iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2014

Abstract: During routine dissection in the Department of Anatomy, Andhra Medical College, we have found the absence of Pectoralis major on one side i.e., left side. The Pectoralis major and minor of right side are well developed. The clavicular fibres of left Pectoralis major are well developed. whereas the sternocostal fibres were absent. The Pectoralis minor on that side was thinned out. The relative literature of such an anatomical variant is discussed during the presentation.

Key Words: Pectoralis major, Sternocostal fibres, clavicular fibres.

[1] CLARKE : Congenital variation of Pectoral muscles J. Anat Physiol. 49:155-164, 1915
[2] Poland A : Deficiency of Pectoral muscle. Grey's Hosp Rep 6:191-193, 1841
[3] Katz I, Fischer RM, Berardinelli SD: Congenital absence of the Pectoral muscle. The Am J of Roentgenol 76:599-604, Sep 1956.
[4] Stein HL: Roentgen diagnosis of congenital absence of Pectoralis muscle, Radiology 83:63-66, 1964
[5] Pers: Aplasia of the anterior thoracic wall, the pectoral muscles, and the breast. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 2 : 125-138, 1968
[6] Ehrenhaft JL, Rosi NP, Lawrence MS: Developmental chestwall defects. Ann Thoracic Surg 2:384-398, May 1966
[7] Lewis WH : Development of the arm in man. Am J Anat 1:145-185, 1901.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Epidemiology of Intrauterine Fetal Deaths: A Study In Tertiary Referral Centre In Uttarakhand
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr Anjali Choudhary, Dr Vineeta Gupta
	:	10.9790/0853-13320306

Abstract: Background: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and still birth is a tragic event for the parents and a great cause of stress for the caregiver. Objective: Present study was conducted to understand the prevalence, socio-epidemiological and etiological factors of intrauterine fetal death [IUFD] and stillbirths. Materials and Methods: Pregnancies diagnosed with IUFD and the cases of stillbirths were studied retrospectively. Ante partum and intra partum events leading to fetal demise were recorded, socio-demographic and clinical characters were noted. Result: During the study period there were 2165 deliveries out of which 105 were IUFDs and stillbirths. The incidence of prenatal loss was 49 per 1000 live births. Conclusion: Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities the rate of still birth is unacceptably high. Socio-cultural background, poverty, illiteracy, lack of adequate antenatal care and inaccessible health care are some of the reasons that predispose women to IUFD and stillbirth. Majority of fetal wastage can be prevented with universal and improved antenatal care.

Keywords: Intrauterine fetal death, stillbirth, incidence, epidemiology.

[1] Estimates of mortality indicators-Census of India website-vital statistics Chapter 4 Pg 81, statement 51 2010
[2] Cousens S, Blencowe H, Stanton C, et al National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2011; 377: 1319–30.
[3] CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE: INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF LATE FETAL INTRAUTERINE Death and stillbirth, Institute of obstetrician and gynecologists, Royal College of physicians Ireland, and Directorate of strategies and clinical programmed, health service executive. Version 1.0, guideline no. 4 October 2011-revised 2013
[4] Ruth C. Frets, Etiology and prevention of still birth, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2005) 193, 1923-35.
[5] Richardus, Jan H., Graafmans, Wilco C. Verloove-Vanorick, S. Pauline. Mackenbach, Johan P., The perinatal mortality Rate as an Indicator of Quality of Care in international comparisons. Medical Care, January 1998-vol 36 Issue 1-pp 54-66.
[6] Jahanfar Sh, Ghiyasi P,Haghani H Sh ,Risk factors related to intra uterine fetal death in Iran ,A case control study.Shiraz E-Medical journal ,Vol.6,3,&4 July and October 2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Cytotoxicity of Acrylic Resin: A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Arunasree V Mallikarjuna
	:	10.9790/0853-13320709

Abstract: Acrylic resins are the most widely used materials in dentistry. It is one of the oldest materials in use for the fabrication of denture bases. Acrylic resins are produced by polymerisation of methylmethacrylate, which is a monomer and is available as a transparent liquid. But there have been various reports on the cytotoxic effects of methylmethacrylate due to the leaching of the residual monomer from the polymerized denture bases. The aim of this article is to review the literature pertaining to the cytotoxic effects of methylmethacrylate and the methods of decreasing the concentration of residual monomer in denture bases.

