iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2015

Abstract: Caesarean Section (CS) is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide. Globally there is an alarming increase in the cesarean section rate. The increase in CS rate is of concern not only because of the associated higher morbidity and mortality compared to vaginal route, but also for the effects on subsequent pregnancies and deliveries. The present study was undertaken to study CS rates and some of their determinants over a ten year period from 2002 to 2012 at Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati, attached to Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor (D.t), A.P., India.

[1]. World Health Organization. Appropriate technology for birth. Lancet 1985;ii:436-7.
[2]. Villar J, Carroli G, Zavaleta N, Donner A, Wojdyla D, Faundes A, Velazco A, Bataglia V, Langer A, Narváez A, Valladares E, Shah A, Campodónico L, Romero M, Reynoso S, De Pádua KS, Giordano D, Kublickas M, Acosta A: Maternal and neonatal individual risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery: multicentre prospective study. BMJ 2007, 335:1025-1029.
[3]. Kennare R, Tucker G, Heard A, Chan A: Risks of adverse outcomes in the next birth after a first cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 109(2 Pt 1):270-276.
[4]. Daltveit AK, Tollånes MC, Pihlstrøm H, Irgens LM: Cesarean delivery and subsequent pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2008, 111: 1327-1334.
[5]. Harper MA, Byington RP,Espeland MA et al. Pregnancy related death and health care services. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:273-8

Abstract: Dermatophytes are prevalent causes of cutaneous mycoses and, unlike many other fungal pathogens, are able to cause disease in immunocompetent individuals. They infect keratinized tissue such as skin, hair, and nails, resulting in tinea infections, including ringworm. The dermatophytes include three genera of molds in the class Euascomycetes: Trichophyton, Microsporum, andEpidermophyton. Dermatophytes are grouped according to their habitat as being either anthropophilic (human associated), zoophilic (animal associated), or geophilic (soil dwelling)

[1]. Suman Singh, P. M. Been. Profile of dermatophyte infection in Baroda. IJDVL.2003;69(4).
[2]. Ramesh Putheti and Amachree Otomba. Incidence of dermatophytes and non- dermatophytic fungi in natural and processed human scalp hair. IJCAS.2010; 1(7).
[3]. Marwa M. Azab, Nora F. Mahmoud, Salah Abd Allah Alaa El Din. M.S. Hosny, Atef S. Shehata and Roshdy W. Mohamed. Dermatophytes Isolated From Clinical Samples of Childre Suffering From Tinea Capitis In Ismailia, Egypt. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(3): 38-42, 2012 .
[4]. Amodkumar Yadav, Urchekar AD, Vijay Mane, Mahesh Singh Danu. Nitin Goel Ajit KG. Optimization and isolation of Dermatophytes from clinical samples and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing by disc diffusion methd. J. Microbiol.And Biotech. 2013;2(3).

Abstract: There is an increase in HIV-Tuberculosis co-infection cases which might affect the severity of the cognitive impairment in HIV positive individuals due to the impact of tuberculosis on HIV. This study is designed to evaluate and compare the cognitive function in HIV seropositive individuals with and without Tuberculosis.50 HIV seropositive individuals with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 50 HIV seropositive individuals without tuberculosis are the study subjects.Cognitive function was evaluated using International HIV Dementia Scale.There is significant difference in recall and psychomotor speed score and total score in IHDS among two groups.The total score of <10 was found in 76% of cases and 58% of controls which is significant for cognitive impairment. Early and periodic neuropsychological screening of HIV positive asymptomatic individuals is a must in future to spot the cognitive deficits at an early stage.

[1] Xia C, Luo D, Yu X, Jiang S, Liu S. HIV-associated dementia in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Microbes and Infection 13 (2011) 419-25.
[2] Valcour V, Sithinamsuwan P, Letendre S, Ances B: Pathogenesis of HIV in the Central Nervous System. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2011;8 : 54-61
[3] SacktorN,Tarwater PM, Skolasky RL, Mc Arthur JC, Selnes OA, Becker J, Cohen B,Miller EN: CSF antiretroviral drug penetrance and the treatment of HIV associated psychomotor slowing. Neurology 2001; 57:542-544.
[4] World Health Organization 2013.HIV – Associated TB Facts 2013:http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/hiv/
[5] Harries A, Maher D, Raviglione M, Nunn P, Praag EV. TB/HIV, A clinical manual. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO Library cataloguing-in-publication data; 2004.

