iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2014

Abstract: A multifunction sensor based on bulk micromachining of silicon <100> has been developed to measure dynamic change in pressure and temperature simultaneously. Boron doped polysilicon piezoresistors were placed on the silicon diaphragm in a full Wheatstone's bridge configuration employing standard microelectronics processes. Another single resistor has been placed on the chip but on the pressure non sensitive area of the chip for temperature sensing purpose. Over the temperature range 1400C, the pressure and temperature properties have been measured. For 200 Psi full scale pressure sensitivity is 0.30mV/Psi from 250C to 1400C has been observed with temperature gradient of -0.35mV/0C, with good linearity. The extra resistor which was placed outside the diaphragm acts as a temperature sensor with temperature gradient of about +0.70%0C-1.
Keywords: High Pressure, Temperature, MEMS Sensor, Polysilicon, Piezoresistive pressure sensor, Bulk micromachining, Temperature Compensation.

[1]. J. Akhtar "Polysilicon Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors based on MEMS Technology" , IETE Journal of Research, Vol no. 49, 2003, pp 365-377.
[2]. Jorge Ramirez and Edgar Charry, "A CMOS signal conditioning circuit for piezoresistive pressure sensors", IEEE2002, ISBN: 0-7803-7448-7, pp592-595.
[3]. Wu S, Mai J, Zohar Y, Tai Y C and Ho C M, "A suspended micro-channel with integrated temperature sensor of high pressure flow studies" ,1997-1998,http://ho.seas.ucla.edu/publications/#c97
[4]. C Pramanik, H Saha and U Gangopadhyay, "An integrated pressure and temperature sensor based on nanocrystalline porous silicon", Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol.16, 2006, pp 1340-1348
[5]. Moon key Lee, Bo Na Lee and Young Jun Lee," A signal conditioning circuit for silicon pressure sensor", IEEE1992, ISBN: CH3177-3, pp250-253.

Abstract: In this paper, A Three phase AC/DC Boost Converter is presented for efficient transfer of energy from an irregular input power source to a battery storage device or a DC link. Circuit model for a three-phase boost converter is developed using the method of averaging, followed by a derivation of the conditions under which the pulse width modulated switching circuit exhibits a resistive behavior from the input. Based on the circuit model obtained, the range of the duty cycle can be calculated. The gate pulse can be generated according to the switching states of MOSFETs. Feedback control is used to regulate the phase-to-phase input resistances of the circuit to desired values. The maximum power can be transferred from variable input source to battery or dc link, so this can be applicable for low speed wind turbines, wave energy converter & mechanical vibrations which having time-varying profiles.
Keywords: AC–DC power converters, power conversion, pulse width modulation, unbalanced source.

[1] B.Singh, B.N.Singh, A.Chandra, K.Al-Haddad, A.Pandey, and D.P.Kothari, "A review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters, IEEETrans.Ind. Electron" vol.51, no.3, pp.641–660, Jun.2004.
[2] S. Choi, "A three-phase unity-power-factor diode rectifier with active input current shaping," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1711–1714, Dec. 2007.
[3] G.Gong, M.L.Heldwein, U.Drofenik, J.Minibock, K.Mino, and J.W.Kolar, "Comparative evaluation of three-phase high-power-factor AC-DC converter concepts for application in future more electric air- craft, "IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.52,no.3,pp.727–737,Jun.2005.
[4] X. Du, L. Zhou, H. Lu, and H.-M. Tai, "DC link active power filter for three-phase diode rectifier," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1430–1442, Mar. 2012.
[5] T.Nussbaumer and J.W.Kolar, "Improving mains current quality for three-phase three-switch buck-type PWM rectifiers, "IEEETrans.Power Electron.,vol.21,no.4,pp.967–973,Jul.2006.

Abstract: The Fuzzy Logic Controller is implemented to control the speed of the electric vehicle applications. The speed and output voltage of the motor, controlled by Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller can be compared. During starting and braking of the electric vehicle applications the performance comparison is done. The reverse power flow is obtained by Bidirectional Quasi-Z-source inverter (BQ-ZSI). The inverter with the design and operation is analyzed. The Electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are emerging vehicles in the future generation. The power flow and speed can be controlled during starting and braking of the vehicles .The comparison of the speed control using PI and Fuzzy controller is done and output results. The simulation results are presented to prove the functionality of the circuit and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Index Terms: Bidirectional quasi-Z-source inverter (BQ-ZSI), electric vehicle (EV) applications, feed-forward compensation, reverse power flow, small signal model.

