviour of rural adolescent school girls on menstrual and reproductive health problems. Indian J Med Sci 1999;53:439-43

Abstract: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has emerged as a reliable bioactive material with extended applications in endodontics that include the obturation of the root canal space. This case series demonstrates the dramatic healing of the periapical region with open apices of maxillary incisors. The root canal space was obturated with MTA in anticipation of the formation of artificial apical plugs. The treated teeth were asymptomatic, and radiographic findings demonstrated the periradicular regeneration of bone and apical closure after six months. MTA can be considered a very effective material to promote regeneration of apical tissue, even in teeth with large open apices.

Keywords: MTA, Apexification, Open apices.

[1]. Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Matras RC, Andreasen FM Traumatic intrusion of permanent teeth. Part 1. An epidemiological study of 216 intruded permanent teeth. Dental Traumatology 2006: 22,83–9
[2]. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, 3rd edn. 1994 Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
[3]. Rafter M . Apexification: a review. Dental Traumatology 2005 21, 1–8.
[4]. Grossmans Endodontic practice13th ed. 2014;343-347
[5]. Torabinejad M, Chivan N. Clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endodon 1999:25:197-205.
[6]. Schwartz RS, Mauger M. Clement DJ, Mineral trioxide aggregate: a new material for endodontics. JADA 1999;130:967-75.

Abstract: Menstruation is a physiological process consisting of the disintegration of the surface layer of the endometrium which is associated with the rupture of the blood vessels which irrigate the superficial layer of the endometrium.1 The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclical fluctuations in the levels of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.2Platelets constitute the first hemostatic component to mobilize in order to stop the bleeding. Platelet function is periodically altered during the ovarian cycle due to the influence of progesterone and estrogen on Von Willibrand factor concentrations.Demonstrable fall in the platelet count at the time of menstruation and the simultaneous lowering of capillary resistance have given rise to the speculation that menstruation is to be regarded as a physiological thrombopenia with a general liability to bleeding as a latent haemorrhagic diathesis.

[1]. Sant'Ana LM, Mendonca AP, Guerra GF, Carvalho GL, Smith AL, Lauro MV. Influence of the menstrual period on the peripheral platelets number. J Bras Patol Med Lab 2002; 38(4): 297-299.
[2]. Malipali B.S, Patil S. Hematological modulation in different phases of menstrual cycle. IJBR 2013; 4(2): 88-93.
[3]. Saxena SC, Mishra S. A study of total platelet count, adhesive platelet count and platelet adhesiveness in various phases of normal menstrual cycles. J ObstetGynaecol India 1975; 25(6): 797-800.
[4]. Rajnee, Chawla VK, Choudhary R, Binawara BK, Choudhary S. Haematological and electrocardiographic variations during menstrual cycle. Pak J Physiol 2010;6(1): 18- 21.
[5]. Gupta R, Mehrotra HN, Negi VK, Pant MC, Mishra. Studieson total platelets, leucocytes and eosinophils during and
around ovulatory period in Indian girls. Indian Med Gazette1977;17(5):159.
[6]. Gupta R, Negi VK, Pant MC, Mehrotra HN. A study of mid-cyclicvariations in platelets, eosinophils, leucocytes and serum Ca and P with a view to anticipate ovulation. Ind J PhysiolPharmacol l980;24(5):440.

Abstract: Wide diversity in morphology of multirooted teeth presents a challenge to clinicians in achieving successful endodontic therapy. Locating all the canals, shaping and cleaning and obtaining a tight hermatic seal of all the root canals located within the tooth being treated defines the success of the endodontic therapy undertaken. The endodontist needs to have a thorough knowledge of the complex canal anatomy in order to expect and anticipated these variations. This case report discusses endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with Radix Entomolaris and adjacent mandibular premolar with three root canals.

Keywords: Radix Entomolaris, Three canal mandibular second premolar, Endodontic management.

