IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2014

Abstract: In Nigeria, since the last three decades there has been a tremendous stress on the environment with more serious attendant consequences. The objective in this study was to assess the rate and the causes of environmental changes (land use/cover) in the Fufore area of Adamawa State, through the application of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The images of Landsat MSS 1972, TM 1987, ETM 1999 and Nigeria sat-1 2007 were analyzed to derive information on environmental changes between 1972 and 2007. The results of the analysis revealed that the size of the forest cover in the area reduced from 1,504.45km2 in 1972 to 1,038km2 in 1987, and further declined to 898.98km2 in 1999 and dropped to 371.55km2 by 2007. On the other hand, housing and agricultural land uses expanded from 11.23km2 and 108.76km2 respectively between 1972 and 1999 to 66.41km2 and 2,554.82km2 respectively by 2007. The land cover changes in the area are estimated at the rate of 98.53km2 per annum. The study recommends that state and local government authorities should address among other issues the over-reliance on fuel wood as the principal source of domestic energy supply through the provision of affordable alternative sources.
Keywords: Change Detection, LandSat, NigeriaSat-1, Image Classification, Landuse

[1]. Abdullahi, Y.M. et al (2005): Community participation in planning Desertification control intervention in Northern Nigeria:
Lessons From Kano State
[2]. Adebayo A.A. (1999) Vegetation and forest in: Adebayo A.A. and Tukur A.L. (eds), Adamawa State in Maps, paraclete publishers
Yola Nigeria.
[3]. Ayuba, H. K, Aji, Y. M and Msheliza, D. S (2005) Cultural Dynamics in Resoucres Utilization, Conservation and Management
among Rural Communities in Borno State, Maiduguri, Salone Pselio, Education Service.
[4]. Colvocoresses, A. P (1975) Platform for remote Sensing in R. G Reeves (ed) Manual of Remote Sensing, American Society of
Photogrammetry, Falls Church Virginia pp 539 – 588
[5]. Fadama II, (2008): The Journey So Far In Fufore Local Government AreaAdamawa State. pp 1-3..

Abstract: Constructed wetland treatment was an engineered method of purifying waste water by letting it through soil filters on which natural wetland species are grown. It was considered as an effective and reliable treatment and has found wide usage. The main study of this research is to study the best effective method for treating Leachate using constructed wetlands technique. The pollutants were removed by various physical, chemical and biogeochemical processes like sedimentation, absorption, nitrification and phytoremediation. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of the wetland plant Typha in the treatment of Leachate wastewater. A model wetland unit of length, width and depth of 60 cm, 40 cm and 30cm, respectively was built with slight slope of 1% between inlet and outlet zones. Typha Species were transplanted into the model unit and subjected to industrial wastewater. As the leachate has more toxic materials in it, we can't use the leachate directly into the wetlands. In this study, Leachate and domestic sewage water was mixed in 1:2 ratios and then used in the constructed wetland. Reduction in BOD and COD values was about 70-75% and 75% respectively in five days and completely below the discharge limits.
Key words: Constructed wetland, TyphaLatifolia, Leachate.

[1]. Ahmad Md Noor, Lim Chin Shiam, Fong Wai Hong, SuryaniSoetardjo and Abdul Khalil.H.P.S, " Application of Vegetated Constructed Wetland with Different Filter Media for Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus in Landfill Leachate" April 2012, Volume 3, No.2 International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
[2]. Ain NihlaKamarudzaman, Nor Shazwani Ismail, Roslaili Abdul Aziz and MohdFaizalAbJalil, "Removal of Nutrients from Landfill Leachate Using Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Planted With LimnocharisflavaandScirpusatrovirens", October 2010 International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 3, ISSN: 2010-0221
[3]. Ain NihlaKamarudzaman, Roslaili Abdul Aziz, and MohdFaizalAbJalil, "Removal of Heavy Metals from Landfill Leachate Using Horizontal and Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Planted with Limnocharisflava", International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:11 No:05
[4]. Ain NihlaKamarudzaman, Roslaili Abdul Aziz, and MohdFaizalAbJalil, "Removal of Iron (Fe) from Landfill Leachate Using Horizontal and Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland System Planted With LimnocharisFlava", APRIL 2012,International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
[5]. AndrzejBialowiec, Laura Davies, Antonio Albuquerque, Peter F. Randerson, "Nitrogen removal from landfill leachate in constructed wetlands with reed and willow: Redox potential in the root zone". Journal of Environmental Management 97 (2012) 22-27