Abstract: SLE is one of several diseases known as "the great imitators" because it often mimics or is mistaken for other illnesses. SLE symptoms vary widely and appear and disappear unpredictably. Diagnosis can thus be elusive, with some patients having unexplained symptoms of untreated SLE for years. Autoimmunity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Lupus nephritis(LN) is one of the most serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) since it is the major predictor of poor prognosis. The immunologic mechanisms include production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear elements. Here is a case report of a male patient who presented with Anasarca, Respiratory Distress, Proteinuria and was diagnosed with lupus nephritis.

Keywords: SLE, Lupus Nephritis, Auto-Immunity.

[1]. Krishna Kumar Agrawaal, Subodh Sagar Dhakal. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Males: A Case Series Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 25(3), 2014, 638-642
[2]. L. M. Ortega, D. R. Schultz, O. Lenz, V. Pardo, and G. N. Contreras, "Lupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology and a guide to therapeutic decisions," Lupus,19(5), 2010, 557–574.
[3]. C. C. Mok, "Biomarkers for lupus nephritis: a critical appraisal," Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology,11, 2010
[4]. J.-M. Anaya, C. Cañas, R. D. Mantilla et al., "Lupus nephritis in colombians: contrasts and comparisons with other populations," Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology, 40( 3) 2011,199–207.

Abstract: Purpose: The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 200 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, recovered from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the Sudan, was determined against the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Methods: Isolates were recovered from smear-positive sputum samples and confirmed biochemically and by PCR. Drug resistance of the isolates to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), streptomycin (STM) and ethambutol (EMB) was measured using Lowenstein-Jensen proportion method.

[1]. World Health Organization, Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): WHO Report. Information Resource Centre HTM/STB. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
[2]. J. Zwang, M. Garenne, K. Kahn, et al., Trends in mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS co-infection in rural South Africa (Agincourt), Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 101(9), 2007, 893-898.
[3]. A. Elsony, Manual of the national tuberculosis control programe (Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan, 2000).
[4]. World Health Organization, A continuing commitment to save lives in the Sudan: Biennial report of WHO collaborative programmed with the Government of the Sudan and partners (www.emro.who.int/sudan, 2009).
[5]. E.M.M. Nour, E.M.A. Saeed, A.Z.S.A. Zaki, and N.S. Saeed, Specificity of smear method compared to culture in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, World J Med Sci, 6(3), 2011, 121-125.

Abstract: The extraction rate in orthodontics varies throughout the years. While the extraction decision is easily made or excluded in clear-cut cases, it still remains controversial what makes an orthodontist decide to extract in borderline cases. The aim of this retrospective study are to identify the percentage of extraction cases in a sample group of Class I malocclusions and to clarify which variables contributed most to the extraction decision. Seventy class I malocclusion cases were selected from Shorsh Dental Center and in three private orthodontic offices. Fifty three of these patients were female and seventeen male. The mean age was 19.7 (standard deviation (SD) 5.5) for the non-extraction group and 18.2(SD5.3) for the extraction group.

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[5]. Harris EF, Smith RJ . A study of occlusion and arch widths in families. Am J Orthod 1980; 78:155 -63.

Abstract: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is a chronic often progressive disease which can lead to phimosis and urethral stenosis affecting both urinary and sexual function. Steroid creams are usually the first line of treatment but have a limited role and surgical intervention is frequently necessary. Conservative surgical procedures (circumcision) are often preferred in the first instance with the premise that the recurrence of the disease will require a more definitive reconstruction. 5 cases of male patients aged 20-45 were reported with the complaints of presence of non pruritic white spots on preputial skin and narrowing of preputial orifice with inability to retract. Local examination revealed ivory white atrophic macules of 2-10 mm of diameter involving the skin of prepuce near its opening.

[1]. Bunker C B , Male genital skin disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
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[4]. Rook's Text book of dermatology 8th edition 51.112, 71.20.
[5]. Ledwig P A, Weigand D A, Late circumcision and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis. J Am Dermatol 1989; 20: 211-4.
[6]. Barbogli G, Palminteri E, Mirri F et al. Penile carcinoma in patients with genital lichen sclerosus: A multi centric survey. J Urol 2006; 175: 1359-63.

Abstract: To find the incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis and their relationship with age, parity and menstruation in women above 40 years of age in our set-up Method: 100non-pregnant women attending the OPD of a tertiary care centre ,L.D.Hospital Srinagar from January 2013 to December 2014 had their B.M.D estimated by D.E.X.A scan and the results were analyzed. Results: It was noted that after the age of 60 years,there was an almost 100 % incidence of either osteopenia or osteoporosis. In the age-group of 40-65 years,the incidence of osteopenia was 34 % and osteoporosis is 8% .