[1]. Cytotoxicity of acrylic based resin compounds in a human gingival fibroblat cell line. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac 2013;54(2):87-90.
[2]. Cytotoxicity of two autopolymerised acrylic resins used in orthodontics. Tatiana Siqueira Goncalves et al; Angle orthodontist2008; 78;5:926-30.
[3]. Cytotoxic effects of dental resin liquids on primary gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Lai et al; Journal of oral Rehabilitation; 2004; 31;1165-72.
[4]. Allergy to auto-polymerized acrylic resin in an orthodontic patient; Goncalves et al; AM J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129-431-5.
[5]. Hypersensitivity to methyl methacrylate: Mode of treatment Nira Hochman and Maya Zalkind; J Prosthet Dent 1997; 77:93-6.
[6]. Biodegradation of acrylic based resins: A review Ana F.Betten court et al: Dental materials 26 (2010) e 171-e180.
[7]. Leaching and cytotoxicity of formaldehyde & Methyl methacrylate from acrylic resin denture base materials: Hironori T suchiya et al: J Prosthet Dent 1994; 71: 618-24.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An epidemiological study of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) among 1-6 years children in rural Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ram Milan Prasot, Sudhir Kumar Verma, Saurabh Kashyap, Mukesh Kr. Kanaujiya
	:	10.9790/0853-13321014

Abstract: Under-nutrition continues to be a major public health problem in developing countries and various factors are involved in determining the nutritional status of the children. Objectives: To study the prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and various socio-demographic factors influencing it, among children (1-6 years) in rural community. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken by house to house visit covering 400 children (1-6 years) from the six villages around the Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC), under department of Community medicine of Carrier Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, U.P., India.

[1] Millennium Development Goals (MDG) report 2012. Available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/reports.shtml [2] UNICEF India. The Children - Nutrition. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2356.htm
[3] Levels & trends in Child Mortality report 2011. Estimates developed by the UN inter-agency group for child mortality estimation. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2011_Final.pdf
[4] National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, International Institute for Population Sciences Deonar, Mumbai. Available at: http://www.indiahealthstat.com
[5] National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), U.P. 2005-06. Fact sheet Uttar Pradesh. International institute of population sciences, Deonar, Mumbai, India.
[6] Shankar Reddy Dudala and N Arlappa. An updated Prasad's socio economic status classification.Int J Res Dev Health; April 2013; Vol. 1(2).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Minimally Invasive Plate Versus Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing In Distal Third Tibia Fractures
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Deebak Kumar, Ganesan Ganesan ram, Phagal Varthi Vijayaraghavan
	:	10.9790/0853-13321517

Abstract: Prospective study of sixty patients with distal tibia fracture who underwent surgical fixation at Sri Ramachandra University between June 2010 -June 2013. Of the 60 patients included in our study 30 underwent closed intramedullary interlocking nail and 30 were treated with plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). Patients were followed up for clinical and radiological evaluation using modified Klernn and Borner scoring system at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 year. Plate osteosynthesis by minimally invasive technique and intramedullary interlocking nailing are equally effective methods of stabilisation for distal tibia fracture when considering the union rates and final functional outcome. However malunion, nonunion and secondary procedures were more frequent after intramedullary interlocking nail. Concurrent fibula fixation with plate osteosynthesis will minimise the incidence of malunion for distal tibia fractures. Randomized prospective evaluation of distal tibia fractures may clarify the efficacy of plate versus nail treatment and optimize the patient care.