Abstract: The effects of discharged untreated abattoir waste on water quality and the interrelationship between analysed physico-chemical properties were studied. Samples were taken at the point of effluent discharge, up as well as downstream of source and basic water quality parameters were determined. Correlations were observed between the oxygen availability (BOD5 \ COD) and Cl, Mg as well as Ca concentrations. An increase in the salt content of the river was also observed to correlate with an increase in the Total Solids (TS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), while the dissolved oxygen content, also showed an increasing effect with increasing river pH .Using the Prati et al, classification of surface water quality, the river was assessed to be polluted. Although the discharge of human and domestic waste into the water body was a major source of pollution, the introduction of the abattoir effluent midstream had a significant negative effect, contributing to the poor health of the analysed river.
Keywords: abattoir, discharge, surface water, pollution, BOD5, New Calabar River

[1]. Abowei, J. (2010). Salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and surface water temperature conditions in Nkoro River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol, 2(1), pp.16--21.
[2]. Adelegan, J. (2002). Environmental policy and slaughterhouse waste in Nigeria, In: 228th WEDC Conference. Calcutta: 228th WEDC Conference.
[3]. Adeogun, A., Chukwuka, A. and Ibor, O. 2011. Impact of Abattoir and Saw-Mill Effluents on Water Quality of Upper Ogun River (Abeokuta). American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7 (6).
[4]. Aina, E. and Adedipe, N. (1991). Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental status in Nigeria. FEPA Monograph, Lagos, pp.12-59.
[5]. Atuanya, E., Nwogu, N. and Akpor, E. 2012. Effluent Qualities of Government and Private Abattoirs and Their Effects on Ikpoba River, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Advances in Biological Research, 6 (5), pp. 196--201.

Abstract: Accurate cost estimates are crucial to the effective realisation of construction projects. Researchers have noticed the presence of inherent inaccuracies in the bill of quantities prepared by estimators (Quantity surveyors). This paper aimed at examining the factors affecting accuracy of pre-tender cost estimate in Kaduna state, with a view to improving the predictive ability of clients, consultants, and contractors for better estimating. A total of 66 questionnaires were administered with 35 to consultants (53.03%), 15 to contractors (22.73%) and 16 (24.24%) to clients within Kaduna using the simple random sampling technique. The collected data were analysed using the Relative Importance Index and correlation analysis. The study found out that a statistically significant relationship existed between the clients, consultants, and contractor on the essential factors affecting accuracy of pre-tender cost estimate. It was concluded that: Experience and skill level of the consultants, Project teams experience on the construction type, clear and detail drawings and specification, completeness of cost information, accuracy and reliability of cost information are the most significant factors affecting accuracy of pre-tender cost estimate. It was recommended that Clients should always engage the services of skilled professionals to undertake the consultancy services in cost estimating process.
Key words: Accuracy- estimation, Pre- tender and Cost estimate

[1]. Abdal-Hadi, M. A. (2010). Factors affecting accuracy of pre-tender cost estimate in Gaza Strip. Unpublished master thesis in construction management, The Islamic University of Gaza-Palestine.
[2]. Akintoye, A. (2000). Analysis of Factors Influencing Project Cost Estimating Practice. Construction Management and Economics, 18(7) 77-89
[3]. Aliyu, B. (2005). Appraisal of Accuracy of Early Cost Estimate in Nigerian Construction Industry. Unpublished B.Sc Thesis, Quantity surveying Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[4]. Al- Khaldi, Z. S. (1990). Factors affecting the accuracy of construction costs estimating in Saudi Arabia. Unpublished master thesis in construction engineering and management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
[5]. Antohie, E. (2009). Classes of construction cost estimates. Building Institutului Politehnic Din Iasi, Tomal LV(LIX), Fasc.. 21-26.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of liquid waste treatment and the efficiency of the decrease in pollution level at the treatment of liquid waste from plywood industry. The study was conducted in 3 (three) plywood industries in South Kalimantan. The results showed that the liquid waste from the washing of glue mixer and glue spreader had very low quality even lower than the water quality of Barito River or Martapura River; therefore, if not treated accordingly it will cause pollution in waterbodies. The results of the waste analysis at inlet and outlet indicated that the efficiency of WWTP in the plywood industries was high at 67% to 99%, with the water discharge 0.007 m3/m3 of product. On the basis of the Degree of South Kalimantan Governor No. 036 of 2008, the maximum discharge is 0.30 m3/m3 of product in order to meet the quality standards. Sludge at WWTP can be used as a mixture of adhesive (filler).
Keywords: liquid waste, pollutant

