IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2014

Abstract: In response to the dynamic changes in current consumer demand and market trends, the area of Active Packaging is becoming increasingly significant. Unlike traditional packaging, which must be totally inert, active packaging is designed to interact with the contents and/or the surrounding environment. Active packaging refers to the incorporation of additives into packaging systems with the aim of maintaining or extending meat product quality and shelf-life. Active packaging systems discussed include oxygen scavengers, ethylene scavengers, flavor and odor absorber/releaser, antimicrobial and antioxidant packaging technologies. Intelligent packaging systems include time-temperature indicators, gas detectors and freshness and/or ripening indicators. Recognition of the benefits of active and intelligent packaging technologies by the food industry and increased consumer acceptance is necessary for commercial realization of these packaging technologies. Advances in nanotechnology will also enable the development of better and new active and intelligent packaging.
Key words: Active packaging, Food industry, Intelligent packaging, Shelf life..

[1]. Abe, K. and Watada, A. Ethylene absorbent to maintain quality of lightly processed fruits and vegetables. J. Food Sci. 1991, 56, 1589–1592.
[2]. Ahvenainen, R. Active and intelligent packaging: an introduction. 2008, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
[3]. Almenar, E., Catala, R., Hernandez-Munoz, P. and Gavara, R. Optimization of an active package for wild strawberries based on the release of 2-nonanone. Lwt-Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 42, 587–593.
[4]. Appendini, P. and Hotchkiss, J.H. Review of antimicrobial food packaging. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. 2002, 3, 113–126.
[5]. Baiano, A., Marchitelli, V., Tamagnone, R. and Del Nobile, M.A. Use of active packaging for increasing ascorbic acid retention in food beverages. J. Food Sci. 2004, 69, 502–508.

Abstract: During recent years the wine industry has become increasingly dynamic due to competition among wine organisations worldwide. Many Indian wine organisations have implemented and maintained a Food Safety Managements System (FSMS). The Karnataka is one of the typical state of wine-manufacturing in the country. However, the impact of FSMSs on the effectiveness of work performance among wine organisations in the Karnataka. This study investigates the effectiveness of FSMS implementation to determine whether wine organisations consolidate the fundamental requirements of the FSMSs. 17 wine organisations situated in the Karnataka who are currently implementing FSMSs were chosen as the research sites. A group of participants who are implementing FSMSs from these wine organisations were selected as samples. A questionnaire based on the scale was used as an instrument for data collection. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of the wine organisations consolidate the fundamental requirements of FSMS. Management systems, prerequisite programs, HACCP, validation and verification, emergency preparedness and quality management are used as the main activities to measure the performance of FSMS. This study recommended that wine organisations should provide regular training to internal auditors and shop floor employees in order to enhance the effectiveness of FSMSs.
Keywords: Food Safety Management Systems (FSMSs), Quality Management, Impact, Effectiveness, Wine Industry.

[1] Aggeloginnopoulos, D. Drosinos, E. Athanasopoulos, P. 2006. Implementation of a quality management system (QMS) according
to the ISO 9001 family in a Greek small-sized winery: a case study. Food Control, 18 (2007):1077:1085.
[2] Bas, M. Yuksel, M. Cavusoglu, T. 2007. Difficulties and barriers for the implementation of HACCP and food safety systems in
food business in Turkey. Food Control, 18(2007):124-130.
[3] Christaki, T. & Tzia, C. 2002. Quality and safety assurance in winemaking. Food Control, 13(2003):503-517.
[4] Henson, S., & Humphrey, J. 2009. The Impacts of Private Food Safety Standards on the Food Chain and on Public Standard-Setting
Processes. FAO Headquarters: Rome.
[5] International Organisation for Standardisation. (ISO 2005). Food Safety Management Systems – Requirements for any organisation
in the food chain. (ISO, 22000).