[1]. Kumar Priti ,Chandravati,Rubykhattar .Bone morbilty in pregnant women .the journal of obstetrics and Gynecology of India Vol .55.no. 5; sept-oct 2005 pp-434-435
[2]. AshwiniBhalearao Gandhi ,Ashok kumar R. Shukla .Evaluation of BMD of women above 40 years of age .J ObstetGynaecol India vol 55;no.3 may –june 2005 –pp 265-267
[3]. Krishna U, Mehta RU. Osteoporosis- Incidence and implications.JObstetGynaecol India 2000;50:150-5
[4]. Sowers M,CortonG,Shapiro B. Changes in bone density with lactation JAMA 1993;269:3120-2.
[5]. Kolthof N. EikenP,Kristensen B et al. Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation .A longitudinal cohort study clin.sci 1998 ;94:405-12
[6]. Young Indians susceptible to osteoporosis .Report 23/02/2004 ABC news online.

Abstract: Osteochondromas display varying presentations depending on the age, site, duration, associated inflammation, fracture, neurovascular involvement, malignant transformation. In our series, we have managed 11 cases of osteochondroma through a range of treatment options including conservative management. 2 cases had cosmetic problem alone, 2 had neurological symptoms (foot drop), 2 had deformity, 2 had pain (bursitis, malignancy). 2 had vascular involvement and one had restriction of joint movement. Marginal excision and biopsy was done in 9 cases, wide excision in one case and reassurance without surgery in one case. Limb threatening (neurovascular encasement) and life threatening (malignant transformation) conditions were managed surgically as early as possible.

[1] Bottner, F., Rodl, R., Kordish, I., Winkelmann, W., Gosheger, G., & Lindner, N. (2003). Surgical treatment of symptomatic osteochondroma A THREE-TO EIGHT-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume, 85(8), 1161-1165.
[2] Kahveci, R., Ergungor, M. F., Gunaydin, A., Sanli, A. M., & Temiz, A. (2011). Solitary lumbar osteochondroma presenting with foot-drop: a case report.Turkish neurosurgery, 22(3), 386-388.
[3] Cardelia, J. M., Dormans, J. P., Drummond, D. S., Davidson, R. S., Duhaime, C., & Sutton, L. (1995). Proximal fibular osteochondroma with associated peroneal nerve palsy: a review of six cases. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics,15(5), 574-577.
[4] Argın, M., Biçeroğlu, S., Arkun, R., & Parıldar, M. (2007). Solitary osteochondroma causing popliteal pseudoaneurysm that presented as a mass lesion. Diagn Interv Radiol, 13, 190-192.
[5] Lizama, V. A., Zerbini, M. A., Gagliardi, R. A., & Howell, L. (1987). Popliteal vein thrombosis and popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm complicating osteochondroma of the femur. American Journal of Roentgenology, 148(4), 783-784.

Abstract: A middle aged lady presented with fever, generalized tiredness and dysphagia. Neurological evaluation revealed weakness of pharyngeal muscles, uvula,palate with absent gag reflex and a weak sternocleidomastoid muscle. Involvement of 9,10,11,12 cranial nerves in the absence of Horner's syndrome confirmed the diagnosis of Collet-Sicardsyndome. MR imaging studies revealed a Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis with proximal IJV involvement.

Keywords: Collet-Sicard syndrome, Villaret syndrome, IJV thrombosis.

[1]. C. De Casso, S. Ghosh, M. Timms, and P. Morar, "Superior mediastinal and internal jugular venous thrombosis pre- senting to the otolaryngologist," Journal of Laryngology and Otology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 40–45, 2005.
[2]. S.F.T.M.DeBruijn,J.Stam,andL.J.Kappelle,"Thunderclap headache as first symptom of cerebral venous sinus thrombo- sis," The Lancet, vol. 348, no. 9042, pp. 1623–1625, 1996.
[3]. K. S. Caldemeyer, V. P. Mathews, B. Azzarelli, and R. R. Smith, "The jugular foramen: a review of anatomy, masses, and imaging characteristics," Radiographics, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1123–1139, 1997.
[4]. J. Stam, "Current concepts: thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 352, no. 17, pp. 1791–1798, 2005.
[5]. F. J. Collet, "Sur un nouveau syndrome paralytiquepharyngo- laryng´e par blessure de guerre (h´emiplegieglosso-laryngo- scapulo-pharyng´ee)," Lyon M´edical, vol. 124, pp. 121–129, 1925.
[6]. J. A. Sicard, "Syndr´ome du carrefourcondylo-d´echir´ e post´erieur (type pur de paralysie des quatrederniersnerfscr`aniens)," Marseille M´edical, vol. 53, pp. 385–397, 1917.