[1] Baoming Ge, Haitham Abu-Rub, Fang Zheng Peng, Qin Lei, Aníbal T. de Almeida, Fernando J. T. E. Ferreira, Dongsen Sun, and Yushan Liu, " An Energy-Stored Quasi-Z-Source Inverter for Application to Photovoltaic Power System," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 4468-4481,Oct. 2013
[2] Ding Li, Poh Chiang Loh, Miao Zhu, Feng Gao, Member, and Frede Blaabjerg, "Enhanced-Boost Z-Source Inverters With Alternate-Cascaded Switched- and Tapped-Inductor Cells," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3567-3578, Sep. 2013
[3] Feng Guo, , Lixing Fu, Chien-Hui Lin,Cong Li, Woongchul Choi, and Jin Wang , " Development of an 85-kW Bidirectional Quasi-Z-Source Inverter With DC-Link Feed-Forward Compensation for Electric Vehicle Applications ," IEEE Trans.Power Electron.,, vol. 28, no. 12,pp. 5477-5488, Dec. 2013
[4] Francis Boafo Effah, Patrick Wheeler, Jon Clare, and Alan Watson, "Space-Vector-Modulated Three-Level Inverters With a Single Z-Source Network," IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 6,pp. 2806-2815, Jun. 2013
[5] H. Abu-Rub, A. Iqbal, S. Moin Ahmed, F. Z. Peng, Y. Li, and G. Baoming, "Quasi-Z-source inverter-based photovoltaic generation system with maximum power tracking control using ANFIS," IEEE Trans.Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–20, Jan. 2013.

Abstract: The power electronics are gaining more popularity because of their user friendly behavior. Here the recently proposed improved PWM strategies are compared and the performances in the field of harmonic reduction are traced out. The strategies one prior to other helps in reducing the harmonics and gives the topology a major breakthrough in the field of voltage source inverters. The diode assisted buck-boost voltage source inverter with the recently proposed improved strategies enhances the voltage boost capability with a low boost duty ratio. The efficient use of the intermediate DC-link voltage by the two improved strategies achieves high gain and alleviates the stresses occurring across the switches in the circuit. The work exposes the performance of the respective strategies with help of the harmonic spectra and graphs are drawn to analyze the dependence of the THD with the variation of the load inductance and the duty ratios.
Keywords: PWM Strategies, DC-Link Voltage, THD, Voltage Source Inverter, Conduction Losses.

[1] Yan Zhang, JinjunLiuandChaoyi Zhang, "Improved Pulse-Width Modulation Strategies for Diode-Assisted Buck–Boost Voltage Source Inverter," Trans. Power Electron, vol. 28, no. 8, pp.3675-3688, august 2013.
[2] F. Gao, P. C. Loh, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, "Diode-assisted buck–boost voltage-source inverters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24,no. 9, pp. 2057–2064, Sep. 2009.
[3] F. Z. Peng, "Z-Source inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 2,pp. 504–510, Mar. 2003.
[4] M.-K. Nguyen, Y.-C. Lim, and G.-B. Cho, "Switched-inductor quasi-Zsource inverter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 3183– 3191, Nov. 2011.
[5] W. Qian, F. Z. Peng, and H. Cha, "Trans-Z-source inverters," IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 3453–3463, Dec. 2011.

Abstract: To extract maximum power from the solar panel by using MPPT controller with P&O algorithm Using the effective Embedded Wireless communication technology to overcome the existing problem in manual monitoring of solar PV modules. To track and monitor the voltage, current, maximum power, solar light irradiance of PV modules and to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the system. Use of solar panels is gaining an ever increasing foothold in society, especially on the roof of the houses for feeding domestic electrical appliances in recent times. In many situations, the expensive solar panels stop working due to some external nuisances which goes unnoticed to the users. There is a need of a low-cost monitoring system to get information of the defected solar panels for timely repair and maintenance. The design, development, and trial work of a performance monitoring system of distributed solar panels along with automated data logging based on a low-cost wireless sensors network has been reported to help the current situation. The developed system can be used up to 146 V and 15.5 A solar cell systems with automatic selection of best resolutions. The system can be extended for wide range of solar cells for material research and development activities. The fabricated system has been used for field trials and very satisfactory.

[1] G. TamizhMani, ―Testing the reliability and safety of photovoltaic modules: Failure rates and temperature effects,‖ 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.tuv.com/media/usa/aboutus_1/pressreleases/ PTL_Magazine_Article.pdf
[2] P. Singer, ―The quest for grid parity,‖ Photovoltaics World, p. 6, 2009.
[3] M. A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, and W. Warta, ―Solar cell efficiency tables (version 34),‖ Progress in Photovoltaics , vol. 17, pp. 320–326, 2009.
[4] ―PC printer port controls I-V curve tracer (an253).‖ 2004. [Online]. Available: www.maxim-ic/an253
[5] R. N. Briskman and P. E. Livingstone, ―A low cost, user-friendly photovoltaic cell curve tracer,‖ Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 46, pp. 187–199, 1997.

Abstract: This paper proposes a miniaturized model for a particular application by implementing its control circuitry in field programmable gate array (FPGA). This model replaces the conventional circuitry which contains separate unit of microcontroller and complex programmable logic device (CPLD) with a single FPGA chip. Thus it provides a reduced and efficient utilization of resources with increased configurability and flexibility.
Keywords: FPGA,CPLD, miniaturized model.

