IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2015

Abstract: The two varieties of cooking banana (Musa cardaba and Musa bluggoe) were evaluated for proximate composition and functional properties. The results of the proximate composition showed that the mean protein values ranged from 4.49 to 4.79%, fat content ranged from 0.78 to 0.84%, carbohydrate content ranged from 78.85 to 79.88%, moisture content ranged from 10.00 to 10.34%, crude fibre ranged from 0.71 to 0.85% and ash content ranged from 3.83 to 4.62%. In the functional properties, the result showed that bulk density ranged from 0.74% to 0.79%, water absorption capacity ranged from 1.89 to 1.93%, oil absorption capacity ranged from 2.30 to 2.78%, while wettability ranged from 59.66 to 60.66 secs.

Keywords: Absorption capacity, bulk density, cooking banana flour, functional properties, proximate composition.

[1]. R.H. Strosse, H. Schoofs, B. Parries, F. Andre, Reyrersk. and R. Swennen, Development of embryogenic cell suspensions from short meristematic tissue in Banana and Plantains (Musa spp) Plant Sci. 170: 2006, 104-112.
[2]. S. Chandler, The Nutritional value of banana. In: Banana's and plantain S. Gowen (ed). Chapman and Hall, London, 1992, 469.
[3]. PBIP , Plantain and Banana Improvement Program 1994, Annual Report Crop Improvement Division( International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, 1995).
[4]. P.O. Ogazi, Plantain: Production, Processing and Utilization, (Puman and Associates Ltd, Okigwe, 1996).
[5]. AOAC ,Official method of analysis (14th edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemist, (Washington DC. 1990).
[6]. C.S. James, Analytical Chemistry for Foods Blackie (Academic and Professional, New York, 1995).
[7]. B.O. Okezie, and A.E. Bello, Physico-chemical and functional properties of winged bean flour and isolate compared with soy isolate, Journal of Food Science, 53,1998 450-455.

Summary: The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p<0.05. The results show that the erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly different between the exposed and the control (p>0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count, lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed worker relative to the control (p<0.05). Apart from the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters. The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological parameters of cement depot workers.

Keywords: Cement exposure, Haematological parameters, Workers, Nigeria.

[1]. Alakija, W., Iyawe, V.I., Jarikre, L.N. and Chiwuzie, J.C. (1990): Ventilatory function of workers at Okpella Cement Factory in Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine; 9(3): 187- 192.
[2]. Al-Neaimi, Y.I., Gomes, J. and Lloyd, O.L. (2001): Respiratory Illnesses and Ventilatory Function among Workers at a Cement Factory in a Rapidly Developing Country. Occup. Med.; 51 (6):367-373.
[3]. Azah, N., Antai, A.B., Peters, E.J. and Osim, E.E. (2002): Effect of exposure to dust generated from crushing of granite rocks on the lung function of south eastern Nigerian children. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci.; 17 (1-2): 42-47.
[4]. Cheesbrough, M.(2000): District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 2. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 299- 324.
[5]. Erhabor O, Kebbe B.I., Isaac, I.Z., et al. (2013): Effect of occupational exposure of cement dust on some haematological parameters of workers in a cement company in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Care;1(7):21-25.
[6]. Ezenwa, A.O. (1996): A study of the prevalence of occupational diseases and the factors affecting their identification and reporting in Nigeria. Nig. Med. J; 31:12-14.

Summary: This study was carried out to identify the histopathological changes taking place in gill structure of cichlids; Orecohromis niloticus collected from three different fishing areas namely, Ginka, Beshteir and Deshdy in Manzalah Lake .This lake receives enormous quantities of industrial and agricultural wastes through different sources of drainage water from Bahr el-Bakar, Hados, Ramses and El Sirew drains.Histopathological observation showed hyperplasia, hypertrophy and fusion of lamellae, edema, telangiectasis and necrosis in gills of O.niloticus in Ginka and Beshteir subjected to more wastes than in Deshdy relatively far from the inflow of heavy polluted water.

Keywords: Manzalah Lake, O. niloticus, gill, Pollution, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Telangietasis, Edema, necrosis.