Abstract: Background: Treatment of proximal humerus fractures has been the subject of much controversy and confusion. This is because of the complexity of these injuries, fracture displacements are difficult to see without careful radiographic views and associated soft tissue injuries: Our prospective study has evaluated the functional results of the methods of surgical management of displaced fractures of proximal end of humerus.
Materials & Methods: 20 patients with displaced fractures of proximal humerus in adults undergone surgical management. Patients were followed from 6 weeks – 15 months on OPD basis with radiological , clinical & functional evaluation.

[1]. M.E.Muller, M.Allgover, R.Schneider, H .Willenegger et al . Manual of internal fixation: Techniques recommended by AO/ASIF Group .3rd Ed 2002 Springer-VerlagBerlin Heidelberg Newyork Tokyo pg 438-441.
[2]. Steven .H.Rose Joseph Melton Bernard.F.Morrey et al. Epidemiological features of humeral fractures. Clin. Orthop-1982:168:24-30.
[3]. Terry Canale's Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. Vol-3: 9th edition , 1998 Mosby Publishers, USA Pg 2286-2296
[4]. Bucholz and Heckman's Rockwood &Green's Fractures in Adults. Vol-1: 5th Ed 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Company, USA Pg 1055-1107.
[5]. Hawkins RJ, Kiefer Gin et al. Internal fixation for proximal humeral Fractures .Clin. Orthop-1987:223:77-85.

Abstract: This cross-sectional study, was conducted on 80 samples of raw meat and meat products collected from different municipal markets and super markets in Kolkata Municipal Corporation area. The aim was to identify the prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria, which is a real threat of antibiotic resistance in human and veterinary medicine. Out of 49 pathogenic bacteria, we found two Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase(ESBL) producers from Escherichia.coliO157.

[1]. Sherikar AT, Bachhil VN, Thapliyal DC. Textbook of Elements of Veterinary Public Health, (ICAR Publication,2004).
[2]. Cox A, Clicksand D, Palmer M., Stairways to heaven or treadmills to oblivion? Creating sustainable strategies in red meat supply chains, British Food Journal,109(9), 2007, 689-720.
[3]. Principles and guidelines for conduct of microbiological risk assessment. CAC/GL30- 1999,Amendments2012,2014.Available at http://www.codexalimentarius.org/standards/en/?no_cache=1.(Accessed on 08/08/2015)
[4]. Meat and Meat Products. Mutton and goat meat(chevon)- Fresh, chilled and frozen-Technical requirements.2013-IS2536:1995.Available at http://www.bis.org.in/home_std.asp. (Accessed on 10/08/2015)
[5]. MAF. 2000. MAF Food Assurance Authority (Animal Products Group) Amendment 7: June 2000. A guide to HACCP systems in the meat industry Appendix IX.4: Slaughter, dressing, portioning, and deboning of chicken (broilers). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, New Zealand. Available at http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/animalproducts/meat/meatman/haccp/meat/ haccp_v2appix-4.pdf. (Accessed on 07/-7/2015).

Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of deep bite among orthodontic patients in Sulaimani city. Pre-treatment dental casts of 279 patients were examined and finally dental casts of 230 patients fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in this study. The dental casts were assessed and according to the amount of vertical overlap of upper teeth on the labial surface of lower teeth in centric occlusion, they were divided into 3 groups: Normal over bite, deep bite and open bite. Normal over bite was found in 51% of the patients and deep bite in 41% where as open bite was found in 8% of the patients. Half of orthodontic patients had over bite abnormality. Among the patients with deep bite, mild degree of deep bite represents majority of the cases.

Keywords: Malocclusion, Deep bite, Over bite, Open bite.

