iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2014

Abstract: In this competitive world, electrical vehicles play a vital role. The cost of fuel is rising day by day. In order to meet this issue we need a vehicle that can overcome these problems. Physically challenged people prefer electric vehicles which are more convenient and reliable for them to travel. Controlling the speed in electric vehicles has been a major drawback, which needs to be rectified. The proposed system uses ultra-sonic sensors and controls the speed of the vehicle automatically. The ultrasonic sensors measure the distance of the obstacle and according to the corresponding distance the speed of the vehicle is regulated and reduced gradually. All these processes are carried out by automatic acceleration and deceleration without the guidance of the person driving the vehicle. The process of acceleration and deceleration is more important for controlling the speed of the electric vehicle. The speed is controlled proportional to the distance of the obstacle from the vehicle. Thus it can safely decelerate the speed and turn away from the obstacles. This system ensures safety while driving for the physically challenged person. In addition to the features of ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor is also used to avoid collision with obstacles. The variations in the pulse width with respect to changes in the speed is inferred using simulation of Proteus software.
Keywords: ultra-sonic sensor, infrared sensor, smart eye.

[1]. V. Milanés, J. E. Naranjo, C. Gonzalez, J. Alonso, and T. de Pedro, "Autonomous vehicle based in cooperative gps and inertial systems," Robotic a, vol. 26, pp. 627–633, 2008.
[2]. N. B. Hounsell, B. P. Shrestha, J. Piao, and M. McDonald, "Review of urban traffic management and the impacts of new vehicle technologies,"IET Intell. Transport Syst., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 419–428, 2009.
[3]. J. K. Kuchar and L. C. Yang, "A review of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods," IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 179–189, Dec. 2000.
[4]. Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04 http://www.micropik.com/PDF/HCSR04.pdf

Abstract: while the last 30 years has seen the computer industry driven primarily by faster uni-processors those days have come to an end. Emerging in their place are multi processors containing multiple processor cores that are expected to exploit parallelism [3], [4]. High reliability, availability and scalability [2]needs efficient multistage switching network to ensure performance (throughput) improvement. Current advancement in IC technology has helped us to design Universal Functional\ Block for these different interconnection networks. Here in this\ paper we have designed a Universal Block for hypercube interconnection network using two different approaches indirect hypercube switching and shuffle exchange switching simultaneously.
Index Terms: Universal Functional Block, Indirect Hypercube, Shuffle Exchange, Omega switching.

[1] MULTIPROCESSORS INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS.Available: http://lyle.smu.edu/~rewini/slides/adv-arch bk/chapter02.pdf
[2] John P.Hayes, Computer architecture and organization (second edition)
[3] Stephen W. Keckler, KunleOlukotun, H. Peter Hofste, Multi-core processors and systems.
[4] Cameron Hughes Tracey Hughes, Professional Multicore Programming Design and Implementation.
[5] Interconnection Network, Available: www.ece.eng.wayne.edu/~czxu/ece7660_f05/network.pdf

Abstract: The structural, electronic and optical properties of Al0.50Ga0.38In0.12N0.03Sb0.97 have been investigated using a full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the local density approximation (LDA).The structural properties such as the lattice parameter, bulk modulus B, pressure derivative B' are determinedand electronic properties such as band gap and density of states have been pursued. On the other hand, the dielectric function, refraction index, reflectivity, conductivity function, and energy-lossspectra were obtained and analyzed on the basis of electronic band structures and density of states.
Keywords: Full-Potential-LAPW; Local density approximation; Quinary alloys; Semiconductors III-V.

[1] W.Shan,W.Walukiewicz,J.W.Ager,E.E.Haller,J.F.Geisz,D.J.Friedman, J.M. Olson,S.R.Kurtz, Phys.Rev.Lett.82(1999)1221.
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[5] M.F.Schubert,J.Xu,J.K.Kim,E.F.Schubert,M.H.Kim,S.Yoon,S.M.Lee,C. Sone,T.Sakong,Y.Park,Appl.Phys.Lett.93(2008)041102.