Abstract: The present investigation concerns with the aquatic macrophyte diversity and its role in understanding the reservoir ecosystem dynamics and species composition of aquatic macrophytes distribution in ten villages around Lower Manair Dam (LMD) were studied during 2013-2014. Forty eight different species of aquatic macrophytes were recorded in 04 classes, 20 orders and 26 families, which include five free floating macrophytes, ten submerged, and thirty three emergent species of weds were recorded. The percentage composition of class, order and families were calculated during this period. The free floating species Eichornia crassipes occurs throughout the year, while the submerged species Vallisneria spiralis, Ceratophyllum demursum, Hydrilla verticillata occur throughout the year. In the rooted floating category Ipomoea aquatica occurs throughout the year. The common name, habitat and IUCN (2013.2) status of the macrophytes has also been noted in the present paper.
Keywords: Macrophytes, Free floating, Submerged, Emergent, LMD.

[1]. Adesina, G. O., Akinyemiju, O.A. and Olaleye, V.F. (2007) Assessment of aquatic vegetation of Jebba Lake, Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology 45:365-373.
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Abstract: Heavy metals concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (UNICAM SOLAR 32).Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector instrument was used in the detection and evaluation of levels of TPH while measurements of PAHs (total) concentration were performed with the aid of Chromatography mass spectrometer. Pollution indices such as contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) as well as established guidelines of some selected countries and organizations on site contamination were used to compare results. Soil samples were obtained in triplicates and in soil depths of 0–10cm, 10 – 20 cm and 20 – 30 cm. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd and Hg ranged between 112.30 to 202.10 mg/kg, 0.90 to 5.80 mg/kg, 0.08 to 2.50 mg/kg, 16.10 to 32.3 mg/kg, 1.90 to 11.78 mg/kg and 0.30 to 1.66 mg/kg with mean concentrations of 157.00, 3.84, 1.40, 22.30, 7.02 and 0.89 mg/kg respectively in soils of NNPC depot. Results of analysis of PAHs and TPH ranged from 6.30 to 7.40 mg/kg and 5120.50 to 24902.23 mg/kg respectively. Values of geo-accumulation index revealed that the study site was contaminated with Pb, Hg and Cd (toxic metals). Established guidelines on assessment of site contamination soils from several countries used to compare this result demonstrated high levels of contamination of soils from NNPC depot Aba by Hg, Pb, Cd, PAHs and TPH compounds. The decreasing order of heavy metals concentration in the study site is presented as follows: Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>As>Hg.
Key words: Oil depot, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), soil contamination, heavy metals..

[1]. Laboratory Analytical Work Instruction (LAWI) for the Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil/Sediment/Sludge in Gas Chromatography. (2011).Published by Fugro (Nig.) Ltd. 3:9.
[2]. Alinnor I. J. and Nwachukwu M. A. (2013) Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon in Soil and groundwater samples in some communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Environmental Chemical and Ecotoxicology. 5(11):292-297.
[3]. Cortes J.E, Suspes A, Roa S, Gonzalez C, Castro H. E (2012).Total petroleum hydrocarbon by Gas Chromatography in Colombia waters and soil. American Journal of Environmental Science. 8(4):396-402.
[4]. Nor A.F.M.K. and Suhaimi A. (2013) Hazards due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals at the closed KubangBadak landfill, Selangor. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. 1(2):71-77.
[5]. Muller, G., (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol. J. 2, 109–118.