[1] Markus Schutti, Markus Pfaff, Richard Hagelauer: "VHDL DESIGNOF EMBEDDED PROCESSOR CORES" in 0-7803-4980-6/98/$10.00 01~9 98 IEEE.
[2] Ms. Krupa Joshi, Dipak Patel, Chintan Patel, Rahul Kher: "Design and Simulation of UART IP Core for FPGA Implementation" in National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology on 13-14 MAY 2011.
[3] Veda Patil, Vijay Dahake, Dharmesh Verma3, Elton Pinto: "Implementation of SPI Protocol in FPGA" in International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue. 1 on JAN‟13.

Abstract: Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1-100 nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. A nanometer is 10-9 of a meter; a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nm thick. In this paper we present the concept of the future war fighter who is indomitable. The future war-fighter concept is about to come into reality in 20 years. The fighter is equipped with powerful tools to cause drastic damage or to neutralize the opponents. He is in a smart uniform and smart helmet, which has sensors to protect him from ballistic elements, a toxic chemical and bio- agent. He identifies objects or enemies through RFID tags and Body Area Networks. The war-fighter has the ability to monitor his position, his physical and mental condition, status of equipment such as PDAs, watch, RFID-reader, heart rate monitoring. The smart helmet consists of a helmet as platform system equipped with an intelligent sensor system for various tasks: positioning, RF and audio communication, B/C sensing, EEG monitoring, sniper detection and digital signal processing. The fighter has powerful lethal and non-lethal weapons. He is equipped with micro vehicles that give information about enemy troops and thus he can analyze, interpret and decides the action to be taken. Advantages of small highly integrated modular satellites for military purposes are that they can be used as destruction satellites and spy satellites.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, PDA, RFID, B/C Sensing, Nanometer, DSP.

[1] www.nanotech-now.com
[2] A.P. Gerratt, S. Bergbreiter, "Sensors and Actuators" vol. 177, no. 114 (2012).
[3] I. Raicu, "Micro Electro Mechanical Systems" (2004) Class: CSC8800.
[4] Y. Wang, C. Lee and C. Ming Chiang, "Sensors 7" (2007) vol. 7, pp. 2389-2401.
[5] T. Steve, M. Brant, J. Fukang, T. Tom, AIAA, "Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit",Jan(2001).

Abstract: This paper presents design a Clark transformation based technique for protection of transformer. It improves and enhances the sensitivity of the operation of the digital differential relay that protects Power Transformers by discriminating between inrush current and fault current. The proposed method has been simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK with different test of operations.
Key words: differential protection, Clarke transforms.

[1]. Blackburn, J.L., Domin, T.J.: "Protective relaying principles and applications‟, 2007.
[2]. Jialong Wang, "Analysis of transformer inrush current and comparison of harmonic restraint methods in transformer protection" Protective Relay Engineers, 2008 61st Annual Conference 1-3 April 2008
[3]. OuahdiDris, Farag. M. Elmareimi and RekinaFouad, "Transformer differential protection scheme with internal faults detection algorithm using second harmonics restrain and fifth harmonics blocking logic"
[4]. Iswadi HR , RedyMardiana, "Differential power transformer protection techniques using the wavelet packet transform approach" Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institute Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia June 17-19, 2007
[5]. SaeedJazebi, BehroozVahidi and SeyedHossenien "A Novel Discriminative Approach Based on Hidden Markov Models and Wavelet Transform to Transformer Protection" Journal imulationVol 86 Issue 2 Feb 2010.

Abstract: In a power system, as a power load demand varies randomly, both area frequency and line power also vary. The objectives of load frequency control (LFC) are to minimize the transient deviations in these variables (area frequency and line power) and to ensure their steady state errors to be zeros. When dealing with the LFC problem of power systems, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties of the power system pose big challenges for controller design. In this project, a reduced-order state observer with a practical point of view for LFC problem in a power system is proposed based on the pole-placement method. A proper choice of closed-loop pole location has been proposed using symmetrical root locus (SRL) method. In the practical environment, there is limited access to all state variables of system and measuring all of them is usually impossible. So when the available sensors are less than the number of states or when it may be undesirable, expensive or impossible to measure directly all of the states, a reduced-order state observer can be applied as proposed in this project. The proposed strategy is tested on a single area power system. The dynamic model of the power system and the controller design based on the model are elaborated. The robustness and stability of the control schemes is examined through simulations.
Keywords: Load Frequency Controller, Power system, Reduced Order Observer, Integral controller and SRL.

[1] S Z Sayed Hassen , A robust approach to the load frequency control problem with speed regulation uncertainty, Member, IEEE International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 6 2012.
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[5] Verhaegen, M. and P. Van Dooren (1986). A reduced order observer for descriptor systems. System & Control Letters 8(1), 29–37.