Abstract: The general idea behind the paper is to mix two liquids i.e. h2so4 (sulphuric acid) & distilled mineral water in such a desired proportion so that the output liquid will contain some acidity, which accordingly will be required and used for certain industrial & consumer purpose. The role of automation using programmable logic controller is that to maintain the specific gravity of the output product as per required. Since this chemical mixing process is exothermic reaction, we use temperature sensor to measure and maintain the temperature inside the mixing plant. Here in this automation project, the main hardware Programmable Logical Controller used is of Siemens s7-300 and the Human Machine Interface used is of delta make, dop-bs7115 and the software's used are simatic manager and dopsoft respectively. The output liquid solution obtained has its application in batteries used in cars, inverters, generators and also used for electroplating purpose.
Keywords: PLC, HMI, H2SO4, Distilled Mineral Water.

[1]. Siemens S-7 300 Manual
[2]. Introduction to PLC by Gary Dunning
[3]. ABB VFD Manual
[4]. Schneider MCB Manual
[5]. HMI DOP-Soft Manual.

Abstract: A novel electromechanical foam (EFOAM) material capable of acting as an electromechanical transducer with integrated functions as a sensor – actuator is investigated by manufacturing some samples of the foam and performing some tests, based on the piezo–electric effect in electro-active polymers. The resulting charge, when different known weights are applied to the sample were observed and recorded with a charge amplifier while the actuator sensitivity was also estimated using the micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. EFOAM is manufactured from expancel microspheres and heated by placing the microspheres in glass slides heated up to temperatures of 1350C for expansion. Different samples were manufactured and charged using the corona discharge method operating under an electric field of between 11kV/cm to 15kV/cm. EFOAM displayed an electro-mechanical sensitivity of 1nm/V when characterized, and is observed that the piezoelectric nature of EFOAM exists as a characteristic of each cell within the material sample. This novel material offers much promise in the area of production of miniature electromechanical devices which maybe well applied in electroacoustic applications.
Keywords: Actuator, Electric charge, Electro-active polymers, Electro-mechanical foam, Piezo-electric materials.

[1] K. C. Kao, Dielectric phenomena in solids, (USA; Elsevier Academic Press.2004).
[2] XuYuhuan, Ferroelectric Materials and their applications, (USA; Elsevier Academic Press,1991)
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Abstract: Frequency shift keying (fsk) mode of digital signal information transfer switches between two predetermined frequencies of the carrier wave, either by modulating one sine wave oscillator or by switching between two oscillators.The need for a receiver to decode an fsk signal along the transmitting medium from a digital source code within about 5 kilometer radius for security monitoring of environment informed this work. The design of a receiver circuit at a frequency of 500 kHzfor an input frequency shift keying (fsk) signal from a transmitter is presented. The receiver is to receive an RF signal, amplify it, filter it to remove unwanted signals, and recover the desired base band information. It consists of an amplifier, tuned circuitsand mixers which filters the base-band information. A comparator circuit is incorporated, to detect the digital signal received. The output from the comparators is the digital equivalent of the coded signals sent by the transmitter circuit, and transferred to a microcontroller circuit, to act as a coded signal representing information from the transmitting end. The bode-plot response of the receiver to the incoming signals using a FET tuned circuit, shows that only frequencies above 470kHz, and below 495kHz are allowed to pass through the network with a resonant frequency of 483.553 kHz and a gain of 27.734dB, while others are totally attenuated. The reliability of the designed receiver circuit was evaluated for a 1 year continuous operating period and was found to be 74.7%.Area of application of this work include electronic policing of a defined environment with good success.
Keywords: Band-pass network, Comparator, Detector, FET amplifier, FSK signals, Resonant circuit, Quality factor.

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Abstract: This paper uses data obtained from laboratory measurements of typical appliances such as Refrigerator, TV set to verify whether these non- linear loads behave similar to current harmonic sources or voltage-type harmonic sources. Inverter is used as input power supply. The output of inverter 230V is connected to Residential & Commercial Loads through a distribution transformer. Based on the measurements and additional simulations, and comparison from the tabular form it is stated that residential and commercial electronic loads behave essentially like harmonic voltage sources. This behavior helps to explain why shunt compensators and filters may even increase the harmonic current content in the feeder.
Keywords: Diode, harmonic distortion, harmonics, nonlinear circuits, series filters, power distribution.

