IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2014

Abstract: Dietary Exposure of adult population in Awka ,Nigeria to toxic/heavy metal was carried out using analysis of some Vegetable and parts of cow meat samples commonly consumed in the study area ,as well as food frequency questionnaire .The results showed that Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were the risk factors to adult population in the area based on Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for toxic metals and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for other metals. It was observed that while estimated provisional daily intake of these metal in all vegetable samples fell within the limit set by European Commission, only cent leave was found to contribute significant amount of lead(Pb) to adult population in the area. Similarly, meat samples especially cow intestine and kidney consumption were the major contributors of Cadmium (Cd) to adult population in the area .This calls for precautionary measures in the consumption of these products especially meat samples due to their adverse health implications.
Key Words: Toxic/heavy metals, Vegetables and Meat samples, risk assessment.

[1]. Sathi D. Balakrishnana .V. (2008); Food technology, Presence of Heavy Metal in Pork Products in Chanan; India, 3rd Ed, Weiaheim, India pp 192-199.
[2]. Judith, R.T. 1994, Copper In Maurice, E.S, James, A.O. and Moshe, S.L, (Ed) Modern Nutrition in Health and Diseases 8th Edn Part 1 pp. 237-240.
[3]. Dudka, S., Miller, P. (1999); Accumulations of potentially toxic elements in plants are their transfer to human food chain. J. Environment Sci. Health, B 34, 681-708.
[4]. Kolle K. Brown T. (2004); 'Environment Health Perspective Recent Development in low level exposure and intellectual impairment in Children, 9th Ed., London, pp 957-994
[5]. Nasiaddine, L. Parent D. Massin (2002); Food Contamination by Metals and Pesticides in the European Union, should we worry?, Recent Articles, Toxicology Letter 127: 29-41.

Abstract:Tympanotonus fuscatus collected from the New Calabar River were exposed to different concentrations of petrol (10.40, 15.60, 21.00 and 26.00ml/L) and a control for six days to determine the activities of enzymes, aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and electrolytes namely sodium(Na+), potassium(K+) and chloride(Cl-) in the tissues of the organism. There was a marked increase in the activities of all the enzymes in the viscera of Tympanotonus fuscatus with ALP being the most prominent enzyme. ALP was highest at 26.00ml/L(390,00 ± 70.71IU/L) which was 2X and 3X that of AST and ALT respectively at 10.40ml/L. In the muscle, elevation of activity was observed in AST only while ALT and ALP declined in all the exposure concentrations with AST being the most prominent enzyme. The levels of the electrolyte (Na+, K+ and Cl-) all declined in value in comparison to the control in the viscera of Tympanotonus fuscatus. The most prominent ion was sodium followed by chloride and finally potassium. In the muscle, decrease in levels was also observed in all the ions except at 15.60ml/L and 26.00ml/L for sodium and ions respectively. The increase or the decrease observed in either the enzymes or the electrolytes did not follow any pattern.

Key words: Pollution, Tympanotonus fuscatus, petrol, enzymes, electrolytes, environment.

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Abstract: Blood is primary target to environmental toxicants. Hematological study is an important diagnostic tool and has proved that they may be used as valuable sensitive indicators of toxicity due to different pollutant. Hematological values are widely used to determine systematic relationship and physiological adaptations including the assessment of general health conditions. In the present study, long term exposure (180 days) of groundwater of Sanganer Industrial Area on various Hematological parameters (RBC count, WBC count, Hb%, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, poikilocytosis and anisocytosis of RBC) in Mus musculus.

Keywords: Chronic toxicity, Groundwater, Hematology, Swiss Albino Mice

[1]. Adham K.G., Al-Eisa N.A., Farhood M.H. Impact of heavy metal pollution on the hemogram and serum biochemistry of the libyan jird, Meriones libycus. Chemosphere. 84(10):1408–1415. 2011.
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Abstract: This study was designed to examine for the first time the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils and organic extracts of Tunisian Citrus aurantium. Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the peels, leaves and flowers were characterized by GC–MS. It results in the identification of three chemotypes: limonene (87,02 %), linalyl acetate (53,76 %) and linalool (39,74 %), respectively, as the major compounds. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts (peels, leaves and flowers) lead to identification of tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, polyterpenes and alkaloids. Antioxidant activities of both organic extracts and essential oils were examined using DPPH and ABTS methods. Methanol extracts in particular from the peel showed the highest activity compared with essential oils. The antimicrobial activities were tested by the well-diffusion method. Results showed that the tested bacteria were sensitive only to the essential oils.