[1]. Zakaria, H.Y., H.A. Mahmoud and F. Roger, Environmental assessment of spatial distribution of zooplankton community in Lake Manzalah, Act Adriatica, 48(2), 2007, 161-172.
[2]. Shakweer, L.M.I., Effect of waste disposal on the chemical composition of some aquatic organisms along Alexandria coastal waters. DH.Faculty of Science. Al-Agar University (girls), 1993.
[3]. Fishar, M.R.A., Distribution and abundance of benthic assemblages in EL-Gamil basin (Lake Manzalah, Egypt).Bull. Nat. Inst. of Oceanogr. &Fish., 25, 1999, 167-180.
[4]. Elnemaki, F. A. and A. A. Osama, Effect of contra/insect 500/50 E.C.on the histopathology of Oreochromis spilurus fish. Bull. Nat. Inst. of Oceanogr. & Fish., 29, 2003, 221-253.
[5]. Kruzynski, G.M., A.P. Farrel, K.B. Tierney, S.M. Sanders and I.K. Birtwell, Gill morphometry and haematology of juvenile Chinook salmon chronically exposed to treated (elemental chlorine-free) bleached kraft pulp mill effluent at low temperature to stimulate winter exposure. Can. J. Zool/ Rev. Can. Zool., 82(8), 2004, 1187-1193.

Summary: The objective of this study was to detect the presence of staphylococci in raw milk and milk products collected from various regions in and around Southern Assam and to evaluate their antibiotic sensitivity pat-terns. Out of 117 samples analysed, 35 milk samples and 21 milk product samples were positive for staphylo-cocci. Staphylococci were isolated from 22 cow milk samples, 8 goat milk samples and 5 buffalo milk samples. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates showed maximum resistance for penicillin (87.5%).Resistance for oxa-cillin and vancomycin were also observed in 5 and 2 isolates respectively. 92.86% of the isolates were positive for at least one of the antibiotics used in this study.............

Keywords: Antibiotics, milk, milk products, Southern Assam, staphylococci, vancomycin

[1]. V.L.M. Rall, F.P Vieira, R. Rall, R.L. Vieitis, A. Fernandes Jr., J.M.G Candeias, K.F.G. Cardoso, J.P. Araujo Jr., PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw and pasteurized milk. Veterinary Microbiolo-gy, 132,2008, 408-413.
[2]. Aycicek, H, S. Cakiroglu, T.H Stevenson, Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat meals from military cafeterias in Ankara, Turkey, Food Control,16, 2005, 531-534.
[3]. J. Muehlherr, C. Zweifel, S. Corti, J. Blanco, R. Stephan, Microbiological quality of bulk-tank raw milk of goat and ewe in Switzer-land, Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2003, 3849-3856.
[4]. M. Jett, B. Ionin, R. Das, R. Neill, The staphylococcal enterotoxins, in M. Sussman (Ed), Molecular Medical Microbiology (San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, 2001) 1089-116.
[5]. T. Asao, Y. Kumeda, T. Kawai, T.Shibata, H. Oda, K. Haruki, H. Nakazawa, S. Kozaki. An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk, Epide-miology and Infection, 130, 2003, 33-40.

Summary: The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.

[1]. Adhikari B., Khanal SN., Manandhar D.R., (2013) Study of leachate and waste composition at different landfill sites of Nepal. Kathmandu University Journal of Science Engineering and Technology VOL. 9, No. II, pp 15-21.
[2]. Vasanthi P, Kaliappan S, Srinivasaraghavan R (2008) Impact of poor solid waste management on ground water. Environ Monit Assess 143:227-238.
[3]. Mohajeri, S., Aziz H. A., Isa M. H., Zahed M. A., & Adlan M. N. (2010). Statistical optimization of process parameters for landfill leachate treatment using electro-fenton technique. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176, 749-758.
[4]. ADB, 2013. Solid waste management in Nepal: Current status and policy recommendations. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
[5]. Adhikari B., Khanal SN., Dahal K.R., (2014) A review of factors affecting the composition of municipal landfill leachate. International journal of engineering science and innovative technology VOL. 3, Issuse 5 pp 272-281

Summary: In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to 87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and 16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day. Keywords: Oscillatoria, Stigeoclonium, Culture medium, Industrial pollution and Nutrients

[1]. Agarwal, M and Kumar H. D. (1978). Physico-chemical and phycological assessment of two mercury polluted effluents. India J. Environ. Hlth. 20: 141-155.
[2]. Ahluwalia, A.S. and Arora, A (1986). Effect of an industrial wastes effect on the growth of the blue green algae In: proceedings green vegetation and leaf protein research Singh N, Dijkstra, J and Venkatramam L.V. Society of Green Vegetation research, Mysore pp 19-31.
[3]. Handa, B.K. Kumar, . Sondhi, T.N. and Goel, D.K. (1985). Pollution of surface waters by metals in U.P. TAWPC. Tech. Annual 12: 98-105.
[4]. Hutchinson, I.C. (1973). Comparative studies of the toxicity of heavy metals to phytoplankton and their synergistic interactions. Water pollut. Res., Canada, 8: 68-90.
[5]. Stratton, G.W., Huber, A.L and Carke, C.T. (1979). Effect of Mercuric ion on the growth, Photosynthesis and nitrogenase activity of Anabaena inaequalis. Appl. L. Environ. Micribal., 28: 537-543.