Abstract: Pollution has been a major challenge to environmental engineers today due to the contaminants from natural and anthropogenic origins that are hazardous to human health. Over the last few decades, adsorption has gained importance for purification, separation and recovery process. Among various adsorbents used, activated carbon is well known for its high adsorption capacity due to large surface area and pore volume. Now a days, immense research has been focused towards converting the waste materials into activated carbon, since this technology not only solves the problem of waste disposal but also converts wastes into a valuable product, that can be used as an adsorbent for various treatments. Researchers have studied the production of activated carbon from various materials using physical and chemical processes . However, the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon for a specific adsorbate varies strongly with the type of raw material and the processing techniques used. Muringa pods, Rooster feathers, and Mangosteen Fruits are selected as the precursor for the preparation of activated carbon in the present investigation. Activated carbon was prepared through chemical activation using orthophosphoric acid, zinc chloride, and potassium hydroxide. The effect of various process parameters on porous characteristics of the activated carbon was investigated. Activated Muringa Pod impregnated with OPA shows activated carbon with high adsorptive capacity at an optimised activation temperature of 600oc, activation time of 2 hours and 60% impregnation ratio of orthophosphoric acid. Adsorption Capacity Decreased in the Order,M 3 > M 1 > M 2. Development of AC was influenced by various factors such as type of chemical reagents used for impregnation, impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature, holding time etc. 7 out of 15 water samples collected from bore wells in Palakkad district exceed the safe permissible limit for fluoride. Experimental results indicated that the prepared activated carbon was suitable for the removal of turbidity, color, total suspended solids and fluoride from ground water.
Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Chemical Activation, Fluoride, Ground Water.

[1]. Ekpete O.A. and Horsfall M. JNR, Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon derived from Fluted Pumpkin Stem Waste, Vol. 1(3) June (2011).
[2]. Reyad A. Shawabkeha , David A. Rockstrawb, Ron K. BhadabCopper and strontium adsorption by a novel carbon material manufactured from pecan shells Carbon 40 (2002) 781–786.
[3]. Olowoyo D. N. and Orere E. E, Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Made From Palm-Kernel Shell, Coconut Shell, Groundnut Shell and Obeche Wood, Vol. 2 Issue 3 July 2012(32-35) ISSN 2248-9649.
[4]. Siti Khadijah C, Siti Fatimah , N Aina Misnon, F. Hanim , Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse In The Production Of Activated Carbon For Groundwater Treatment, Vol. 1, No.2 ISSN 2305-8269.
[5]. Yusufu M. I, Ariahu C. C and Igbabul B. D, Production and characterization of activated carbon from selected local raw materials , Vol. 6(9), pp. 123-131, 15 May, 2012

Abstract: Space Debris is the waste or junk which have been left behind by human in space that no longer serves a useful purpose. It could be form of defunct satellites, discarded equipments, and rocket stages. It destroys satellite because due to its very high speed in orbit even relatively small pieces can damage or destroy satellites in a collision. For several decades, orbital debris has been identified as a serious concern. This debris is very dangerous in space especially for the future space mission. As there is the risk of high energy collisions with valuable space crafts. It have been understood that the current space debris environment poses a risk to space craft in earth orbit. As the population of debris continues to grow, the probability of collisions that could lead to potential damage will consequently increase. In addition, there is also the risk of damage on the ground if debris survives Earth's atmospheric re-entry. The prompt implementation if appropriate debris mitigation measures are therefore considered a prudent and necessary step towards preserving the outer space environment for future generations. The Present paper discusses about the Space Debris its threat to the environment and even to the future space missions. It also aims to create the principles of limiting the release of operational debris, preventing on-orbit break-ups, removing spent objects from useful orbit regions and off course collision avoidance. To cover all the elements and aspects of the topics the researcher has decided to keep the title of the project. Palliation of Space Debris: The Need to clean Outer Space.
Keywords: Debris, Environment, Palliation, Space Crafts, Space Mission.

[1]. Paul G. Dembling and Daniel M. Aron, ‗ The Evolution of the Outer Space Treaty', Journal of Air Law and Commerce an another Author, Carl Q. Christol (1980)

[2]. Francis Lyall and Paul B. Larsen, ―Space Law-A Treaties, 2009.p 301
[3]. Ben Cheng, ―Studies in International Space Law‖, Oxford: Clarendon press, 2004. 652,655,701.
[4]. Francis Lyall and Paul B. Larsen, ―Space Law: The Library of Essays in International Law‖, University of Aberdeen, Scotland and Georgetown University Law Center, USA, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
[5]. Sandeepa Bhat B. ―Space Law-In the Era of Commercialization‖, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, First Edition, 2010.