[1]. Prabhu NT,Munshi AK. Additonal distal root in permanent mandibular first molars, report of a case. Quintessence International, 26(8), 567-9.
[2]. Segura –Egea JJ, Jimenez-Pinzon A, Rios-Santos JV. Endodontic therapy in a three rooted mandibular first molar, Importance of thorough radiographic examination. J Can Dent Assoc, 2002; 68(9),541-4.
[3]. Vibha Hegde et.al.Radix Entomolaris-Series of case reports. International jour of advances in case reports, 2015;2(4):216-220.
[4]. De Moor R, Deroose C , Calberson F .The Radix Entomolaris in mandibular first molars an endontic challenge. 2004; 37(11),789-799.
[5]. Cohen S,Burns R. Pathways of the pulp. 10 th edition. St Louis:Mosbay; 2004.p. 366.
[6]. Slowey RR. Root canal anatomy road map to successful endodontics. Dent clin Nort Am1979, 23(4);555-73.

Abstract:Osteochondroma is the most common benign tumour of the skeleton. However calcaneal osteochondroma is very rare. They are known to grow during childhood through adolescence, but usually are arrested when the epiphyseal plates close. Growth in adults may suggest a malignant transformation. A 20 year old male with calcaneal osteochondroma is presented here. Excision and subsequent follow up for 2 years showed no malignant transformation nor recurrence.
Keyword : calcaneal osteochondroma

[1]. Schajowiez F. Tumors and tumor like lesions of bone and joints. 1981. New York. Springer- Verlag.
[2]. Koplay M, Toker S, Sahin L, Kilincoglu V. A calcaneal osteochondroma with recurrence in a skeletally mature patient, a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:7012.
[3]. Calafiore G, Bertone C, Urgelli S, Rivera F, Maniscalco P. Osteochondroma: A case report with atypical localization and symptomology. Acta Biomed AtenacParemense.2001; 72: 91-96.
[4]. Virchow R. Ueber multiple exostisen. mitvorlengungvon praparaten. kilnwochenschr; 28: 1082-1085.
[5]. Keith A. Studies on the anatomicalchanges which accompany certain growth disorders of the human body. J Anat. 1920; 54: 101-106.

Abstract: Chronic pneumonia syndrome (CPS) has high fatality rate worldwide, economic cost in the United States, Europe and heavy burden of disease in the Asian countries. Older patients are at high risk of developing necrotizing pneumonia. Genetic factors play important role in manifestation of tuberculosis and disseminated cocciodioidomycoses among African and Asians. Occupation and hobbies do play an important role. Travelers to southeast Asia with abnormal radiography may be suffering from melioidosis.CPS is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria, endemic fungi, cryptococcosis, and opportunistic infections like nocardiosis and aspergillosis. Clinical

[1]. Ruuskanen 0, LathiE, JenningsLC,et al. Viral pneumonia.Lancet.2011;377(9773):1264-75.
[2]. Nair GB, NeidermanMS. Community acquired pneumonia an unfinished battle. MedClin North Am.2011;95(6):1143-61.
[3]. Household Component Summary Data Tables.(http://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/tables_compendia_hh_interactive.jsp.File=HCFY2012.
[4]. WelteT,TorresA, NathwaniD.Clinical and economic burden of community- acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe.Thorax.2012;67(1):71-9.
[5]. RudanI,BoschiPC,BilpglavZ,etal.Epidemiology and etiology of child pneumonia. WHO Bullt.2008;86(5):408-16.
[6]. Pappas PG,ChronicPneumonia.InMandell Douglas Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases,7th Ed..MandellGL,BennettJF,Dolin R(editors)Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.2010.931-945.

Abstract: Oblique facial clefts are extremely rare congenital deformities. Partial duplication of maxilla is a rare isolated anomaly. The concurrent existence of maxillary duplication and Tessier clefts has been described previously, specially the Tessier 7 clefts. In presented case, partial duplication of maxilla has occurred associated with Tessier 3 and incomplete Tessier 6 cleft along with cleft palate which might be the first case of its kind till now. Traditionally the correction of oblique facial cleft involved multiple local cheek and nasal flaps in Tessier 3. In presented case the use of a nasal flap was impossible due to significant defect of the lateral nose. An irregular Z plasty of cleft closure was therefore used in first stage. This was followed by extraction of supernumerary teeth present in the duplicated (accessory) maxilla. Resection of the duplicated maxilla and cleft palate closure was performed in second stage. Keywords: Maxillary duplication, Accessory maxilla, Tessier no. 3 cleft, Rare cleft.

