iosr-JVSP   Volume-4 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

ABSTRACT: In order to realize the rapid and accurate localization of multiple mobile robots under the global vision, a new visual segmentation algorithm based on the feedback adjustment of threshold is presented in paper. First, the position information of the mobile robots is described by the color label plates which are designed by ourselves; then, the improved grid method is used to search the color labels; finally, the segmentation threshold of the next frame image is adjusted based on the segmentation results of the mobile robots and the amount of noise in the current frame, and the visual localization of multiple mobile robots is realized through the self-adjusting thresh segmentation of color label plates. The experiment results show that the proposed method is characterized by small calculation amount, good real-time and strong noise suppression capability, performance and has strong noise suppression abilities, and the accurate visual localization of multiple mobile robots under the global vision can be realized.
Keywords: Feedback adjustment; Threshold segmentation; Grid method; Visual localization

[1]. J.L. Liu, Construction of RoboCup Small Size Soccer Robot Vision System, master's diss., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 2007.
[2]. Y.L. Zhu and X.M. Li, BP neural network based image segmentation technique for small sized league soccer robot team system, Journal of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, 28(1), 2011, 79-82.
[3]. K. Qin, K. Xu, F.L. Liu and D.Y. Li, Image segmentation based on histogram analysis utilizing the cloud model, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 62(7), 2011, 2824-2833.
[4]. S. Liu, Image segmentation technology of the Ostu method for image materials based on binary PSO algorithm, Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 104,2011, 415-419.
[5]. X.J. Lei and A.L. Fu, 2-D maximum-entropy thresholding image segmentation method based on second-order oscillating PSO, Proc. 5th International Conference on Natural Computation, Tianjin, China, 2009, 161-165.

ABSTRACT: Ultrasound imaging is the most commonly used imaging system for disease diagnosis. Speckle noise is an inherent property of medical ultrasound imaging. Since speckle may hinder the detection of image details it is typically regarded as noise and there is a strong need to remove speckle effectively for good and fast interpretation. Multiresolution analysis is the important tool in eliminating noise from images effectively. In this paper an algorithm is proposed that uses multiresolution analysis through which it is possible to distinguish noise and image information better than at one resolution level. The proposed algorithm combines the features of filtering techniques in multiresolution framework to combine the benefits that each one can contribute. This algorithm maintains a balance between speckle suppression and feature preservation. The result is shown to be promising and outperforms other despeckling approaches. Performance evaluations are performed by using statistical parameters like Mean Square Error (MSE), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Speckle Index (SI) and Edge Preservation Index (EPI).
Keywords: Ultrasound imaging, Speckle noise, Multiresolution, PSNR, SI, EPI.

[1] Irraivan Elamvazuthi Muhammad Luqman Bin Muhd Zain,K.M.Begam "Despeckling of ultrasound images of bone fracture using multiple filtering algorithm", ELSEVIER, Mathematical and Computer Modelling57(2013)152-168.
[2] Muhammad Luqman Bin Muhd Zain, Irraivan Elamvazuthi and Mumtaj Begam,"Enhancement of Bone Fracture Image Using Filtering Techniques", The International Journal of Video & Image Processing and Network Security Vol:9 No:10
[3] Bobby and Manish Mahajan, "Performance Comparison Between Filters and Wavelet Transform in Image Denoising for Different Noises" International Journal of Computer Science and Communication.
[4] K.Karthikeyan, Dr.C. Chandrasekar,"Speckle Noise Reduction of Medical Ultrasound Images using Bayesshrink Wavelet Threshold", International journal of Computer Applications (1975-8887)Volume 22-No.9, May 2011.
[5] Juan L.Mateo,Antonio Fernandez-Caballero" Finding out general tendencies in speckle noise reduction in ultrasound images" ELSEVIER, Expert systems with applications 2009.

ABSTRACT: This is a review paper in which we use various techniques for low power optimization and with the help of these techniques we perform comparative analysis. Evolution in VLSI continuously reduce the silicon technology to fulfill the increasing demands for higher functionality, low power and better performance at low cost. In today's scenario, low power design becomes an important issue. Most of the power consumption takes place during switching events i.e. dynamic power. This paper present various basic circuit in which reduction in power consumption takes place due to transistor sizing as well as MTCMOS technique separately and then we will also design the same circuit by the combination of the above two techniques which consume overall less power than conventional CMOS circuitry. Basic circuit are fundamental components of any digital design. We also see the effect of voltage scaling on these circuit and reduce the circuit using shannon's expansion theorem without changing in functionality ,to reduce the transistor count so that power decrease. The investigation has been carried out with simulation run environment on cadence virtuoso design editor using 180nm CMOS process technology at 1.8 V.
Keywords: MTCMOS, transistor sizing, Combined MTCMOS & transistor sizing, shannon's expansion theorem