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Abstract: Phenols have been recognized as mutagenic and carcinogenic. Industrial effluents possessing phenols causes' environmental pollution. Present study was planned to investigate the % degradation of phenol using alkaliphilic Bacillus badius D1 with various concentration ranging from 0.42 to 1.68 g/L in alkaline broth of pH-9, in shaking incubator at110 rpm, 37 0C. The % degradation at lowest concentration was about 98%. Even at higher concentration the rate of degradation was found higher than 70 %. The % degradation and spectroscopic profile was monitored from 0 to 48 hr. by 6 hr. interval. The metabolic pathway was constructed by isolating and characterizing the metabolites by 1HNMR, FTIR, and GCMS. It was concluded that the Bacillus badius follows ortho and meta catechol pathway for degradation. The biodegradation study was extended for varying parameters like temperature, pH,.

[1]. Fredric Ampe, David Leonard, Nicholsas, D. Lindley. Repression of Phenol Catabolism by Organic Acids in Ralstonia eutropha, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64:1-6, 1998
[2]. Manojlovica D, Ostojic D.R, Obradovic B.M, Kuraica M.M, Krsmanovica V.D, Puric J. Removal of phenol and chlorophenols from water by new ozone generator, Desalination 2007; 213: 116–122.
[3]. Khazi M. B, Aravindan Rajendran, Viruthagiri Thangavelu., Recent advances in the Biodegradation of Phenol: A review, Asian j. Exp. Biol. Sci., 2010; 1: 219-234.
[4]. Farooqi I H, Basheer F, Ahmad T. Studies on biodegradation of phenols and m-cresols by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and aerobic sequential batch reactor, Global NEST Journal, 2008;10: 39-46.
[5]. Muftah H. E-Naas., Shaheen A. Al-Muhtaseb, Souzan Makhlouf. Biodegradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel, Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009; 164: 720–725

Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effect of radiation on Microbiological quality , chemical composition and organoleptic qualities of fresh Zingiberofficinalerhizomes or ginger. Fresh ZingiberofficinaleRhizomes were treated by using three doses of gamma radiation, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 KGy. The results showed that radioactive transactions have led to a significant reduction in total number of bacteria; yeast and fungi. The results also revealed that Fresh Zingiberofficinalerhizomes weresensitive to irradiation. At high doses of 10.0 KGy, moderate changes were detected at chemical composition. However, a significant difference in the texture with the dose of 15.0 KGy was observed compared with control.
Key words: Irradiation, Zingiberofficinalerhizomes, microbial quality, chemical composition ,organoleptic qualities.

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Abstract: Management of solid waste is one of the most challenging problems in India's cities and towns. Increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standards accelerate the rate of generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian cities. Most of the urban areas are currently facing a serious problem of land and water pollution due to the generation of huge quantities of solid waste and their open dumping. In the present study an assessment is made of the existing situation of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow city, UP (India). The current status of MSWM as per the MSW Rules, 2000 has also been appraised and an action plan for better management has been formulated. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of MSW along with basic information have been evaluated for Lucknow city. The geographic information system has also been used to digitize the existing MSW dumping sites. The present study has showed that there are many shortcomings in the existing MSWM practices. The Lucknow city is one of the most densely populated, commercialized and urbanized city of India. This city is also adding on commercial centres and new urban extensions which are providing additional housing services and employment opportunities to increasing population resulting into generation of huge quantity of MSW. The inhabitants of Lucknow presently generate approximately 1500 tonnes of MSW every day. In the absence of sanitary landfills or other protected and lined dumping places, the MSW is transported to the various dumpsites, near fun republic mall Gomti Nagar, Telibagh Bhattha Maidan, Ghaila (Dubbga) Hardoi-Kanpur Ring Road and Ramdaskheda, Kursi Road. Such open dumping poses environmental and health hazards as leachate from open dumps are becoming major sources of groundwater contamination in the subsequent years of dumping MSW.
Keywords: Solid waste, sanitary landfills, leachate, groundwater pollution, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

[1]. A. Adeolu, O. Ada, A. Gbenga, and O. Adebayo, Assessment of groundwater contamination by leachate near a municipal solid waste landfill. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5 (11), 2011, 933-940
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Abstract: The proximate composition of protein, lipids, carbohydrate, minerals and other minor components of Calappa lophus was analyses. The crab was separated into two parts, which is body (Shell and Muscles) and appendages (Walking legs Claws). The digestive system was removed edible portions were taken separately and the tissues samples were kept in an electric oven at 75°C (30 Min.) for proper drying. The Calappa lophus appendage and body region has average quantity of Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat, Ash and Moisture in the level of (22.19 gm, 21.45gm), (8.34gm, 5.45gm), (55.18gm, 61.91gm), (2.56gm, 2.98gm), (73.11gm, 82.98gm) respectively. Totally twenty-one amino acids were found in the box crab. Therefore, eleven essential amino acids (EAA) and ten non essential amino acids (NEAA) were detected. In maximum 0.925 mg Lysine was detected in an appendage. Minimum concentration of EAA Tryptophan 0.193 mg was observed in body portion of box crab. Important EAA Taurine 0.251 mg detected in the crab. In NEAA Glutamic acid 1.012 mg was the maximum level of NEAA in body part. Aspargine 0.119 mg was observed as a minimum quantity of NEAA in body part. Totally six fatty acids were found in appendage and body of box-crab. In appendage 8.39 mg of Stearic acid 18:0 was observed as the high quantity of fatty acid and in minimum 0.35 mg of Moroctic acid 18:4 was detected in the body part of C. lophus. Totally seven major minerals are observed in this C. lophus both sample. Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) were present in both sample of C. lophus. The calcium 245.2 mg was observed as a major element in appendages. The objective of present study is to conclude the proximate composition and nutrition value of the box crab to encourage an increase in the utilization of these species in larger amount.
Keywords: Amino acid, Box crab, Calappa lophus, Fatty acids, Minerals.,.