[1]. Anonim, 2010. Management and Environmental Utilization Efforts (UKL and UPL). Plywood Industry Operations of PT. Wijaya Tri Utama, Banjarmasin.
[2]. ICIP. Indonesian Cleaner Industrial Production. , 2004. A study on Net Production in Plywood Industry, Jakarta.
[3]. Kasmudjo. 1982. An Introduction to Plywood Industry, Foundation for Development of Forestry Faculty, University of Gajah Mada: 11-55. Yogyakarta.
[4]. Kris, P. 2002. Ecological Industry. ANDI: 155-227. Yogyakarta.
[5]. Manik, K.E.S. 2007. Environmental Management. Djambatan: 35 -51. Jakarta

Abstract: Aquatic ecosystem is the most diverse ecosystem in the world. An aquatic ecosystem provide the food, water, shelter and space essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants. Fresh water habitats occupy a relatively small portion of the earth's surface as compared to marine and terrestrial habitats, but their importance to man is a greater than their areas. Fresh water is the most suitable and cheapest source for domestic and industrial needs and they provide convenient waste disposal system. The increased demand of water as a consequence of population growth, agriculture and industrial development has forced environmentalists to determine the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of natural water resources. The by product of agricultural activities, urbanization and industrialization result in pollution and degradation of the available water resources. Present study deals with the investigation of macrophytic diversity for making an assessment of water quality of Rudra Sagar which is one of perennial pond in Ujjain. The macrophytic species Eichhornia cressipes, Ipomea aquatic, Spirodella pilyrhiza, Limnophilla sessiliflora, Elodea sp., Ludwigia adscendence and Cyperus rotandus were observed. This study contributes to the limnology of this tropical aquatic ecosystem and will also help in conservation and better management of water bodies.
Key Words: Ecosystem, Aquatic, Environmentalist, Macrophytic diversity, perennial pond, Rudra Sagar

[1]. Kshirsagar AD and Gunale VR, Pollution status of river Mula (Pune city) Maharashtra, India. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health,11:81-90. (2011)
[2]. Chambers, P.A., P. Lacoul., K.J. Murphy and S.M. Thomaz, Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 9-26. (2008)
[3]. Dhote S and Dixit S, Water quality improvement through macrophytes. A case study. Asian J.Env.Sci., 21(2): 427-430. (2007)
[4]. Sculthore C.D., The Biology of Aquatic Vascular plants (1971).
[5]. Fassett N.C.,. A Manual of Aquatic Plants ( 2006).

Abstract: In the present study, effect of acidic and basic pre-treatment of wild algal biomass for their hexavalent chromium removal capacity was investigated. Wild algal biomass was subjected to chemical pretreatments with acid (perchloric acid with formaldehyde in 1:1 ratio (PF)), base (0.5 N NaOH), and only distilled water washed (DW). Batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption properties of pretreated wild algal biomass. It was observed that biomass was capable of removal of Cr (VI) metal ions from aqueous solution. The removal percentage was significantly depends on contact time, equilibrium pH, initial metal concentration and biosorbent load. Removal equilibrium was attained in less than 2 hours. Optimum pH for Cr(VI) was found to be 2 pH, and optimum algal dose was 10g/L. It was also observed that removal percentage was increased after acidic pre-treatment of wild algal biomass. In contrast, it was decreased significantly after basic pre-treatment. The order of maximum metal uptakes for Cr (VI) was PF>DW>NaOH. The sorption data of DW obtained at pH 2.0 conformed well fitted in both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models (R2 > 0.99). The study concluded that the algal biomass pre-treated with perchloric acid and formaldehyde is more efficient biosorbent than sodium hydroxide pretreated algae and raw algae biomass for solution containing hexavalent chromium.
Keywords: Algae, Biosorption, Heavy metal, Pollution