Keywords: Distal third tibia, Intramedullary nail, mipo, malunion, malalignment

[1]. Resch H, Pechlaner S, Benedetto KP. Long term results after conservative and surgical treatment of fractures of the distal end of tibia.Aktuelle traumatol, 1986;16: 117-23.
[2]. Heather. A. Vallier MD, Toan Le MD. Radiographic and clinical comparison of distal tibia shaft fractures (4 to 11 cms proximal to the tibial plafond) Plating vs Intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma Vol 22, No.5, May/June 2008.
[3]. Cheng-yu Fan, Chao-Ching Chiang. Interlocking nails for displaced metaphyseal fractures of distal tibia. Injury 2005;36,669-674.
[4]. Cory Collinge MD, Mark Kuper DO, Robert Protzman. Minimally invasiveplating of high energy Metaphyseal distal tibia fractures. J Orthop Trauma Vol 21, No.6, July 2007.
[5]. Cory Collinge MD, Robert Protzman MD. Outcome of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for metaphyseal distal tibia fractures. J Orthop Trauma. Vol 24, NO-1, Jan 2010.
[6]. Dorga AS, RuizAL, Thompson NS, Nolan Pc. Dia-metaphyseal distal tibial fractures -treatment with a shortened intramedullary nail: a review of 15 cases. Injury. 2000 dec;31 (10):799-804.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Neuro-Anatomical Variation of Lateral Cord of Brachial Plexus
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. A. Vasanthi, Dr. D. Asha Latha, Dr. T. Surekha , Dr. M. Srihari babu, Dr.Deena Usha.
	:	10.9790/0853-13321821

Abstract: During the educational gross anatomy dissections of the infra-clavicular part of brachial plexus of a 50-year-old male cadaver in our department of anatomy,Andhra medical college, Visakhapatnam, we have encountered a neuroanatomical variation. The lateral cord of brachial plexus and its branches, had a different configuration. On the right side ,the median nerve received very few fibres from the lateral cord of brachial plexus during its formation. On both sides the musculo-cutaneous nerve has given an accessory branch which again joined the main trunk of the median nerve.This variation has clinical importance in median nerve lesions and its distinctive diagnosis. Lesions of the median nerve, if lesion was proximal to this accessory branches, muscles and cutaneous innervations related to this branch were normal.

Key Words: Medial root of median nerve, Lateral root of median nerve, Accessory branch of musculo-cutaneous nerve.

1] Kerr AT. The brachial plexus of nerves in man, the variations in its formation and branches. Am. J. Anat. 1918; 23: 285-395.
[2] Koizumi M. A morphological study on the coracobrachialis muscle. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 1989; 64: 18-35.
[3] Watanabe M, Takatsuji K, Sakamoto N, Morita Y, Ito H. Two cases of fusion of the musculocutaneous and median nerves. Kaibogaki Zasshi. 1985; 60: 1-7.
[4] Kosugi K, Shibata S, Yamashita H. Supernumerary head of biceps brachii and branching pattern of themusculocutaneous nerve in Japanese. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 1992; 14: 175-185.
[5] Buch C. On the variation in the method of innervation of the biceps muscle of the arm with special reference to branches from the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve. Anat. Anz. 1964; 114: 131-140.
[6] Flatow EL, Bigliani LU, April EW. An anatomic study of the musculocutaneous nerve and its relationship to the coracoid process. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1989; 244: 166-171.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Bilateral Kimura's disease with sinusitis and parotid gland involvement: A case report and a brief review of literature
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Priyokumar OS, Niteshore MS, Ratan K
	:	10.9790/0853-13322225

Abstract: Kimura's disease (KD) is a rare eosinophilic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. It presents as a deep, subcutaneous mass in the head and neck region. The important clinicopathologic features is its frequent association with regional lymph node and/or major salivary glands involvement. We report the case of a 27 years male presented with multiple nodular swelling in the bilateral periauricular region with parotid and neck extensions associated with sinusitis. The patient also gave history of frequent sneezing, nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhoea and heaviness of head suggestive of allergic rhinosinusitis. Multiple fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) gave non-specific findings. Biopsy showed typical features of Kimura's disease. The patient was treated with surgical excision of the mass on both sides followed by post-operative steroids and antihistaminics. We report the case of kimura's disease with allergic rhinosinusitis as there is no reports of its association with rhinosinusitis according to our literature search and also because of its rarity and difficulty in diagnosis. A brief review of literature is also presented herewith.