Summary: This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the "use of knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience." This paper advocates turning human knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality education.

Key Words: disaster, risk reduction, disaster risk education, vulnerability

[1]. Alexander, D. (2002). Principles of Emergency Planning and Management. Harpended:Terra,Publishers.
[2]. APEC (2009)."Disaster Risks at Schools". Report; APEC Emergency Management SeniorDisaster Officials Forum, Hanoi, pp. 15-17th September 2009
[3]. Dufty, N. (2009)."National Hazards Education in Australian Schools" How can we Make it more Effective?The Australian Journal of Emergency Management; Vol. 24 N0. 2 May
[4]. IFRC (2013)."Public Awareness and Public Education for Disaster Risks Reduction".KeyMessages, Geneva: IFRC
[5]. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UN/ISDR (2005)."Hyogo Framework For Action 2005 2015": Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disaster; Extracts from the Final Report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction: CA/CONF206/6. Available (internet October 15 2013) www.unisdr.org/wcdr.
[6]. ISDR (2004)."Land Use, Disaster and Reward.A community Leaders Guide". UN/ISDR Africa Education series, Vol. 2 Issue 3, September 2004.

Summary: Fishes are regarded as an important high grade protein containing food staple of Indian people. Ever increasing water pollution level, especially sodium fluoride (NaF), in inland freshwater reservoir has made significant biochemical changes in the life cycle of fishes. In view of this, the investigations on effects of acute and chronic sodium fluoride toxicity to fish Labeo rohita have been carried out. The changes in glycogen, protein and lipid content of selected tissues like muscle, liver, gill and kidney were examined. The study revealed a highest loss of glycogen, protein and lipid percentage in all tissues as compared to control. .

Keywords: Sodium fluoride; Labeo rohita; biochemical; body tissue.

[1]. Coker,W.B. And W.W. Shilts. 1979. Lacustrine Geochemistry Around The North Shore Of Lake Superior: Implication For Evolution Of The Effect Of Acid Precipitation. Current Research Part C, Geogical Survey Of Canada. Paper 79-1C.
[2]. Sshu, N.K. Ans M.A. Karim. 1989. Fluoride Incidence In Natural Waters In Amreli District Gugarat. J. Geol. Soc. India 33(5): 450-456.
[3]. Skjelkvale, B.L. 1994b. Waterchemistry In Areas With High Deposition Of Fluoride. Sci. Tot. Environ. 152: 105-112.
[4]. Radic, N. And Bralic, M. 1995. Aluminum Fluoride Complexation And Its Ecological Importance In The Aquatic Environment. Sci. Total Environ.172(2-3): 237-243.
[5]. Sanders, H.O. And O.B. Cope. 1966. Toxicity Of Several Pesticides To Two Species Of Cladocerans. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 95: 165-169.

Summary: Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health. This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra, INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.

Keywords: Sulphate reducing bacteria, Protein Expression, Extracellular polymeric Substances, FTIR.

[1]. Cloetete., Gerber a. and Maritz l. V., A first orderinventory of water use and effluent production by SAindustrial, mining and electricity generation sectors,Arcusgibb (pty) ltd, water resource division (water –north), pretoria, wrc report no. 1547/1/10 ( 2010)
[2]. KrishnanandanVivek, Srikantaswamy S, Assessment of impacts by Industries on sediments of Kabini river around Nanjangud Industrial area, Karnataka, India, InternationalJournal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(11)(2013)
[3]. Vemula M., Ambavaram V., Kalluru G. and GajulapalleM., Tollamadugu N. An Overview on Research Trends in Remediation of Chromium, Research Journal of RecentSciences, 2(1), 71-83, January (2013)
[4]. Anna H. Kaksonen, Jason J. Plumb,Wendy J. Robertson, Stefan Spring, Peter Schumann, Peter D. Franzmann and Jaakko A. Puhakka, Novel Thermophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria From A Geothermally Active Underground Mine In Japan. ApplEnviron Microbiol., May, 72(5), 3759– 3762 (2006)
[5]. CarineAudiffrin, Jean-Luc Cayol, Catherine Joulian, Laurence Casalot, Pierre Thomas, Jean-Louis Garcia and Bernard Ollivier, Desulfonauticussubmarinusgen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, International Journal OfSystematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, (5), 1585-1590 (2003)

Summary: The paper presents the potential of pico-hydro plant. The envisaged scheme is well suited in remote rural areas where transmission of power proves uneconomical. Pico-hydro plants can be installed at such places to power one or few homes. The power requirement at such location is minimal during off periods which can be utilized for charging batteries and other electronic gadgets. The pico hydro plants can be installed at much lower financial requirements compared with solar plants and wind mills.