[1]. V.n.L. Colin, L.B. Villegas, and C.M. Abate, Indigenous microorganisms as potential bioremediators for environments contaminated with heavy metals. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 69 (2012) 28-37.
[2]. E. Corcoran, C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, and H. Savelli, Sick Water? The central role of waste-water management in sustainable development. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, UN-HABITAT (2010).
[3]. S.K. Singh, A. Bansal, M.K. Jha, and A. Dey, An integrated approach to remove Cr (VI) using immobilized Chlorella minutissima grown in nutrient rich sewage wastewater. Bioresource Technology 104 (2012) 257-265.
[4]. M. Chiban, M. Zerbet, G. Carja, and F. Sinan, Application of low-cost adsorbents for arsenic removal: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 4 (2012) 91-102.
[5]. R. Gupta, P. Ahuja, S. Khan, R.K. Saxena, and H. Mohapatra, Microbial biosorbents: meeting challenges of heavy metal pollution in aqueous solutions. CURRENT SCIENCE-BANGALORE- 78 (2000) 967-973

Abstract: Bio-Concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Ability (TA) of Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni) in different habitats of hydrophytes within Nairobi dam was carried out during wet and dry seasons. Freshwater plant species from three habitats: (i) free floating; (Eichhornia crassipes), (ii) emergent (attached); (Typha domingensis, Vernonia lasiopus, Cyperus papyrus, Polygonum salicifolium, Rumex bequaertii, Colocasia esculenta, Amaranthus spinosus), and (iii) submerged; (Ceratophyllum demersum); water and sediments were sampled and analysed. Bio Concentration Factor (BCF) of heavy metals was the highest in free floating plants than submerged and lowest in emergent during the wet than dry season. The Translocation Ability (TA) was better in free floating plants in comparison to emergent hydrophytes in the dry season. It is concluded that the free floating specie Eichhornia crassipes has the highest Bio Concentration Factor and Translocation Ability of heavy metals in both dry and wet seasons. Therefore, it is recommended that Eichhornia crassipes should be used for removal of heavy metals from contaminated freshwater bodies and these should not be consumed by animals and humans.
Keywords: Bio Concentration Factor, Translocation Ability, Heavy metals, Nairobi dam

[1]. Chopra, A. K., Pathak, C. & Prasad, G. (2009). Scenario of heavy metals contamination in agricultural soil and its management. J. Applied Nat. Sci, 1, 99-108.
[2]. Roberts, JR. (1999). Metal toxicity in children. In: Training Manual on Pediatric Environmental Health. Children's Environmental Health: Emeryville, CA.
[3]. WHO. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth edition, Malta: Gutenberg. ISBN 978 92 4 154815 1.
[4]. Connell, B.S., Cox, M. & Singer, I. (1984). Nickel and Chromium In: Disorders of minerals metabolism, F. Brunner and J. W. Coburn. [Eds.], Academic press: New York. pp. 472–532.
[5]. Kennish, M. J. (1992). Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, Boca Raton, Florida,USA: CRC Press pp. 494

Abstract: Manmade lakes are potential tourism site as well as a source of livelihood, urban lakes in Badlapur & Kalva viz.Lotus pond & Kalwa lake in thane district lakes were being used by the local communities residing nearby for various purposes such as farming/Irrigation purposes, fishing purposes, ecotourism, ash disposal, ganesh idol immersion purposes. Thus urban lakes in Badlapur & Kalwa viz.Lotus pond & Kalva lake in thane district were assessed for physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the lake to assess quality of lake water for recreational purpose. A total of nine samples of water from the lakes were collected for one year during the monsoon, pre - monsoon & post monsoon seasons from a period of April 2012 to March 2013 and were subjected to physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis. The measured water quality parameters included pH, color, turbidity, alkalinity, temperature, hardness, Specific conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, COD, BOD ,Chloride content TDS, Total load of bacteria, coliform count & presence of human pathogens. The biodiversity of the microorganisms was evaluated in the lake waters & studied for the presence of nitrosifiers & nitrifiers, sulfate reducers, cellulose degraders, phosphate solubilizers and sulfur oxidizers. The baseline physico-chemical parameters were within the permissible limits. Both these lakes showed high BOD & COD than the accepted limit. Thus Lake water is not potable, but can be used for general purpose as well as recreational purpose. Though the above lakes contain non-potable water ,but it benefits ecology.
Key Words: BOD ,COD, Coliforms, Lotus pond , Kalva Lake, Recreation

[1]. Banadda N.(2011) Characterization of non point source pollutants and their dispersion in Lake Victoria Uganda. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 5(2), pp. 73-79, February, ISSN 1996-0786.
[2]. Bureau of Indian Standards "Lake Water – Specification‟ (First revision) September , 1991, BIS, New Delhi.
[3]. Garg R K, Rao R J and Saksena D N, J Environ Biology ( 2009), 30(5),909-916.