[1] F. Z. Peng, G.-J. Su, and G. Farquharson, "A series LC filter for har monic compensation of ac Drives.," in CD-ROM IEEE Power Elec- tronics Specialists Conf., Charleston, NC, Jun. 1999.
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Abstract: Different types of converters are used for photovoltaic energy harvest. But the disadvantages are higher switching losses and they cannot maintain the efficiency for wide input range. In this paper a dual mode resonant converter is proposed. This converter can change the operating modes depending on photovoltaic panel operating condition. This converter achieves zero voltage switching for primary side switches and zero current switching for secondary diodes for both resonant modes. By reducing circulating energy the converter can maintain the high efficiency under wide input range under different output power levels.
IndexTerms: Resonant converter, photovoltaic system, zero voltage switching, zero current switching.

[1]. Application Notes, "Half-bridge LLC resonant converter design using FSFR-series Fairchild Power Switch (FPS)," Application Note AN-4151 (2007). [Online]. Available: http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ AN- 4151.pdf
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[3]. G. R. Walker and P. C. Sernia, "Cascaded DC–DC converter connection of photovoltaic modules," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1130–1139, Jul. 2004.
[4]. Y. Gu, L. Hang, Z. Lu, Z. Qian, and D. Xu, "Voltage doubler applicationin isolated resonant converters," in Proc. IEEE 31st Annu. Conf. Ind.Electron. Soc. (IECON), Nov. 2005, pp. 1184–1188.
[5]. B. Lu et al., "Optimal design methodology for LLC resonant converter," in Proc. IEEE 21st Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC-06), pp. 19–23.

Abstract: The piezoelectric polarization effect is dominant at the every GaN/InGaN interface in the MQW structure. In this paper we show that, how this piezoelectric polarization effect is useful in improving the open circuit voltage of GaN/InGaN MQW solar cell. For this purpose we have design a mathematical model of GaN/InGaN MQW solar cell and calculate the values of open circuit voltage with and without piezoelectric polarization effect. For simplicity of the model we are neglecting the current clouding effect, composition fluctuation and electro migration effect present in the device. Here we also assuming that, all the layers of GaN and InGaN material are terminated by Ga-face. Results indicate that the open circuit voltage of MQW solar cell improves by ~6.28% (at indium fraction in quantum well is 0.2 and quantum well thickness is 1 nm) and by ~16.77% (at indium fraction in quantum well is 0.2 and quantum well thickness is 3 nm) by using piezoelectric polarization effect.
Keywords: Dislocation density, Ga-face GaN and InGaN layer, Gallium nitride (GaN), Indium gallium nitride (InGaN), Multi quantum well (MQW), piezoelectric polarization.

[1] O. Jani, C. Honsberg, Y. Huang, J. O. Song, I. Ferguson, G. Namkoong, E. Trybus, A. Doolittle, S. Kurtz, "Design, Growth, Fabrication and Characterization of High-Band Gap InGaN/GaN Solar Cells", Proc. of the IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006.
[2] Y. Nanishi, Y. Saito and T. Yamaguchi, "R-F Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth and Properties of InN and Related Alloys", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42 (2003), p. 2549.
[3] F. Bernardini, and V. Fiorentini, "Nonlinear Macroscopic Polarization in III-V Nitride Alloys", Phys. Rev. B, 64 (2001), p. 085207/1.
[4] V. Fiorentini F. Bernardini, "Spontaneous versus Piezoelectric Polarization in III-V Nitrides: Conceptual Aspects and Practical Consequences", Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 216 (1999), p. 391.
[5] O. Ambacher, J. Smart, J. R. Shealy, N. G. Weimann, K. Chu, M. Murphy,W. J. Schaff, L. F. Eastman, R. Dimitrov, L. Wittmer, M. Stutzmann, W.Rieger, and J. Hilsnbeck, "Two-dimensional electron gases induced by spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization charges in N- and Ga-face AlGaN/GaN heterostructures," J. Appl. Phys. 85 (1999), p. 3222.