Key words: angiolymphoid hyperplasia, antihistaminics, kimura's disease, steroids .

[1] Hong Chen, Lester D. R. Thompson, Nadine. Kimura Disease A Clinicopathologic Study of 21 Cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2004 Apr ;28(4): 505-13.
[2] Pedro Leonardo Briggs. Kimura disease is not angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: clinical and pathological correlation with literature review and definition of diagnostic criteria. An Bras Dermatol 2006;2:167-73.
[3] A Asma, A Maizaton. Kimura's Disease: An Unusual Cause of Cervical tumour. Med J Malaysia 2005 Aug;60(3):373-76.
[4] Tie-Jun LI, Motoo Kitano. Oriental Kimura's Disease and its Relation to Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia (ALHE). South Pacific Study1997;17(2):287-300.
[5] S. R. Ranka, A. Rajput, C. V. Kantharia . Kimura's disease. IJOHNS 2004 January; 56(1):43–45.
[6] Feroze Khan,Sophia Amalanathan, Anand Job, Lisa Choudhrie. Kimura's disease in the external auditory canal. Kimura's disease in the external auditory canal. Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 2011 Aug;8(2):35-36.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Eustachian tube function in the outcome of endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Niteshore MS, Rita Z, Kalpana Th D, Mohonish NC, Nicola CL, Priyosakhi H D.
	:	10.9790/0853-13322628

Abstract: Context: Eustachian tube function has been regarded as a significant factor in the successful outcome of endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty and resultant post-operative hearing gain. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate hearing status in the pre-operative state and post-operative state after endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty and to correlate the improvement with function of Eustachian tube of the patient.

[1] Chopra H, Gupta S, Munish M. Correlation between eustachian tube functions and result of myringoplasty. IJO & HNS 1994 Jul-Sep;3(3):149-51.
[2] William O. Collins, Fred F. Telischi, Thomas J. Balkany, Craig A. Buchman. Pediatric Tympanoplasty: Effect of contralateral ear status on outcomes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;129:646-51.
[3] M. Tos, S.E. Stangerup and S. Orntoft. Reasons for reperforation after tympanoplasty in children. Acta Otolaryngol 2000;543:143–46.
[4] Mani Lal Aich, ABM Khorshed Alam, Debesh Chandra Talukder, Abdullah Al Harun, M. Abdullah. Outcome of myringoplasty. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 15(2): 40-44.
[5] Yadav S P S, Aggarwal N, Julaha M, Goel A. Endoscope-assisted myringoplasty. Singapore Med J 2009;50(5):510-12.
[6] Anoop Raj, Ravi Meher. Endoscopic trans canal myringoplasty-A study. IJO & HNS 2001 Jan-mar;5(1):47-49.
[7] Ashfaque Ahmed Shaikh, M. Shuja Farrukh, Salman Mutiullah, Tariq Rafi, Maisam Abbas Shiraz Onali. Audiological results of Type I Tympanoplasty by underlay technique with temporalis fascia graft. Pakistan journal of Otolaryngology 2009;25:30-31.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Medical and Psychosocial Profile of Geriatric Population in Field Practice Area of Nanded, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mohammed Ubaidulla, Inamdar I. F., Aswar N. R., Doibale M. K., Narkhede M. G.
	:	10.9790/0853-13322933