[4]. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1999) by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation 5210

[5]. http://www.panoramio.com/photo/68428314

Abstract: In the past decade there has been a rapid expansion in the number of drugs available to treat Diabetes. Different classes of antidiabetic drugs are available with each having different pharmacological mechanism of action. This review presents the commercially available drugs for management of diabetes. Role of various antidiabetic drugs and their side effects are discussed.
Keywords: Diabetes, Type-1 diabetes, Type-2 diabetes, antidiabetic drugs

[1] M.I. Harris, C.C. Cowie, M.P. Stern, E.S. Boyko, G.E. Reiber, and P.H. Bennett, Diabetes in America. 2nd edn. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1995 (NIH publ. No. 95-1468).
[2] H. Himsworth, and R.B. Kerr, Insulin sensitive and insulin insensitive types of diabetes mellitus. Clinical Sciences, 4: b, 1939, 119-152.
[3] G. Paolisso, M.R. Tagliamonte, M.R. Rizzo, and D. Giugliano, Advancing age and insulin resistance: new facts about an ancient history. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 29, 1999, 758-769.
[4] Y. Hong, N.L.Pedersen, K. Brismar, and U. de Faire, Genetic and environmental architecture of the features of the insulin resistance syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics, 60, 1997, 143-152.
[5] A.J.Bergman, C.Stevens, Y.Zhou, B. Yi, M.Laethem, and M.De Smet, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled studies with single oral dose. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 78,2005, 675-688.

Abstract: Water quality is very important if we take into account the human paradigm in the environment. Groundwater constitutes the 30.1% of the freshwater reserves on earth. Gangetic plains in India have the highest density of groundwater extraction structures. 50 samples were taken in total from J P Nagar district of which there were 3 river water samples and 6 were groundwater samples falling just outside the district boundary. Using statistical and GIS analysis various indices were calculated. WQI or water quality index revealed a zone of high pollution across the district. Hydrochemical plots like Piper, Durov and Chaddha diagram brought out the information about the water type in the area. Mineralogy of the study area shows the dominance of feldspar minerals. Land cover change between 1998 and 2013 has been deciphered from supervised classification of Landsat data of USGS.
Keywords: Ganga plain, J P Nagar, groundwater, interfluve, hydrochemical facies, stability diagram

[1] S.Das, Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra basin overexploited- Myth or Reality? 2009.
[2] R. Umar, M. Muqtada, A. Khan and A. Absar, Groundwater hydrochemistry of a sugarcane cultivation belt in parts of Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India.Environ Geol, 49, 2006, 999–1008,doi 10.1007/s00254-005-0138-4
[3] W. Back, Hydrochemicalfacies and ground-water flow patterns in northern part of Atlantic Coastal Plain. Hydrology of aquifer systems. US Geological survey professional paper, 1964, 498-A.
[4] N Rajmohan and L. Elango, Identification and evolution of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment in an area of the Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, Southern India.Environmental Geology, 46,2004,47–61,doi 10.1007/s00254-004-1012-5.
[5] D. K. Sinha and R. Saxena, Statistical assessment of underground drinking water contamination and effect of monsoon at Hasanpur, J. P. Nagar (Uttar Pradesh, India).Journal of Environ. Science and Engg, 47(4),2006, 326-335.

Abstract: Heavy metals concentrations in Nairobi dam water were analysed between the wet and dry seasons. Water samples were collected once in a month from seven sampling sites within Nairobi dam, these samples were preserved, stored and analysed for heavy metals: Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni) concentrations using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (APHA). The sequence of heavy metals accumulation in dam's water was: Pb > Cd > Cu > Ni, these metals mean values during the dry vs. wet seasons were: 16.78±0.21 vs 11.67±0.21; 5.12±0.18 vs 3.76±0.15; 4.90±0.25 vs 2.99±0.05; 2.11±0.12 vs 1.20±0.13mg/L respectively within water of Nairobi dam. These levels of heavy metals in this dam are higher than maximum permissible levels by WHO, EU and KEBS for drinking water. The outlet water had significantly lower metals contamination in comparison to the inlet waters of the dam (p≤0.006) during the wet than dry season. It is concluded that higher levels of heavy metals concentration in the dam`s water is in the dry than wet season (p<0.0001). Based on water analysis data it is recommended that the water of this dam is not suitable for human consumption and even for agricultural activities.
Keywords: Water, Heavy metals, Nairobi dam