[1]. Baratam S. Deep overbite—A review (Deep bite, Deep overbite, Excessive overbite). Ann essences Dent. 2009;1(1):8–25.
[2]. Parker CD, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Skeletal and dental changes associated with the treatment of deep bite malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;107(4):382–93.
[3]. Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Deep Overbite. In: Nanda R, Kapila S. Current Therapy in Orthodontics(Mosby Elsevier; 2010. P 186-198).
[4]. Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara J a. Longitudinal growth changes in subjects with deepbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(2):202–9.
[5]. Proffit WR. Contemporary Orthodontics (4th ed. Mosby Elsevier; 2007).
[6]. NAEEM S, ASAD S, M WAHEED-UL-HAMID. Prevalence of deep bite in orthodontic patients. Pakistan Oral Dent J. 2008;28(2):181–2.

Abstract: This paper gives insights into living organ donation practices in India in context of the Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA) 1994 and its amended version –Transplantation of Human Organs (THO) amendment Act -2011.The paper classifies "Known Living Donors "into "near relatives" and "other than near relatives" and "Unknown Living Donors" as "altruistic", "quasi-altruistic" and "non-altruistic" organ donors and discusses their nuances and subtleties. The paper delves into multiple roles of "Competent Authority" and "Authorization Committees" in ensuring that no commercial consideration, pressures and coercion is involved in living organ donation and transplantation. The role of "Appropriate Authority" in issuing licenses to retrieval and transplant hospital is briefly described.

[1]. THOA (1994). Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994. Central Act 42 of1994. The Gazette of India, part II; section 3; sub section (I); Feb 4, 1995
[2]. THO amendment Act(2011).Transplantation of Human Organs (amendment) Act 2011; The Gazette of India; part II; section 1; Sept 27, 2011.
[3]. THOT Rules (2014).Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissue Rules. The Gazette of India: Extraordinary [PART II—SEC. 3 (i)]; March 27, 2014.
[4]. Dar Reeta and Sunil Kumar Dar (2014).Pinnacle of Altruism: Organ Donation and Transplantation. EIJMR, 1 (6).[Online] Retrieved on 4 December 2014 from<www.express‐journal.com
[5]. Dar Reeta (2015). Swap and domino transplant transgressing socio-cultural and political boundaries. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations.3 (1). pp 84-89. [Online] Retrieved on 30.7.2015 from<www.express‐journal.com

Abstract: Head and neck cancer are very common in India, and most of the patients present with loco-regionally advanced disease. Combination of radical surgery and radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy is the standard management. However therapeutic results are poor with this modality. Therefore neoadjuvant chemotherapy and locoregional management by radiotherapy and/or surgery have emerged as a feasible alternative.

[1]. Parkin D M, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005) Global Cancer Statics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55(2): 74-108.
[2]. Trivedi, N.P., Kekatpure, V.D., Trivedi, N.N. and Kuriakose, M.A. (2012) Head and Neck Cancer in India: Need to Formulate Uniform National Treatment Guideline? Indian Journal of Cancer, 49, 6-10.
[3]. Wendt TG, Bank P: Prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Onkologie 2002; 25: 208-211.
[4]. Gregoire V, Lefebvre JL, Licitra L, Felip E, Group E-E-EGW (2010) squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 21 (suppl 5): v184-v186.
[5]. Kramer S, Gelber RD, Snow JB, et al. combined radiation therapy and surgery in the management of advanced head and neck cancer: final report of study 70-03 of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Head and Neck surgery. 1987; 10: 19-30.
[6]. Stupp R, Weichselbaum RR and Vokes EE: Combined modality therapy of head and neck cancer. Semin Oncol 21 (3): 349-358, 1994.

Abstract: Lingual thyroid (LT) is a developmental disorder due to the failure of the thyroid gland to migrate from its anlage, foramen caecum to its prelaryngeal site. Lingual position represents the most frequent ectopic location accounting up to 90% of ectopic cases. It is found at the junction of the anterior two thirds and the posterior third, between the epiglottis and the circumvallate papillae, often asymptomatic but growing may cause local symptoms as upper airway obstruction, disphagia and hemorrhage at any time from infancy to adulthood. Thyroid scintigraphy plays the most important role in diagnosing ectopic thyroid gland but neck ultrasound, neck CT- scan, neck MRI contribute as well. Treatment of this anomaly includes exogenous L-thyroxine hormone administration, radioiodine ablation therapy and surgery.