[1]. Eppley BL, van Aalst JA, Robey A, Havlik RJ, Sadove AM: The spectrum of orofacial clefting. Plast Reconstr Surg, 115, 2005, e101ee114.
[2]. Tapadar J, Tiwari P. Experience with Rare Oblique Facial Clefts: A case series.International Journal Of Advances in Case reports, 2(7), 2015, 474-476.
[3]. Tessier P: Anatomical classification of facial, cranio-facial and latero-facial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg 4, 1976, 69e92.
[4]. Gawrich E, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Chojnacka H: Tessier type 3 oblique facial cleft with a contralateral complete cleft lip & palate. Int J of oral Maxillofac surg, 39, 2010, 1133-1136.
[5]. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Yen SL, Yamashita DD, Sanchez-Lara PA: Bilateral maxillary duplication: case report and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 113, 2012a, e29ee32.

Abstract: Objectives:The objective of this study is to know the prevalence of renal and extra renal manifestations of 50 cases of ADPKD attending King George Hospital , Visakhapatnam , AP between August 2008 and May 2010. Results: Male to Female ratio is 1.08;1, mean age of patients is 42.1 years(+/-1.4yr) . They were diagnosed as having ADPKD during evaluation of pain abdomen / loin pain in 30% of cases, by family screening in 14% of cases, hematuria in 4% of cases, during the evaluation of hypertension in 4% of cases, during evaluation of fever in 12% of cases, vomiting in 6% of cases. At the time of diagnosis of ADPKD, 58% of patients had hypertension,and palpable kidneys in 64% of patients. Mean hemoglobin at diagnosis was 9.59+/-1.39 gm/dl, mean proteinuria was 0.56+/-0.34 gm/day, and mean creatinine was 3.05+/-2.61 mg/dl.

[1]. Iglesias C G, Torres VE etal, Epidemiology of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease, Minnesota, AJKD, 1983, 2, 630 - 639
[2]. Renal Data System, USRDS, Annual Data Report, 1999, Bethesda, National Institute of Health,
[3]. Hugher J, Ward CJ, Peral B etal, The PKD 1 gene encodes a novel protein with multiple cell recognition domains, Nature Genet, 1995 . 10 ; 151 – 160,
[4]. International Polycystic Kidney Disease Consortium ; Polycystic Kidney Disease ; the complete structure of the PKD 1 gene and its protein, Cell, 1995 ; 81 . 289 – 298,

Abstract: Introduction: The split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) is the most common performed procedures to close defects unable to be closed with the simple approximation of the wound edges. The healing of a STSG donor site involves re-epithelialization from the epithelial appendages that are embedded in the dermis and subcutaneous fat. Skin grafts are used to heal a gap in the Objective: To study the factors responsible for acceptance of split skin graft and study of different etiological factors and there relation to acceptance of split skin graft. Methods: Special designed performa was used to collect data for split skin grafting patients. The data were expressed in number and percentage.

[1]. Greenbaum AR, Chan CL. Skin and subcutaneous tissue. In willians N Blustrode C, O Connell PR editors, Baily and love's short practice of surgery. 25th ed/ Hodder Arnold, 2008:595.
[2]. Callam MJ, Harper DR, Dale JJ, Ruckley CV. Chronic ulcer of the leg: Clinical history. Br. Med J 1987 may 30:294(6584):1389-91.
[3]. Cornwall JV, Dore CJ, Lewis JD, Leg ulcers: Epidemiology and aetiology. Br. Surg. 1986 sep;73(9):693-6.
[4]. Sundresh NJ, Narendrans, Ramanathan M. Identifying specific etiology of Non-diabetic chronic leg ulcers. Intr J of Pharmacotherapy 2012;2(2):48-50.
[5]. Gilliland EL, Bacterial colonization of leg ulcers and its effect on the success rate of skin grafting. Annals of the Royal college of Surgeons of England 1988;70:106-8.

Abstract: Laser is an acronym for"light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".Recent advances in laser technology will bring revolution in dentistry.The stimulated emission of photon by an excited atom,which triggers the release of a subsequent photon is responsible for the generation of coherant,monochromatic and collimated form of light or LASER.Absorption coefficient depends on the wavelength of incoming laser irradiation(1).Almost all soft tissue procedures like depigmentation of gingiva,treatment of white lesions, ulcers,frenectomy,fibrotomy,distomolarsurgery,ridgeaugmentation,crown lengthening can be done saving a lot of time with accuracy(2).