[1] Raju Gupta, Satya Prakash Pandey ,Shyam Akashe ,Abhay Vidyarthi, "Analysis and Optimization of Active Power and Delay of 10T Full Adder using Power Gating Technique at 45nm Technology," IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing(IOSR-JVSP), vol.2, pp 51-57, April2013.
[2] Geetha Priya, K.Baskaran," Low Power Full Adder with Reduced Transistor Count," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), vol.4, May2013.
[3] Karthik Reddy.G," Low Power –Area Designs of 1 Bit Full Adder in Cadence Virtuoso Platform, "International Journal of VLSI design &Communication Systems (VLSICS), vol.4, No.4, August2013.
[4] P.Sreenivasulu,G.Vinatha,Dr.K.SrinivasaRao,Dr.A.VinayaBabu,"Novel Ultra Low Power Multi threshold CMOS Technology," International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,vol.3,pp.81-88,Aug 2013.
[5] Jatinder Kumar, Praveen Kaur ,"Comparative Performance Analysis of Different CMOS Adders using 90nm and 180 nm Technology," International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering and Technology, vol.2, August2013.

ABSTRACT: Cet article présente une nouvelle méthode de la Décomposition Modale Empirique Bidimensionnelle (BEMD). Cette méthode est basée sur l'utilisation des fonctions radiales de base à support compact (CSRBF) comme fonction d'interpolation à la place des fonctions radiales de base globales. La comparaison des deux méthodes, donne une qualité visuelle du même ordre, tout en remarquant une amélioration au niveau du temps de calcul. Ce qui présente le critère le plus important dans les applications en temps réel. Il a été montré que la méthode qui basée sur une interpolation par CSRBF donne un gain du point de vue du temps d'exécution. Mots-clés : BEMD, fonction CSRBF, fonction RBF.

[1] A. Sabri, Décomposition Multimodale Empirique Bidimensionnelle : Améliorations et Applications, doctorat national UFR : Automatique et analyse des systèmes, le 13 juin 2009.
[2] M. De Berg, O. Cheong, and M. van Kreveld. Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications. Springer, 2008.
[3] J. L. Bentley. Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching. CACM, 18(9):509–517, 1975.
[4] B S. Morse, T S. Yoo, P Rheingans, D T. Chen, K. R. Subramanian. Interpolating Implicit Surfaces From Scattered Surface Data Using Compactly Supported Radial Basis Function. Department of Computer Science, Brigham Young University, 2005.
[5] Gregory E. Fasshauer, Meshfree Approximation Methods with Matlab vol.6, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA 2007.

ABSTRACT: Remote Sensing is vital because of their pressing need due to the analysis of natural hazards. Among the various natural hazards, the Volcanoes are terrific hazard which may harm the nature as well as the living things. Due to the aforesaid reasons, the identification of volcanoes and their hotspot identification are important to protect the living things. A mechanism which will be utilized to identify the volcanoes and their hotspot from the satellite images is proposed. Initially, the color space of the satellite image will be converted to another color space to identify the contents of the image clearly. After this process, the image will be segmented to identify the volcano's hotspot. In order to identify the hotspot of volcano, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is utilized which uses Modified Standard Back Propagation (MBP) Algorithm. The proposed mechanism will be developed with the aid of the platform MATLAB (version 7.11).
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network(ANN) , MBP, Remote sensing, Satellite Images and Volcano

[1]. Starks and Kreinovich, "Multi-spectral inverse problems in satellite image processing", Systems Analysis Modeling Simulation, Vol.42, No.5, May 2002
[2]. Mohammad Awad, "An Unsupervised Artificial Neural Network Method for Satellite Image Segmentation", The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol.7, No.2, pp.199-207, April 2010
[3]. Saheb Karim, Farah Riadh, Bassel Solaiman and Ben-Ahmed Mohamed, "Toward a multi-temporal approach for satellite image interpretation", The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol.5, No.3, pp.281-287, July 2008
[4]. Sathiya, Vaidhiyanathan and Victor Rajamanickam, "Assessment of Ocean Parameters through the Satellite Images - AOOPSI", International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol.1, No.4, pp.420-423, October 2009
[5]. Nigar Sulthana and Mahesh Chandra, "Image compression with Adaptive Arithmetic Coding", International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol.1, No.18, pp.31-34, 2010.