Abstract: Analytical assessment of surface and ground water samples for presence of organic pesticides is being reported in this paper. Analytical measurement was carried out for 15 samples each of surface and ground water collected from selected points near agricultural fields from river Betwa in Bhopal area. The sample size was stretched across 20sq.k.m .Pesticides were analysed by GLC and identified by comparing with standard reference compounds .Traces of Various pesticides including HCH ( α β Υ isomer),Aldrin , Endosulphan were found in all samples. Pesticide content was more in surface than ground water suggesting primary entry of pesticides into river water due to run off from nearby fields. βHCH content was more than other isomers.
Key Words: Pesticides, Assessment, surface water, ground water, Bhopal.

[1]. R.R. Babus, T.Imagawa, H.Tao and R.Ramesh, Distribution of PCBs, HCHS DDTs and Iheirecotoxicological implications in Bay of Bangal, India, Environmental international31, 2005,503-512.
[2]. Om Prakesh, S. Mrutyunjay, R.Vishakha, C. Dogra, R.Pal and Ruplal , Residues of HCH isomers in soil and water samples from Delhi and adjoining areas, 87C1), 2004,73-77.
[3]. O.Wurl and J.P ObbardOrganichlorine pesticides, Polychlorinated and PolybrominatedDiphenyl Ethers in Singapore's
[4]. Marine Sediments, Chemosphere 58 (11) 2005, 925-933.
[5]. W.T. Now, Organochlorine Pesticides inwater, sediment, crops and human fluids in a farming community in Ghana, Archives of environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40 C4) 2001, 557-563.

Abstract: This paper elaborates research prospects in the recent scenario, which identifies the use of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) in the design of interdisciplinary geo-information systems for decision support systems to handle energy linked disasters at different scales for all user groups. The realization of the SDI potential as subsidiary for resolving sustainable local & global energy complications depends on multiple factors including reliable access to well-harmonized information. The work also introduces to an emerging digital geo-information infrastructure and policy framework at global, regional, national and local levels. The concept of SDI as a tool presents the notion for networked SDIs, designed and implemented to serve various specific applications at the national, regional or municipal level. Handling energy linked disasters could be such an application sector. The work illuminates the necessity of the legal and regulatory changes to be done in order to achieve the SDI framework. The work wishes at comprehending role of SDI in providing policy solutions for complex problems embedded with energy linked disaster caused due to conflict over energy issues with a scientific challenge. The work also examines the relationship between competition for energy resources and the inclination for conflict in the coming future taking the argument well beyond issues of energy politics and the significance of oil and gas to the global market, the work offers significant new findings concerning the impact of energy wealth on political life and the economies. It also explores the ways attempting to uphold the energy interests in the newly independent states, and the impact of competition on regional security. Believe it or not, conflict is an untapped source for creativity and energy. The paper proposes a prototype with a set of recommended practices in the development of SDI on clear "political" accountability to its integrity to address the role as a framework for facilitating local and global energy linked disaster. It is discussed that the design and implementation of an SDI model framework can assist the managing agencies to improve the quality of their decision-makings at all level of the activities. This includes the development of a prototype web-based system which can facilitate sharing, access and use of data in energy linked disaster management and especially disaster response.
Key Words: Spatial Data Infrastructure, Disaster Mitigation, Energy Management, Conflict