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Geriatric health problems are emerging as a major public health concern. Change in socio-economic profile and various health problems adversely affect an individual's way of life during old age. The number of persons above the age of 60 years is fast growing, especially in India. India as the second most populous country in the world has 76.6 million people at or over the age of 60, constituting above 7.7% of total population. The relatively faster increase in the elderly population will contribute to a morbidity and higher dependency ratio of the population in the non-productive age group. OBJECTIVES: To study the medical and psychosocial problems among geriatric population. METHODOLOGY: The present cross sectional study was conducted at urban health training centre, Shivaji nagar, Nanded, catering health care services to around 59586 populations of all ages. A multi diagnostic camp based approach was used to study the health status of the geriatrics. Study of medical and psychosocial problems among population aged 60yrs and above was carried out using pre designed pre tested questionnaire.
Key Words: Elderly, Morbidity, Geriatric health, economic aspect, Geriatric Care.

[1]. Jeyalakshmi S, Chakrabarti S, Gupta N. Situation analysis of the elderly in India central statistics office ministry of statistics & programme implementation. Government of India; June 2011.
[2]. Shivamurthy M, Wadakannavar AR. Care and support for elderly population in India: result from a survey of aged in rural north karnataka (india) ; Aug 2001.P. 11.
[3]. Sandhya GI. Geriatric depression and related factors: a cross sectional study from rural community in south kerala. Journal of Indian acadamy of geriatric 2010 ; 6:61-3.
[4]. Manda PK, Chakraborty D,Manna N, Mallik S, Chaterjee C. Disability among Geriatric females: an uncured agenda in rural India. Sudanese journal of public health 2009;4 .
[5]. Hutton D. Older People in Emergencies: Consideration for action and policy development. WHO library cataloguing-in-publication data, WHO; 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Silent Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst-A Diagnostic Dilemma
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Soma Sarkar, Manideepa Sen Gupta, Himansu Roy, Dipankar Sarkar
	:	10.9790/0853-13323435

Abstract: A 9-year old girl came to the medicine outpatient department (OPD) with a history suggestive of upper respiratory tract infection. No improvement was seen even after 2 weeks of treatment and the patient was admitted. Routine chest X-ray revealed dense homogenous opacity involving the right lower zone with obliteration of costophrenic angle. CT scan showed thick walled cystic lesion occupying the lower zone of right lung. After four weeks of pre-operative albendazole treatment (400 mg BD), the patient underwent parenchyma-preserving surgery for lung hydatid cyst which was confirmed at operation theatre. Albendazole was continued for another 4 weeks. Patient was doing well on follow-up for one year.

[1] Kavukcu S, Kilic D, Tokat AO, Kutlay H, Cangir AK, Enon S, Okten I, Ozdemir N, Gungor A, Akal M, Akay H: Parenchymapreserving
surgery in the management of pulmonary hydatid cysts. J Invest Surg , 19(1),2006,61-68.
[2] Safioleas M, Misiakos EP, Dosios T, Manti C, Lambrou P, Skalkeas G: Surgical treatment for lung hydatid disease. World J Surg,
23(11), 1999,1181-1185
[3] Robert ES, Eugene JM, William FM, Sally HE, Stacey M: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly
clinicopathological exercises. Case 29-1999. A 34-year-old woman with one cystic lesion in each lung. N Engl J Med , 341(13),
1999, 974-982.
[4] Saidi F: Treatment of Echinococcal cysts. In Mastery of Surgery. 3rd edition. Edited by Nyhus LM, Baker RJ, Fisher JE. Boston,
New York, Toronto, London: Little, Brown & Co; 1997:1035-1052.
[5] Beggs I: The radiology of hydatid disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol , 145(3), 1985, 639-648.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative study between SnodgrassTubularised Incised Plate Urethroplasty versus Preputial Island Flap Repair in distal penile hypospadiasin respect to post operative fistula
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Tapas Kumar Majhi, Dr. Ashis Kumar Saha, Dr. Shib Shankar Kuiri, Dr. Dev Vrat Singh, Dr. Chhanda Das, Dr. Dipta Kanti Mukhopadhyay
	:	10.9790/0853-13323638