ABSTRACT: ISI (Intersymbol Interference) severely degrades the performance of high speed digita communication systems. A popular technique for countering ISI is Adaptive Equalization. Blind/Unsupervized equalization is one class of adaptive equalization where initial training of equalizer's weights is not feasible Godard's Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) was the very first blind equalization algorithm that could beapplied for two dimensional communication systems. It requires the transmitted signal's statistics to perform equalization. Picchi & Prati modified the standard decision-directed algorithm and proposed a new algorithm by the name Stop-and-Go. Wei Rao by simply converting the equalizer's output proposed a modified version of the CMA. This paper compares the performance of blind equalization algorithms: CMA, Stop-and-Go decisiondirected algorithm and Wei Rao's modified constant modulus algorithm for 16 and 64-QAM constellations transmitted across a linear band-limited channel. Simulation results indicate impulse response of the cascade of transmission channel and equalizer (after convergence) is similar to that of ideal transmission channel's impulse response. The results also show that stop-and-go outperforms the rest in terms of convergence rate and MSE.
Keywords: Adaptive Equalization, Blind Equalization, CMA, ISI, Stop-and-Go.

[1]. Jhon G.Proakis, Digital Communications,4th ed.,Mc Graw Hill,2001.
[2]. Ram Nishanth Vanka, S Balarama Murty, B Chandra Mouli, "Performance Comparison of Supervized and Unsupervized/Blind Equalization Algorithms for QAM Transmitted Constellations," International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), pp. 316-321, Feb.2014.
[3]. Y. Sato, "A method of self-recovering equalization for multilevel amplitude-modulation systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.COM-23, pp. 679-682, June 1975.
[4]. D.Godard, "Self-recovering equalization and carrier tracking in two dimensional data,'' IEEE Trans. Communications, 1980, Vol.COM-28, pp.1867-1875.
[5]. G.Picchi and G. Prati, "Blind Equalization and carrier recovery using a stop-and–go decision directed algorithm," IEEE Trans. Communications, vol.COM-35, Sept.1987.

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a new technique for lossy multispectral images compression at very high data rates. Image compression is becoming more and more important, as new multispectral instruments are going to generate very high data rates due to the increased spatial and spectral resolutions. The Lossless compression does not provide a sufficient degree of data volume reduction to meet the bandwidth requirements of the downlink channel, so a lossy approach is the only possible solution. Multispectral data exhibits a large spectral correlation. Many techniques have been proposed for multispectral image data. Mainly in all the compression techniques to minimize the intra-band and inter-band correlation, some of them do in a single step and others do in a two-step transformation followed by an encoding scheme to eliminate the statistical redundancy or to give a desired bit-rate at low compression ratios based on the wavelet transform, where the spatial and the spectral redundancy are removed simultaneously. At higher compression ratios, a high quality wavelet based method in the spatial dimensions combined with the Improved Set Partitioning Hierarchical Trees (ISPHIT) in the spectral dimension gives the best results.
Keywords: Multi spectral images, Super resolution, ISPHIT, LIBT, LIST

[1]. Memon N. D., Sayood K., Magliveras S., "Lossless Compression of Multispectral Image Data," IEEE Trans. on Geosci. & Remote Sensing, 32(2): 282 -289 (1994).
[2]. Wu X., Memon N., "Context-Based Lossless Interband Compression-Extending CALIC," IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 9(6): 994 -1001 (2000).
[3]. Rong Zhang, Yan Qing, "A Prediction Tree-based Lossless Compression Technique of Multispectral Image Data," Journal of Remote Sensing, 2(3): 171-175 (1998).
[4]. Zheng Wu, Mingyi He, "Lossless Compression of Multispectral Imagery by Error Compensated Prediction Tree," Journal of Remote Sensing, 9(2): 143-147 (2005).
[5]. F. Rizzo, B. Carpentieri, G. Motta, and J. Storer, "Low-complexity lossless compression of hyperspectral imagery via linear prediction," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 138–141, Feb. 2005.

ABSTRACT: The design is chosen to accomplish the desired necessity in present work we design high broadband frequency divider. It consumes less power and gives low leakage in CMOS based frequency divider with SVL technique, thereby reducing overall power consumption of the circuit. This paper presents various parameters and shows reduced leakage power (0.45×10-12), Delay (6.26psec) and noise margin (11.53) of the circuit to analyze its performance in 45nm technology with U-SVL and L-SVL technology. The simulation results were done with cadence tool virtuoso environment at room temperature 27ºC with various supply voltage (0.7 to 1.2V).
Keywords: Cadence virtuoso tool, delay, Frequency divider circuit, leakage power, SVL technique