Abstract: The successful working of a two terminal HVDC has led to the development of the multiterminal DC network.This study describes the Principle of developing DC transmission grid based on the high power DC/DC converters with power source available from the renewable sources such as wind,solar and fuel cells etc. The DC/DC converter is capable of achieving very high step up gain with high power level transfer and does not utilize the iron core transformers.The Active filter based on the Instantaneous reactive power theory is implemented on the AC source side of the Renewable sources The efficiency of shunt Active filter is demonstrated using the simulation. It is concluded that DC transmission grid could be developed by DC/DC converters with Active filters successfully implemented to reduce the Harmonics and hence the efficiency of system is increased.
Keywords: Active filters, DC/DC converters, Harmonics, HVDC.

[1] D.Jovic,Boon Teck Ooi,"Developing DC Transmission Network using DC Transformer" IEEE Transaction on power delivery, Vol.25, No.4, October 2010.
[2] Chan-ki-kim, HVDC transmission power conversion applications in power systems( John wiley & sons(Asia) pte Ltd, 2009).
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[4] D.Jovcic "Step up DC-DC converter for MW-size applications" IET Power Electronics, PEL-2008-0101, April 2008.
[5] Vijay k sood ,HVDC and FACTS controller Application of static converters in powerv system © 2004 Kluwer Academic publishers Boston

Abstract: Extraction of number plate plays a key role in the recognition of vehicles. With the advancement in technology and increase in number of vehicles it is the need of the day to recognize registered and unregistered vehicles. For this purpose, in this paper we propose a system to automatically extract digits and alphabets from the number plate of vehicle and search it in the database for its registration. The proposed approach involves four different processes that include Image smoothing, Edge detection, Image segmentation and data extraction. The result shows that the proposed approach can easily detect and extract data from the number plates. Some of the number plates and its extracted data are shown in this paper. The results can further be implemented on automatic extraction of data from shields, sign etc.

[1]. C. Nelson Kennedy Babu, Krishnan Nallaperumal "An Efficient Geometric feature based License Plate Localization and Recognition" International Journal of Imaging Science and Engineering (IJISE) GA,USA,ISSN: 1934-9955, VOL.2,NO.2, APRIL 2008.
[2]. Shyang-Lih Chang, Li-Shien Chen, Yun-Chung Chung, Sei-Wan Chen, "Automatic license plate recognition", IEEE Transactions on IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , March 2004, Vol 5,Issue 1, pp: 42 – 53.
[3]. Leonard G. C. Hamey, Colin Priest, "Automatic Number Plate Recognition for Australian Conditions", Proceedings of the Digital Imaging Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA), pp. 14- 21, December 2005.
[4]. M. Yu and Y. D. Kim, "An approach to Korean license plate recognition based on vertical edge matching", IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 4, pp. 2975.2980, 2000.

Abstract: The plasmonic properties of metallic dielectric nanoparticles exhibit a highly sensitive dependence on geometry, due to the interaction between Primitive Plasmon modes associated with the surfaces of the nanoparticle. Changes in nanoparticle geometry that reduce symmetry alter the interactions between Plasmon modes and give rise to modified, and altogether new, plasmonic features. Plasmons are density waves of electrons created when light hits the surface of a nanoparticle under precise conditions.