Keywords: lingual thyroid (LT), ectopic thyroid, aberrant embryogenesis, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)

[1]. Di Benedetto V. Ectopic thyroid gland in the submandibular region simulating a thyroglossal duct cyst: a case report. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1997; 321: 745–1746.
[2]. Babazade F, Mortazavi H, Jalalian H, et al. Thyroid tissue as a submandibular mass: a case report. Journal of Oral Science 2009; 51: 655–657
[3]. Williams JD, Sclafani AP, Slupchinskij O, et al. Evaluation and management of the lingual thyroid gland. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105(4) :312-6.
[4]. Noyek AM, Friedberg J. Thyroglossal duct and ectopic thyroid disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North AM 1981, 14:187-201
[5]. Hickman W. Congenital tumor at the base of the tongue, pressing down the epiglottis on the larynx and causing death by suffocation sixteen hours after birth. Tr path. soc., London 1869; 20: 160-161

Abstract: Ectodermal dysplasias are a complex group of genetically determined disorders clinically characterized by congenital alterations of the structures derived from the ectoderm. Even though ectodermal dysplasia with partial anodontia is common, this condition with total anodontia is not commonly seen. We describe features of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with oligodontia in a 9 and13 year-old brothers. In order to improve esthetics, speech and mastication, the child was provided with upper and lower removable partial dentures.

Keywords: Anodontia, Hypodontia, Oligodontia, Oral rehabilitation, Removable prosthesis..

[1]. Marco Montanari, Michele Callea Oral rehabilitation of children with ectodermal dysplasia BMJ Case Reports 2012; doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2012.5652
[2]. Tarjan I, Gabris K, Rozsa N. Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. J Pros-thet Dent 2005;93:419-24.
[3]. Ruhin B, M artinot V, Lafforgue P, e t al. Pure ectodermal dysplasia:retrospective study of 16 cases and literature review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2001 ; 38 : 504 – 18 .
[4]. Bondarets N, Jones RM, McDonald F . Analysis of facial growth in subjects with syndromic ectodermal dysplasia: a longitudinal analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2002 ; 5 : 71 – 84 .
[5]. Pigno MA, Blackman RB, Cronin RJ Jr , et al . Prosthodontic management of ectodermal dysplasia: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent 1996 ; 76 : 541 – 5 .

Abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychological, and a serious neurotoxic disease. HE varies in clinical presentation, in pathogenesis and treatment. HE is caused by the accumulation in the bloodstream of toxic substances that are normally removed by the liver.Clinical manifestations of HE include a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms, disorientation and poor coordination. Acute HE is associated with severe liver failure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. In chronic HE have neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized with depression of the central nervous system, with varying degrees of severity. HE is traditionally graded into four clinical stages.

[1]. Rayan JM,ShawcrossDL.Hepatic encephalopathy.Medicine.2011;39(1)):617-20.
[2]. Conn H0.Hepatic encephalopathy.InSchiffI,SchiffER,editors.Diseases of the liver.Philadelphia.J.B.Lippincott Company.1993;7:1036-60.
[3]. Bajaj JS.The modern management of hepatic encephalopathy.AlimentPhamacolTher.2010;31(5):537-47.
[4]. Chung RT,PodolskyDK.Cirrhosis and its complications.In Kasper DL,BraunwaldE,Fauci AS et al.Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine(16th ed.).New York,NY:McGraw-Hill.pp.1858-69.

Abstract: Lignocaine is a commonly used local anaesthetic in dental practice. Many practitioners use adrenaline (epinephrine) as additive with lignocaine, and some have used clonidine, instead of adrenaline. Both having benefits and limitations.Use of vasoconstrictors in local anaesthesia is well known. Aim:The study was done on 50 patients who underwent removal of bilateral impacted third molars. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of lignocaine with clonidine and lignocaine with adrenaline in respect to onset, duration of anaesthesia, and postoperative analgesia along with hemodynamic stability (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate in intraoral nerve block.

[1]. Pavan M Patil SPP. Is Clonidine an Adequate Alternative to Epinephrine as a Vasoconstrictor in Patients With Hypertension? Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2012;70:257-62.
[2]. Brkovic LT, D Stojic. Comparison of clonidine and epinephrine in lidocaineanaesthesia [2] for lower third molar surgery.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:401-06.
[3]. Brkovic MG, J Roganovic, N Jovic, L Todorovic, D Stojic. Lidocaine ± clonidine for [3] maxillary infiltration anaesthesia: parameters of anaesthesia and vascular effects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:149-55.
[4]. ShouvikChowdhury MS, Anjan Shah. Efficacy of lignocaine with clonidine and adrenaline [4] in minor oral surgical procedure.Contemporary clinical dentistry. 2012;3:227-29.
[5]. Michael T. Ganter CKH, Donat R. Spahn, Marcel Bruggisser TB, Burkhardt Seifert, [15] Thomas Pasch, Marco P. Zalunardo. The effect of clonidine on perioperative blood coagulation.Journal of clinical anesthesia. 2005;17:456–62.