[1]. NiemzMH:Laser Tissue Interaction...Berlin,1996,Springer Verlag.
[2]. Moritz.A.Metal.TreatmentOf Periodontal Pockets With Diode Laser.Lasers In Surgery. And Med.1998-22:302-11.
[3]. MaimanTH:Stimulated Optical Radiation In Ruby,Nature 187:493,1960.
[4]. Publication By Laser Research Library,US:September 2011-10-07.
[5]. Internet Sources Dr,C.K.Ashokan Former Prof. And HOD Of Peiodontics.,AIMS Cochin Associate Fellow WCLI.
[6]. Moritz.A.Etal Oral Laser Applications 2006 Edition.
[7]. KinerslyT,JarabakJP,PhatakNM,Dement J...Stern RH,VahlJ

Abstract: Smoking of tobacco is one of the most dangerous acquired bad habits of human beings. Tobacco was introduced to India in the 1600s1, later it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly cannabis)2. Tobacco is derived from the leaves of tobacco plant within the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family.3,4 Tobacco contains nicotine alkaloid which is a stimulant responsible for the tobacco addiction but other substances in tobacco likely play a bigger part as disease causing agents.5 Smokers may develop tolerance and dependence because of nicotine only.6,7 More than 4,000 different chemicals have been found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. More than 60 of these chemicals are known to cause cancer (carcinogens).8 Some of the chemicals are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, tobacco specific nitrosamines, phenol etc

[1]. "The History of Tobacco" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). Accessed 2015 April 29th.
[2]. Marihuana and Medicine, p. 3
[3]. ENCYCLOPEDIA. Tobacco plant [internet], [accessed 2015 April 29th], available from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tobacco+plant
[4]. Logan V H , Tobacco [internet]. [Updated 2011 April; Accessed 2015 April29th ]. Available from https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/BIO203/2011/vanhoof_loga/classification.htm.
[5]. QustionsAbout Smoking, Tobacco and Health [internet]. [Last Revised 2014 Feb 13th ; cited on 2015 Apr 29]. Available from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/questionsaboutsmokingtobaccoandhealth/questions-about-smoking-tobacco-and-health-is-tobacco-addictive.

Abstract: Breastfeeding is the best gift to a baby from his mother, it not only supplies nutrition but also protects the baby from the very onset of life to his adulthood since it is evident optimal breastfeeding helps in nurturing a healthy child and a healthy adult in future. Promotion of breastfeeding is a global priority and WHO advocates exclusive breastfeeding for first six months, which does not allow any other liquid even water unless medically indicated.

[1]. World Health Organization .10 Facts on Breastfeeding .February 2014 accessed through www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en.
[2]. Gupta A, Arora V, Bhatt B,The State Of World's Breastfeeding; India Report Card 2006.International Baby Food Action Network(IBFAN),Asia Pacific India 2006.
[3]. World Health Organization .Infant and Young Child feeding Model chapter for textbooks for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals .WHO 2009.
[4]. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality .Effect of breastfeeding an infant and childhood mortality due to infectious diseases in undeveloped countries :a pooled analysis .Lancet 2000;355:451-455.
[5]. Bahl R ,Frost S ,Kinkwood BR ,Karen E ,Martines J ,Bhandari N et al.Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of Infancy: Multicenter Cohort study. World health Organization,2005;83:418-420.

Abstract: Bladder tumours are rare in children, with only 0.38% of cases occurring in the first 2 decades of life. The origin of such cases is mesodermal. The literature on this topic is very limited, and only small series have been descrinbed. In total, some 100 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in children hadve been reported since 1950. The tumours have been described as having a low grade of malignancy and showing little tendencyto recur. In adult age, however, transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder are the fifth most prevalent tumor and are responsible for 2.1% of all cancer deaths (1). They usually appear after the sixth decade and in most cases are related to smoking or to exposure to industrial carcinogenic substances. The male to female ratio is 7:1.

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Abstract: Foreign bodies of the nose in adults are a rare entity and seldom encountered, although they are frequently encountered among children and mentally challenged patients. Here we present 4 unusual cases of foreign body nose, 3 adults and an eight year old child who all predominantly presented with nasal symptoms and finally turned out to have foreign body lodged in their nasal cavity. An ectopic tooth in the nasal cavity of first adult, two dead honey bee in the nasal cavity of second adult. Iatrogenic foreign body (a chunk of the original Merocel nasal pack) in the third adult and the eight year old child was found to harbour live leech which was eventually extracted.