Abstract: Hypospadias is a developmental halt of the genital tubercle which seems to be on the increase. Even though there is no universal technique for repair of hypospadias and each surgeon has his own convictions, sometime quiet wrong. There was a significant disparity of opinion between patients and surgeons about the cosmetic outcome. No direct comparison has been attempted between the Snodgrass repair and other established techniques and so we evaluated it with Preputial Island Flap repair in distal penile hypospadias in respect to post operative fistula. We took total of 40 patients of 3-8 years of age and divided 20 patients in each group. 45% cases of Snodgrass repair had a fistula while 20% of the patients underwent preputial island flap repair developed fistula.
Key Words: Hypospadias, Snodgrass repair, Preputial Island Flap.

[1] Duckett JW, Hypospadias. In Walsh PC, Ritik A, Vaughan ED Jr, Wein AJ eds, Campbell's Urology, 7thedn, Chapt 68.Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998: 2097-98
[2] Moriya K, Kakizaki H, Tanaka H, Furuno T, Higashiyama H, Sano H, Kitta T, Nonomura K.Long-term cosmetic and sexual outcome of hypospadias surgery: norm related study in adolescence.J Urol. 2006 Oct;176:1889-93
[3] Snodgrass WT, Lorenzo A. Tubularised incised plate urethroplasty for proximal hupospadias, BJU Int 2002;89:90-3
[4] Snodgrass W, Koyle M, Manzoni G, Hurwitz R, Caldamone A, Ehrlich R: Tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair for proximal hypospadias. J Urol, 159: 2129, 1998
[5] Baskin L, Erol A, Li YW, Cunha G: Anatomical Studies of Hypospadias. J Urol, 160: 1108-15.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Aspect Markers in Hmar
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Elangbam Sharatkumar Singh
	:	10.9790/0853-13323944

Abstract: This paper attempts to highlight the aspect markers in Hmar. Hmar is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Hmar people. They are mainly concentrated in Churachandpur district, the southern part of Manipur. And other villages outside Manipur are also scattered over a vast area comprising of northern Mizoram, Cachar district of Assam and Chittangong hill tracts of Bangladesh. Hmar is one of the recognized tribes of Manipur. It is regarded one of the nuclei of the Central Chin sub-group of Kuki-Chin group of Tibeto-Burman family (Grierson, LSI Vol. III, part III, 1904). There are four aspect markers in Hmar. They are - simple aspect, progressive aspect, perfective aspect and unrealized or non realization aspect. Simple aspect is marked by 'zero markers', progressive aspect is denoted by /jiŋ/ or /mek/ and /lai/. The progressive aspect markers /jiŋ/ or /mek/ can be used separately. Again, the progressive aspect marker /lai/ can be used with a progressive aspect marker either /jiŋ/ or /mek/ in progressive sentences, perfective aspect is expressed by /takha/ and unrealized or non realization aspect marker is denoted by /tih/ or /diŋ/.
Keywords: progressive aspect, perfective aspect, simple aspect, unrealized aspect.

[1]. Grierson, G.A. Linguistics Survey of India, Vol. III. Part III. Calcutta Reprinted 1967, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi, 1904.
[2]. Shobhana, L. C. A Grammar of Meithei. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1997.
[3]. Comrie, Bernard Aspect, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 1976.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Rare Case of Extra-Adrenal Pheochromocytoma
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Ramesh Kumar Korumilli, Dr. Victor Vinod Babu, Dr. G. Gautam Reddy
	:	10.9790/0853-13324547

Abstract: Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma develops in paraganglion chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system. It probably represents at least 15% of adult and 30% of childhood pheochromocytomas. In this we report, a young female of 22 years who presented with headache of 6 yrs and uncontrolled hypertension of 1 yr. Before coming to surgical OPD she was being managed by physician, cardiologist, ophthalmologist, neurophysician. As she had mild abdominal discomfort careful examination revealead a mass which on detailed investigation confirmed the diagnosis of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Resection resulted in complete relief of symptoms and control of hypertension.
Keywords: extra-adrenal, headache, hypertension, pheochromocytoma.