Keywords: pico-hydro, micro-hydro, pelton wheel, penstock, hydro-generator.

[1]. Akhilesh A. Nimje, Sayed Majid Ali, ―Solar Power Connectivity Using Transmission Superhighway: Smart Grid‖, International Congress on Renewable Energy [ICORE-2010] Trade Show, Chandigarh, India, 01-03 December, 2010.
[2]. Akhilesh A. Nimje, Mrutyunjaya Bhattacharyya, Pravat Kumar Rout, ―A Proposal for Rural Electrification through Captive Power Generation in Remote Areas Where Transmission of Power Proves Uneconomical‖ International Conference on Emerging Technology, December 2003, Bhubaneswar.
[3]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_hydro
[4]. Vicente Leite, Tomas De Figueiredo, Tiago Pinheiro, Angela Ferreira, Jose Batista, ―Dealing with the Very Small: First Step of a Pico Hydro Demonstration Project in a University Campus‖, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ'12), Santiago de Compostela (Spain), 28th to 30th March, 2012
[5]. N. Smith and G. Ranjitkhar, ―Nepal Case Study–Part One: Installation and performance of the Pico Power Pack,‖ Pico Hydro Newsletter, April 2000.
[6]. Maher. ―Kenya Case Study 1 at Kathamba and Case Study 2 at Thima.‖ Available: http://www.eee.nottingham.ac.uk/picohydro/documents.html#kenya
[7]. P. Maher and N. Smith, ―Pico hydro for village power: A practical manual for schemes up to 5 kW in hilly areas,‖ 2nd ed., Intermediate Technology Publications, May 2001.

Summary: The effects of different concentration of spent calcium carbide on the growth indexes (percentage germination, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, and plant biomass) on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) were studied at a screen house located beside the academic building of the Federal University Of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. 5kg of soil was polluted with varying concentrations of spent carbide (100g, 200g and 300g) with the control having 0g of spent carbide. Okra seed were introduced and completely randomized design was used. The whole experiment was replicated 4 times. Result indicates that the plants grown in 100g spent carbide polluted soil did better in terms of plant height when compared to other treatments and the control. At 8 weeks after planting (WAP), 100g concentration had the highest possible mean plant height (38.25±1.59) while the control recorded (25.78±1.76). This height was significantly higher (p<0.05) than 300g concentration (8.75±1.53) which was the lowest. Number of leaves was also significantly higher (p<0.05) in 100g plants (5.75±1.18) than 300g plants (1.75±1.18). Dry weight was not significantly different (p<0.05) although 100g plants had the highest of the treatments (5.97±1.11).Other growth indexes show okra plants in 100g polluted soil performing better than other treatments and control. This growth reduces drastically as the concentration of spent calcium carbide increases above 100g concentration level of spent calcium carbide. This shows that okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) grows well in low concentration of spent carbide.

Keywords: Abelmoschusesculentus, concentration, pollution, spent carbide.

[1]. P. Patnaik,Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds (McGraw-Hill, 2003).
[2]. R. William, Discovery and Identification of Calcium Carbide in the U.S.A, Journal of Clinical EndocrinolMetabiology 43,2000, 64 - 67.
[3]. A.A. Semikolennykh, A.A. Rahleeva, and T.B. Poputnikova, Spent carbide waste retains toxicity long term after disposal in caves and mines,Actacarsologica. 41(1), 2012, 129 - 137.
[4]. J.S. Dunbabin, and K.H. Bowmer,Potential use of constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewater containing metals,Science of the Total Environment 111, 1992, 151-168.
[5]. Z. Ahmed, Zia-Hassan and A. Muhammed, Promoting health environment through enhancednitrogen efficiency and improve crop yield using calcium carbide,Development in soil sciences 92, 2006, 774-775.
[6]. P.D.S. Kinako, and I.U. Amadi, Short term effects of carbide waste on water infiltration and vegetation regeneration at a barred terrestrial habitat in the Choba area of Rivers State,Nigerian journal of crop, soil and forestry 3, 1997, 174-180.