Abstract: This study reports our experience with 84 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury who underwent biliary reconstruction in our hospital in last 5 yrs. Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreaticography was the optimal pre operative diagnostic procedure to define the stricture. Most patients underwent hepaticojejunostomy with or without stent. Morbidity and mortality rates were 25.33% and 6.14% respectively. The results of operative repair were correlated with number of previous operations, site of stricture, type of operation, presence of fistula, presence of cirrhosis.

Keywords: CBD injury; Iatrogenic; Roux-en-y hepaticojejunostomy..

[1]. Moosa AR 1990: latrogenic injury to the bile duct. Who, How , Where? Arch Surg. Aug . 125 (8) : 1028 – 30 discussion 1030 – 1.
[2]. Stewart L, Way LW: 1995; Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: factors that influence the result of treatment. Arch Surg. 130 : 1123 – 1129.
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Abstract: Burst fractures resulting from axial compression with rupture of the anterior and medial structures of the vertebral body with retropulsion of a bone fragment into the spinal canal and an increase in the interpedicular distance account for more than half of all thoracolumbar fractures which often cause neurologic deficits.

[1]. Memmert M 1999 EinVersuch, die Geschichte der Wirbelsäulenchirurgiezuumreissen.
In: Memmert M, Memmert G (eds) Die Wirbelsäule in der Anschauung. Spurensuche in Kunst, Geschichte und Sprache. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 247-270.
[2]. Robertson A, Branfoot T, BarlowI F et al. Spinal injury patterns resulting from car and motorcycle accidents. Spine 2002;27:2825-2830.
[3]. Davidoff G, Roth E, Morris J, et al Assesment of closed head injuries in trauma related spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1986;24(2):97-104.
[4]. Vaccaro AR , Ans HS, Lin S et al. Non contigous injuries of the spine J.Spinal Disord 1992;5(3):320-329.
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Abstract: Insulin resistance, found in type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with increased triglyceride (TG) and decreased HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), defined as logarithm [log] of (TG/HDL-C), has recently been proposed as a predictive marker for plasma atherogenicity and is positively correlated with cardiovascular disease risk. To determine the relationship between AIP and cardiovascular risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concurrent diabetes mellitus with hypertension.

[1]. A.Bener, M.Zirie, Lipoprotein (a) profile and HbA1c among Arabian type 2 diabetes patients, Biomedical Research, 18 (2), 2007, 97 – 102.
[2]. S.S. Habib, Cardiovascular disease in diabetes: An enigma of dyslipidemia, thrombosis and inflammation, Basic Research Journal of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, 1(3), 2012, 33-42.
[3]. H.T.Meng , D.Johan and N.B.Glazer, Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes, Clinical Chemistry,50(7), 2004, 1184 – 1188.
[4]. E.George, Differential effect of hormone therapy and tibolone on lipids, lipoproteins, and the atherogenic index of plasma christodoulakos, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 47(4), 2006, 542 – 548.

Abstract: A 21 year old male patient with the complaints of discoloured teeth. The treatment was planned based on the patient's expectations. A through smile analysis, pretreatment photographs, prosthodontic, orthodontic evaluations were made. Porcelain veneers with minimal tooth preparation was done. An ideal integration of biological and functional stand points are necessary for optimizing the treatment outcome with porcelain laminate veneers.

Keywords: Esthetics, analysis, discolouration, veneers

[1]. Besler, U.C., Magne, P and Magne, N. Ceramic laminate veneers: continuous evaluation of indications. J. Esthet. Dent. 1997: 9: 197 – 207.
[2]. Friedman, M.J. A 15-year review of porcelain veneer failure: a clinician observation. Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent. 1998: 19: 625 – 636.
[3]. Calamia John, R. Etched porcelain laminate restoration. A 20-year retrospective: Part I. AACD Monograph, 2004.
[4]. DCNA, porcelain laminate veneers, minimal tooth preparation by design. 2007: 51(2): 419 – 431.
[5]. Romano, R., Bichancho, N and Touati, B. The art of smile. Carol stream. Quintessence Publishing. 2005. Pg 7 – 24.
[6]. Gruel, G. The science and art of porcelain laminate veneers. Quintessence 2003.
[7]. Gruel, G. Predictable, precise and repeatable preparation for porcelain laminate veneers. Pract. Proceed. Aesthetic Dent. 2003: 15(1): 17 – 24.