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Abstract: Water samples from six different areas in Yobe state will be physically, chemically and bacteriologically analyzed in order to ascertain the levels of pollution influence, Temperature, total dissolved solid(TDS), electrical conductivity, turbidity, colour and PH will be determined. Also to determine were chloride, calcium, manganese, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride,magnesium, iron, chromium (hexavalent), calcium, total hardness, and total coliform and escheridia coli. The concentration of pollution indicators ranged from 26.2 to 31.2oc for temperature, 0.06 to 0.23 ms/cm for electrical conductivity, 0.03 to 0.11 mg/l for total dissolve solid, 1.0 to 461 ofTU for turbidity, 12.0 to 550.0 ptco for colour, 0.17 to 3.30 mg/l for iron, 0.01 to 0.62 mg/l for chromium (hexavalent), 0.2 to 14.2 mg/l for manganese, 2.0 to 75 mg/l for sulphate, 1.6 to 35.8 mg/l for nitrate, 0.00 to 0.04 mg/l for fluoride, 0.3 to 24.5 mg/l for chloride, 0.668 to 0.668 mg/l for calcium, 0.160 to 0.290 mg/l for magnesium, 0.828 to 0.958 mg/l for total hardness, 6.0 to 7.0 for pH.
Keywords : River water, quality, anion cat ion

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Abstract: Jackfruit seeds and bengal gram are rich of nutrients as protein, crude fibre, minerals etc. To improve the quality of chapati, jackfruit seed flour and bengal gram flour were used along with wholemeal wheat flour (atta). The aims of this study were to enrich the quality of chapaties and to check the shelf life of chapaties in ambient and refrigerated condition (60C). Four types ( Rc, R1, R2, R3) of chapaties were prepared adding 100% atta in control; 5, 15, 25 percent white and 10, 15, 20 percent brown jackfruit seed flour with 5, 15, 10 percent bengal gram flour respectively. The spread ratio of R3 (46.25) was more than others. Inspite of higher spread ratio of R3 the highest energy (324.73 kcal/100g) containing chapati was R1 type because of its composition. The samples were packed in high density polyethylene and stored at the refrigerated and ambient temperature. The shelf life of chapaties was obtained 3 to 4 days at ambient and 30 days at refrigerated temperature. The sensory attributes of fresh chapaties were also evaluated and found the highest acceptability of R1 sample. This study concluded that the best sample was R1 which had higher energy level and consumer acceptability.
Keywords: Brown spermoderm, jackfruit seed flour, shelf life, spread ratio, white spermoderm

[1]. H.S. Gujral and A. Pathak, Effect of different additives on mixograph and bread making properties of Indian wheat flour, Journal of Food Engineering, 55, 2002, 173–179.
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Abstract: Five partially tolerant and five non tolerant accessions of barley for cadmium and hexavalent chromium were analyzed for the assessment of heavy metal in the plant. This study was designed to assess total contents of Cd and Cr6+ in the plant root and leaves. The accumulation of metals from roots to shoots was evaluated in terms of Translocation Factor (TF). Total metal concentrations of Cd and Cr6+in root and leaves varied between 29.84 - 0.35 μg/g-1.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Translocation factor, Barley

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Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) has been reported to process hepatic toxicity. We investigated the hypothesis that BPA can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing oxidative stress in the liver. The dosing solutions were prepared by thoroughly and uniformly mixing BPA in corn oil at 0, 2, 10, 50 mg/kg body weight/day, were administered intraperitoneally every forty-eight hours for 20 days to adults Sprague-Dawley rats. After 24 h of the last treatment, rats were weighed, sacrificed and organs harvested for analysis. The body weight of treated rats did not show significant change as compared with the corresponding control groups. In BPA treated rats there was a significant decrease in the weight of liver organ. Suggesting that there was not a linear relationship between liver weight and body weight during the treatment, suggesting that comparisons made in terms of relative organ weights do not necessarily take proper account of differences in body weight. The activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SODs) in liver tissue significantly increased in all groups treated with BPA when compared to the control group suggesting uncontrolled overproduction of ROS and failure in antioxidant system. The results indicated that BPA induces oxidative stress in the liver of rats by increasing activity of SOD. These findings provide a possible toxicological evidence of an adverse effect of BPA on liver damage.
Keywords: Bisphenol A (BPA, 2, 2-bis (4-hidroxyphenyl) propane); Liver, Oxidative stress; ROS; SOD

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