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Abstract: Free space optics is a line-of-sight technology, which uses LASERS and Photo detectors to provide optical connections between two points—without the fiber. Increased needs for bandwidth require technology that goes beyond traditional copper lines. The technology advancement in internet scales faster than Moore's law which makes it infeasible to dig installed lines in metropolitan areas; the industry now realized the benefits of free space optical communication. Free-space optical (FSO) communication links are attractive because they provide a means of low cost, high bandwidth, reduced time-to-market, secure and are a reliable means of communications. This paper describes the benefits of FSO along with operation of such links working outdoors in an open atmosphere under various effecting field parameters such as atmospheric attenuation

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[2]. Das, S., Henniger, H., Epple, B., Moore, C., Rabinovich,W., Sova, R., Young, D. Requirements and challenges for tactical free-space laser comm . In IEEE Military Communications Conference. San Diego (USA), 2008, p. 1 – 10.
[3]. H. Willebrand., Ghuman, B. Fiber optics without fiber. IEEE Spectrum, 2001, vol. 38, no. 8, p. 40- 45.
[4]. H. Henniger, O. Wilfert. An introduction to free-space optical communications. radioengineering, Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2010, P.203-212.
[5]. I. D. A. Singapore, A trial-based study of free-space optics systems in Singapore, Info-Communications Development Authority of Singapore (Ida), Singapore 2002.

Abstract: People Detection in video is generally used in high level multimedia applications like intelligent surveillance systems, augmented reality ,etc. People detection is based on background subtraction. Generally videos are available in compressed form due to which noise will be added in it. Many algorithms are used to detect people and control their rate. There are three key steps in video analysis detection of interesting moving objects, tracking of such objects from frame to frame, and analysis of object tracks to recognize their behavior. The ability of human visual system to detect visual saliency is extraordinarily fast and reliable.

[1]. Simone Milani, Riccardo Bernardini, Roberto Rinaldo, "Saliency based rate control for people detection in video", DIEGM - University of Udine Via Delle Scienze, 208 - 33100 Udine – Italy,IEEE2013
[2]. P.F. Felzenszwalb, R.B. Girshick, D. McAllester, and D. Ramanan, "Object detection with discriminatively trained partbased models," Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1627 –1645, sept. 2010.
[3]. Jacinto Nascimento, Jorge Marques, "Performance evaluation of object detection algorithms for video surveillance", IST/ISR, Torre Norte, Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa Portugal.
[4]. David G. Lowe, "Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints," International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 91–110, Nov. 2004.

Abstract: The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can be broadly classified into single level inverter and multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level inverters have advantages like minimum harmonic distortion, reduced EMI/RFI generation and can operate on several voltage levels. A multi-stage inverter is being utilized for multipurpose applications, such as active power filters, static var compensators and machine drives for sinusoidal and trapezoidal current applications. The drawbacks are the isolated power supplies required for each one of the stages of the multiconverter and it's also lot harder to build, more expensive, harder to control in software.

[1]. J. Rodriguez, J. S. Lai and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel Inverters: Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 4, Aug. 2002, pp. 724-738.
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[3]. L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. Habetler, "Multilevel Converters for Large Electric drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,vol.35,pp. 36-44, Jan./Feb. 1999.
[4]. R. H. Baker and L. H. Bannister, "Electric Power Converter," U.S. Patent 3 867 643, Feb. 1975.
[5]. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, "A New Neutral-point Clamped PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-17, pp. 518-523, Sept./Oct. 1981.

Abstract: The quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) with battery operation can balance the stochastic fluctuations of photovoltaic (PV) power injected to the grid/load. This work proposes a new topology of the energy-stored qZSI to overcome this disadvantage and delivers the continuous power to the grid/load. The operating characteristic of the proposed solution is analyzed in detail and compared to that of the SPWM and TPWM. Two strategies are proposed with the related design principles to control the new energy-stored qZSI when applied to the PV power system.

[1] J. Chavarria, D. Biel, F. Guinjoan, C. Meza, and J. Negroni, "Energybalance control of PV cascaded multilevel grid-connected inverters for phase-shifted and level-shifted pulse-width modulations," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 98–111, Jan. 2013.
[2] D. Vinnikov, I. Roasto, R. Strzelecki, and M. Adamowicz, "Step-up DC/DC converters with cascaded quasi-z-source network," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3727–3736, Oct. 2012.
[3] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, "An analog technique for distributed MPPT PV applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 4713–4722, Dec. 2012.
[4] D. Vinnikov and I. Roasto, "Quasi-Z-source-based isolated DC/DC converters for distributed power generation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 192–201, Jan. 2011.