Keywords: foreign bodies, nasal cavity, leech infestation, intranasal tooth.

[1]. Davies PH, Benger JR.. Foreign bodies in the nose and ear: a review of techniques for removal in the emergency department. J Accid. Emerg. Med 2000;17:91–94.
[2]. Kalan A, Tariq M. Foreign bodies in the nasal cavities: A comprehensive review of the aetiology, diagnostic pointers, and therapeutic measures. Postgrad. Med.J 2000;76:484–7.
[3]. Peridis S, Athanasopoulos I, Salamoura M, Parpounas K, Koudoumnakis E, Economides JC. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009;73:205–8.
[4]. Das SK. Aetiological evaluation of foreign bodies in the ear and nose. J Laryngol Otol 1984;98:989-91.
[5]. Gregori D, Salerni L, Scarinzi C et.al. Foreign bodies in the nose causing complications and requiring hospitalization in children

Abstract: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in adult men and its incidence is age related. Attending to high prevalence of BPH in older men with CKD it is invaluable to take into consideration the relationship between these two clinical entities. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of renal failure associated with BPH , effect of TURP in the morbilidity and mortality of patients with renal failure. The aims of this study are to study the prevalence of co-morbid factors in patients with Benign prostatic hyperplasia and non dialysis requiring renal insufficiency, Study of treatment outcome following the surgical management of BPH with non dialysis requiring renal failure. and to Study of complications associated with operative management in these patients

[2]. Arrighi HM, Metter EJ, Guess HA, Fozzard JL. Natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia and risk of rostatectomy. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Urology. 1991; 38(1 Suppl): p. 4-8.
[3]. Kumar R, Hill CM, McGeown MG. Acute renal failure in the elderly. Lancet. 1973 Jan; 1(7794): p. 90-91.
[4]. Wein A. campbell-walsh urology Wein AJ, editor.: elsevier; 2012.
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Abstract: To conduct a cross-sectional, interventional, randomized controlled trial in order to evaluate the effectiveness of honey and aloevera on healing of post extraction wounds. Study Design: Sample size obtained was 30 atraumatic extraction sockets, which were split into three groups. Group 1- Conventional regime. Group 2- Honey soaked foams were placed on the socket along with conventional regime.

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Abstract: Nonfermenting gram negative bacteria are a group of heterogenous,aerobic,nonsporing bacteria.They are saprophytic in nature and found as commensals in man and other animals. Objectives: This study aims at isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of nonfermenting gram negative bacteria. Material and Methods: 70 isolates from various age groups of both male and female patients were included in the study.The clinical specimens were collected under aseptic precautions and subjected to preliminary biochemical test for identification.

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Abstract: To study the density of renal stone by Non contrast CT Scan as measured in HU and its correlation with susceptibility of fragmentation by ESWL.

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[2]. Stephen Y. Nakada Douglas G. Hoff., Sherwin Attal et al Determination of stone compositon by NCCT in clinical setting, urol 2000 55b 816-819.
[3]. Joseph P. Mandar AK, Singh SK, Mandai P. Sankhwar SN and Sharma SK, CT attenuation value of renal calculus can it predict successful fragmentation of the calculus by ESWL? A Preliminary Study J Urol 2002 167 1968 – 1971.
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Abstract: Marfan's syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder involving the cardiovascular, skeletal and ocular systems.Cardinal manifestations include aortic aneurysm and dissection, ocular lens dislocation and long bone overgrowth. The most common cause of ectopia lentis is trauma, which accounts for nearly onehalf of all cases of lens dislocation. A forward dislocation of the lens into the pupil or anterior chamber may cause pupillary block with acute glaucoma or chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Posterior dislocation can cause harmful vitreous traction on the retina with leakage of lens proteins into the vitreous, which may cause chronic vitritis and chorioretinal inflammation. We presented a case of Marfan's syndrome who presented with anterior dislocated lens in sitting posture which falls back to posterior segment in supine position which we described it as "floating lens" which has not been described in medical literature so far. Surprisingly, when the dislocated lens was in the anterior chamber, IOP was unrecordably low in contrast to what's expected in literature (IOP is always raised in anteriorly dislocated lens of Marfan's syndrome due to pupillary block) Keywords: Floating lens, Marfan's syndrome, MFS, Ectopia lentis, dislocated lens.

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