[1] Chang, SFR, et al,"‟A dual-band RF transceiver for multistandard WLAN applications ‟‟,IEEE trans. Microwave Theory & tech., Vol.53, No.3,pp.1048-1055,2005
[2] Keliu shu,et al, "‟A 2.4 GHz monolithic fractional N frequency synthesizer with robust phase-switching prescaler and loop capacitence multiplier, "‟ IEEE j. solid-state Circuits, Vol.38, No.6 pp.866-874, jun.,2003.
[3] Harsh Joshi 1, Prof. Sanjeev Mishra,M. Ranjan 2, Prof. (Dr). Vijay nath Design of High Speed Flip Flop Based Frequency Divider for GHz PLL System: Theory and Design Techniques in 250nm CMOS Technology. International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering ISSN- 2277-1656
[4] Koon-Lun Jackie Wong, Alexander Rylyakov, Chih-Kong Ken Yang "A Broadband 44-GHz Frequency Divider in 60-nm CMOS ‟‟ .Lee and B. Razavi, "A 40GHz Frequency Divider in 0.18μm CMOS Technology," Dig. Systm. VLSI Circuits, pp. 256-262, June 2003.
[5] Behzad Razavi, "design of analog CMOS integrated circuits". Book by Tata MC Graw –Hill Edition, 2004.

ABSTRACT: Very low frequency electromagnetic method was carried out at twenty three (23) locations within Parts of the Eastern Basement Complex of Nigeria. The field data were collected using ABEM Wadi VLF (very low frequency) electromagnetic instrument with other accessories. A transmitter located at Cutler, Maine USA, designated as NAA with 24.0 KHz frequency and 1000Kw transmission power was used throughout the data collection exercise. The profiles were of lengths between 120m and 650m. The station interval along each profile was 5m with profile lines oriented in N–S, and E–W directions. Data were analyzed using KHFFILT software. The results of the study showed that majority of the fractures were oriented in the NE – SW direction, followed by fractures oriented in the NW – SE direction indicating that the study area is well fractured and has good potentials for ground water.
Key word: ABEM Wadi, Basement, fracture, groundwater, Very low frequency.

[1]. R. D . Barker, C. C White. and J. F. T. Houston Borehole siting in an African accelerated drought relief project. In Wright E. P. and Burgess W. G. E (ed) Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Aquifers in Africa. London, Geological Society Special Publication 66, 1992, 183-201.
[2]. R. M Carruthers . and I. F Smith.The use of ground electrical survey methods for sitting water supply boreholes in shallow crystalline basement terrains. In Wright E. P. and Burgess W. G. E (ed) Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Aquifers in Africa. London, Geological Society Special Publication, 66, 1992, 203-220.
[3]. T. Dahlin2D resistivity surveying for environmental and engineering Applications. First Break, 14, 1996, 275-28
[4]. A. C .Ekwe , I.N. Nnodu , K.I Ugwubah and O.S Onwuka Estimation of of aquifer hydraulic characteristics of low permeability formation from geosounding data: a case study of Oduma Town, Enugu state. Online Journal of Earth Sciences 4(1), 2010, 19-26
[5]. A. S Ekwere, A. EdetTrace metals in ground and surface waters of the Oban Massif area, SE NigeriaAdvances in Applied Science Research, 3(1), 2012, 312-318

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is designing of pipelined architecture of arithmetic core and analysis of area and timing performance of that arithmetic core consisting of fixed point as well as floating point arithmetic cores. The basic concept behind designing such a core is to optimally utilize the algorithms of fixed point as well as floating point arithmetic operations, i.e., addition, subtraction division and multiplication and to enhance the operational speed of these calculations along with comparing a better technique out of fixed and floating point techniques to choose one of them for implementing in future. For this purpose, the arithmetic core is divided into two parts, namely, fixed point arithmetic core and floating point arithmetic core. Both the fixed point as well as floating point cores are sub-divided into four parts which are basically the mathematical operations, i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. In this Research paper, we discuss the fixed point arithmetic core. The simulation has been carried out on Modelsim (Student edition) EDA tool 10.0c.
Keywords: Carry Look Ahead Adder, N.M format, Urdhva - tiryakbhyam

[1]. a b Texas Instruments, TMS320C64x DSP Library Programmer's Reference, Appendix A.2.
[2]. Math Works Fixed-Point Toolbox Documentation Glossary.
[3]. Ganesh Kumar G. and Charishma V., Design of high Speed Vedic Multiplier using Vedic Mathematic Techniques, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 2(3), 2012.
[4]. Basavaraj B., Comparison of Vedic Multipliers With Conventional Hierarchical Array of Multipliers, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2(10), 2013.
[5]. Nicholas A.P., Williams K.R. and Pickles J., Application of Urdhava Sutra, Spiritual Study Group, Roorkee, India, 1984.
[6]. Sree Nivas A, Kayalvizhi N, Implementation of Power Efficient Vedic Multiplier, International Journal of Computer Applications, 43(16), 2012.