[1]. Ogoyi, D. O., Mwita, C. J., Nguu, E. K. & Shiundu, P. M. (2011). Determination of heavy metal content in water, sediment and microalgae from Lake Victoria, East Africa, The Open Environmental Engineering Journal, 4, 156-161.
[2]. Roberts, JR. (1999). Metal toxicity in children. In: Training Manual on Pediatric Environmental Health. Children's Environmental Health: Emeryville, CA.
[3]. WHO. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth edition, Malta: Gutenberg. ISBN 978 92 4 154815 1.
[4]. Kennish, M. J. (1992). Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, Boca Raton, Florida,USA: CRC Press pp. 494.
[5]. Connell, B.S., Cox, M. & Singer, I. (1984): Nickel and Chromium In: Disorders of minerals metabolism, F. Brunner and J. W. Coburn. [Eds.], Academic press: New York. pp. 472–532..

Abstract: Antibiotic resistant bacteria was isolated from Uttarpara State General Hospital near Kolkata. The microscopical, biochemical tests suggested it to be Neisseria sp. Our major aim was to check the effect of several aqueous plant extracts on MDR and finding out tentative MIC value, study of any physiological changes brought about by the natural extract by phase contrast microscopy and ultimately to study any DNAase activity executed by the most successful plant extract on the multidrug resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Neisseria,Antibiotic drug resistance ,DNAase, MIC

[1]. Nascimento Gislene G.F "Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria" Brazilian journal of microbiology 31(2000):247-256
[2]. Hammer K.A, Carson C.F "Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts" Journal of Applied Microbiology 86 (1999): 985–990
[3]. Maisch Tim "A new strategy to strategy to destroy Antibiotic Resistant Microorganism: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment" Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 9(2009):974-983
[4]. Cappuccino JG, Sherman N. Microbiology : A laboratory manual. 7th ed., New Delhi; Pearson education Inc. and Dorling Kindersley: 2005:71-73.
[5]. Steel K.J "The Oxidase Reaction as a Taxonomic tool" J. gen. Microbiology 25(1961): 297-306

Abstract: Greece has been a full member of the European Union since 1981. The country currently produces about 4.5 million tonnes of municipal and commercial waste annually, equivalent to a per capita waste generation rate of between 400/500 kilograms. Of the total amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in 2010, 80% was landfilled contrary to the expectations of the EU landfill directives. In this respect, Greece was among the few EU countries that missed the target of diverting 75% of 1995 levels of biodegradable waste from landfills. Since then, the country has continued to struggle in achieving the minimum targets of the Landfill Directive. This paper critically reviews MSW legislation and compliance in Greece, from the context of the EU Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC). The paper recommends drastic actions to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill in Greece, if the EU Directive (1999/31/EC) target for 2020 of 35% were to be realised. The paper also recommends encouragement of greater participation in recycling by citizens to meet the 50% recycling target set by the Revised Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC).
Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Waste Legislation and compliance, EU Landfill Directive, Greece

[1]. Eur – lex. europe.eu (1999) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26th April 1999 on the landfill of waste (online) available from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ (Accessed 02/02/2014)
[2]. EC-Europa.eu (2014a) The IPPC Directive (96/61/EC) (online) available from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/ippc/summary.htm (Accessed 03/02/2014)
[3]. University of Sussex (no date) Albanians in Italy and Greece: a study in migration dynamics and social exclusion (online) available from https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php (Accessed 02/02/2014)
[4]. Bakas, I and Milios, L. (2013) Municipal Waste Management in Greece (online) available from www.eea.europa.eu/...municipal-solid-waste/greece-municipal-waste-management (Accessed 02/02/2014)

[5]. United Nations Organisation (no date) Chapter IV Waste Management (online) available from www.un.org/.../greece/ (Accessed 02/02/2014).

Abstract: The zeolites are the porous materials having a large number of cavities. The existence of these cavities creates a large internal surface. They are classified into different categories, depending on their pore size. The size of pores allows the classification of zeolites. We distinguish the microporous, macroporous and Mesoporousmaterials. The aims of this study are to synthetize a type A zeolite. the characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction of powder. The determination of the true cell is widely discussed.One of the most applications of zeolite is the retention of some ions in the solution. The present work discusses the ability of our zeolite to capture the heavy ions. So to follow this, a measure of concentrations of solutions is made before and after filtration.
Keywords: Zeolite, X-ray diffraction, clay, heavy ions, filtration

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