Abstract: Objective: The main objective of this study is to find out effectiveness and efficacy of antiseptics (1.5% Acetic acid) in comparison to topical 0.3% Gentamicin sulphatein Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients. Material And Methods: After the written informed consent, detailed history and otoscopy of CSOM patients, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. A total 88 patients were diagnosed as CSOM (safe type) patients in OPD of ENT, in Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, TMU, Moradabad, UP. India, with age 15 to 60 years in both sexes, were randomly divided in to two groups, group A (n=44) for topical 1.5% Acetic acid and group B (n=44) for topical 0.3% Gentamicin sulphate as control.

[1]. Megale SRMCL, Scanavini ABA, Andrade EC, Fernades MIM, Anselmo-Lima WT. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Its importance in ear, nose, and throat practise. International journal of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2006; 70:81–88.
[2]. SeidAet al. Bacterial otitis media in all age group of patients seen at Dessie referral hospital, North East Ethiopia. Egypt J Ear Nose Throat Allied Sci.2013; 02.005.
[3]. Witsell DL, Dolor RJ, Bolte JM, Stinnet SS. Exploring health-related quality of life in patients with diseases of the ear, nose and throat: A multicenter observation study. Otolaryngology – Head and neck Surgery. 2001; 125-134.
[4]. WHO Conquering suffering, Enriching humanity. World Health Organization report, WHO, Geneva; 1997.
[5]. Newton EV, Macharia I, Mugwe P, Ototo B, Kan SW. Evaluation of the use of a questionnaire to detect hearing loss in Kenyan pre-school children. International Journal of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001; 57:229–234.

Abstract: Ceramics is an ideal material for the replacement of lost tooth. All ceramic materials are either to be dried or fired to get the desired strength. Porcelain used as a restorative material should be well glazed because unglazed porcelain is prone to plaque accumulation. Evaluation of wear of human enamel by the newly developed porcelain compared with commonly used traditional feldspathic porcelain under different loads.

Key words: Porcelain, glaze, Vacumat ceramic furnace, Reciprocating sliding wear test machine.

[1]. AhlgrenJOwall B.Muscular activity and chewing force a polygraphic study human mandibular movements Arch Oral Bior 1970;15;271-80.
[2]. Al-Hiyasat AS, Saunders WP Sharkey SW, smith G.Three body wear of human enamel against dental ceramics. J dent Res 1998;77;779.
[3]. Bracket SE, Leary Turner KA,Jorden RD, An evaluation of porcelain strength and the effect of surface treatment.J prosthet. Dent. 1989;61;446-51.
[4]. Burwell J. Survey of possible wear mechanism ear 1957;119-41.
[5]. Craig RG Powers JM. Wear of dental tissues and materials. Int Dent J 1976;26;121-33.

Abstract: Aims And Objectives: This study compared the analgesic efficacy of intramuscularly administered Nalbuphine with respect to onset, quality and duration of pain relief and side effect profile with to those of Butorphanol IM in the immediate postoperative period. Materials And Methods: 60 adult patients of ASA Class 1 and 2 of either sex, belonging to age 21-60 years, posted for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries done under spinal anaesthesia were randomly divided into 2 groups-Group A-Nalbuphine group and Group B-Butorphanol group. In the postoperative period patients were asked to express the intensity of pain on the VAS scale.

[1]. Joshi G, Ogunnaike B. Consequences of inadequate postoperative pain relief and chronic persistent postoperative pain. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. 2005;23(1):21–36.
[2]. J. P. Desborough, "The stress response to trauma and surgery,"British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2000;85(1):109-117.
[3]. Apfelbaum J, Chen, Mehta S, Gan T. Postoperative Pain Experience: Results from a National Survey Suggest Postoperative Pain Continues to Be Undermanaged. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(2):534–540.
[4]. Dr. S.C. Dulara, Dr. Sushil Chhabra: A Comparative Study Of Butorphanol And Nalbuphine Using Propofol And Isoflurane In Patients Undergoing Elective Craniotomy Under General Anaesthesia, National Monthly Refereed Journal Of Research In Science & Technology,Volume No.2, Issue No.7
[5]. Del Pizzo A., A double blind study of the effect of Butorphanol compared with Morphine in balanced anaesthesia. Can Anaesth 1978;25:392.