[1]. S Leu, S.N. Jhaveri, P.A. Karakoltsidis, and S.M. Constantinides, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, L): seasonal variation in proximate composition and distribution of chemical nutrients. Journal of Food Science, 1981, 46, 1635.
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Abstract: Watershed, catchment and drainage basin are synonymous terms, describing an area surrounded by a ridge line, which drains its runoff through a single outlet.When it is referred to as an area that contributes its runoff to a stream or a river, it is called the catchment of that stream or river. For effective and good water quality management, it is necessary to assess changes in input loads rather than concentrations. The present research primarily aims at evaluating various rainfall runoff characteristics on agricultural watershed area by considering eight rain gauge station of Vena catchment located in Hinganghat District. This paper deals with comparison of observed runoff with SCS Model, Modified SCS Model, and Mockus Model.
Keywords: Rainfall-Runoff, Hinganghat Watershed, Mockus method, Modified SCS Method, SCS Method,

[1] Andrews, R. G. (1954). ""The use of relative infiltration indices in computing runoff.‟‟ Cited in Rainfall-runoff relationship, V. P. Singh, ed.,Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo.
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Abstract: The biodegradation potential of five bacteria isolated from used engine oil contaminated soil was investigated in this study. The bacteria were inoculated into used oil supplemented with Mineral Salt Medium and incubated at 37o C for 25 days. The results obtained showed that all the bacteria were able to utilize the engine oil as source of carbon. IR analysis of the residual engine oil showed that the bacteria have exerted microbial action on the oil. The results obtained from IR analysis revealed 9 bands in P. vulgaris, B. cereus, S. typhi, S. faecium, 10 bands for P. aeruginosa while that of the control was recorded to 8 bands. This study showed that the bacteria strains used in this study could be relevant in the bioremediation of ecosystem that may be contaminated with hydrocarbons.
Keyword: Biodegradation, MSM, Residual oil, Bioremediation.

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Abstract: Aromatic amines are well known for their properties as potential mutagens as well as carcinogens. Aniline is an aromatic amine and it is used as an intermediate of many synthetic organic compounds. Several azo dyes and nitro amine compounds, on degradation produce aniline which causes environmental pollution. In the present study, attempts were made to investigate biodegradation of aniline by using an alkaliphile, Bacillus badius D1 strain with various concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 1.55g/L at 37oC under shaking condition at pH 9. The alkaliphile, Bacillus badius D1 strain was found to have promising degradation potential towards aniline. The effect of various parameters such as, temperature, pH, salinity and additional carbon and nitrogen sources showed significant increase in degradation. The degradation process of aniline by bacteria was monitored by spectroscopic analysis at various time intervals. The tentative degradation pathway was established from the structures of intermediates of aniline by 1HNMR, FTIR and GCMS.
Key words: Biodegradation, Bacillus badius, AnilineAbbreviations: , mM : milli moles , μl: micro liter, SOD- superoxide dismutase

[1]. H. Al-Awadhi & Rasha H. D. Sulaiman Huda M. Mahmoud & S. S. Radwan, Alkaliphilic and halophilic hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria from Kuwaiti coasts of the Arabian Gulf, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 77 (2007) 183–186
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[3]. Dimitry Y. Sorokin, Sander van Pelt, Tatjana P. Tourova, and Gerard Muyzer, Microbial Isobutyronitrile Utilization under Haloalkaline Conditions, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73( 2007) 5574–5579.
[4]. Isao Yumoto, Kikue Hirota,Yoshinobu Nodasaka,Yutaka Tokiwa and Kenji Nakajima, Alkalibacterium indicireducens sp. nov., an obligate alkaliphile that reduces indigo dye, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (2008) 901–905
[5]. Victor M. Luque-Almagro, Marı a J. Huertas, Manuel Martı ´nez-Luque,Conrado Moreno-Vivia M. Dolores Rolda nL. Jesus Garcıa-Gil, Francisco Castillo, and Rafael Blasco,Bacterial Degradation of Cyanide and Its Metal Complexes under Alkaline Conditions, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71 (2005) 940–947.