ABSTRACT: Digital Signal Processing (DSP) has become a very important and dynamic research area. Now-aday's many integrated circuits are dedicated to DSP functions. Fourier Transform is widely used in industrial applications as well as in scientific research. The performance in terms of throughput of the processor is limited by the multiplication. Therefore the multiplier is optimized to make the input to output delay as short as possible. A new FFT architecture based on distributed arithmetic has been developed and is compared to a previous multiplier based FFT. An efficient implementation of a pipelined Radix-22 Single Path Delay Feedback FFT is proposed in this paper. In this, Conventional R-22 SDF FFT architecture, complex multiplier andmultiplier-less architecture based on distributed arithmetic and parallel prefix adder technique are explained. The advantages, performance and timing of the communication modules after implementation of the proposed technique are then discussed at the end. The comparison clearly indicates that the R-22 SDF FFT with the proposed architecture is efficient than the other implementations of its kind.
Keywords: FFT, Twiddle Factor, Butterfly Unit, Complex Multiplier

[1]. Xue LIU, Feng YU, Ze-ke WANG, "A pipelined architecture for normal I/O order FFT", Journal of Computers & Electronics, Springer online publication, Vol.12, No.1, pp. 76-82, May2011
[2]. K.Harikrishna, T.Rama Rao and Vladimir A. Labay, "A Radix-22 Pipeline FFT for Ultra Wide Band Technology", International Conference on computer & Network Technology (ICCNT), conference proceedings published by World Scientific Press, Singapore. Chennai, India, July 24-28, 2009
[3]. Sunil P. Joshi, Roy Paily, "Distributed Arithmetic Based Split- Radix FFT", Journal of Signal Processing System, Springer, Online Publication, 31 May 2013
[4]. Omri and Bouallegue, "New Transmission Scheme for MIMO-OFDM System", International Journal of Next-GenerationNetworks, Vol.3, No.1,pp. 11-19, March 2011
[5]. Chang, Y.N., 2008, "An efficient VLSI architecture for normal I/O order pipeline FFT design" IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. II: Exp. Briefs, volume 55, No. 12, pp. 1234-1238.

ABSTRACT: We design vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays emitting multiple wavelength. We present optical techniques based on a fully integrated sensor as a building block for bio-sensing and bio-imaging. VCSEL device basic properties and nearly all applicable cavity design rules are introduced. VCSELs emit a circular and uniform beam, perpendicular to the top surface which can greatly reduce the complexity and cost. Other advantages include a narrow and stable emission of light spectrum and good reliability. We can design the sensor to operate at a desired wavelength within the near infrared (IR) to provide low tissue absorption and low bio-molecular auto fluorescence. Consequently, we can achieve deep tissue penetration and low background emission levels for improved sensitivity.
Keywords: Micro electro-mechanical system, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), PIN diode, laser diode, VCSEL array, laser simulation.

[1] Fumio KOYAMA, "Multiple Wavelength Surface Emitting Semiconductor Laser Array", Photonics Based on Wavelength Integration and Manipulation, IPAP Books 2 (2005) pp. 57–70
[2] V. Jayaraman, G.D. Cole, M. Robertson, C. Burgner, D. John, A. Uddin and A. Cable, "Rapidly swept, ultra-widely-tunable 1060 nm MEMS-VCSELs" , ELECTRONICS LETTERS 11th October 2012 Vol. 48 No. 21
[3] Benjamin Kögel, Pierluigi Debernardi, Petter Westbergh, Johan S. Gustavsson, Åsa Haglund, Erik Haglund, Jörgen Bengtsson, and Anders Larsson, Senior Member, IEEE, "Integrated MEMS-Tunable VCSELs Using a Self-Aligned Reflow Process" , IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2012.
[4] A. Larsson, J.S. Gustavsson, Å. Haglund, J. Bengtsson, B. Kögel, P. Westbergh, R. Safaisini, E. Haglund, K. Szczerba, M. Karlsson, and P.A. Andrekson, " High Speed VCSELs for Optical Interconnects," 978-1-4673-1724-5/12/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
[5] M. Nakahama, H. Sano, S. Inoue, T. Sakaguchi, A. Matsutani, and F. Koyama," Tuning Characteristics ofMonolithic MEMS VCSELs with Oxide Anti-reflectionLayer", 2013 IEEE.