[1]. Whalen RK, Althausen AF, Daniels GH. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. J Urol 1992: 147: 1-10.
[2]. Goldfarb DA, Novick AC. Bravo L et al. Experience with extra adrenal pheochromocytorna. J Urol 1989; 142: 931-936.
[3]. Salanatri J, Smith P, Sclicht S: Multifocal malignant extra-adrenal paragangliomas of the organ of Zuckerlandl and urinary bladder. Austral Radiol 2001, 45: 229-232.
[4]. Lenders J, Pacak K, Walther W, et al: Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytomas: which test is best? JAMA 2002, 287:1427-1434.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Correction of unilateral posterior cross bite in primary dentition by slow dentoalveolar expansion. - A case report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Rashmi G. Chour, Dr. Girish V. Chour, Dr. Shilpa Sasalwad, Dr. Sangeetha K. M., Dr. Suryakanth. M. Pai, Dr. Poornima P.
	:	10.9790/0853-13324850

Abstract: The incidence of posterior crossbite in the primary dentition has been reported as 8-22%. The crossbite usually results from bilateral maxillary constriction and is commonly associated with an occlusion guided lateral deviation of the mandible upon closing. Correction of the posteriorcross bite in the primary dentition is indicated to establish a stable occlusion and avoid possible deleterious effects on the developing temporomandibular joint and Treatment in the primary dentition results in the eruption of the first permanent molars in normal transverse relationship in 84% of the cases. The aim of the present case report shows the management of unilateral posteriorcross bite by slow dentoalveolar expansion as the duration of the treatment was shorter than those in cases with mixed dentition and permanent dentition and also, methods of treatment were simpler, and the patients developed favourably.
Keywords: Unilat postcrossbite, primary dent,dento alveolar expansion.

[1] Kutin, G. and R. R. Hawes. Posterior cross-bites in the deciduous and mixed dentitions. Am J Orthod1969. 56:491–504.
[2] Thilander, B. and N. Myrberg . The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish schoolchildren. Scand J Dent Res 1973. 81:12–20.
[3] Heikenheimo, K. and K. Salmi . Need for orthodontic intervention in five-year-old Finnish children. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1987.
83:165–169.
[4] Egermark-Eriksson, I. , G. E. Carlsson , T. Magnusson , and B. Thilander . A longitudinal study on malocclusion in relation to signs
and symptoms of cranio-mandibular disorders in children and adolescents. Eur J Orthod 1990. 12:399–407.
[5] Kurol, J. and L. Berglund . Longitudinal study and cost-benefit analysis of the effect of early treatment of posterior crossbites in the
primary dentition. Eur J Orthod 1992. 14:173–179.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Case of Lateral Neck Cyst with Ectopic Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Chhanda Das, Dr. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, Dr. Moumita Sengupta, Dr. Ashis Kumar Saha, Dr. Santanu Dutta
	:	10.9790/0853-13325153

Abstract: Thyroid develops from median rudiment which is a surface elevation dorsal to the tuberculam impar and forms by proliferation of endodermal cells. Lateral thyroid element of the fourth pouch contributes in the development of thyroid gland. Failure of the lateral thyroid element to fuse with the median element may result in a lateral ectopic thyroid gland. In the present case, patient initially presented with lateral neck cyst. There were two possibilities in the patient: a) a cystic degeneration of lymph node metastasis from an occult thyroid papillary carcinoma and b) thyroid papillary carcinoma arising from ectopic thyroid tissue within a branchial cleft cyst. Histological examination demonstrated foci of normal thyroid glands along with evidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. These finding favours the possibility of malignant transformation of follicular epithelial cells of ectopic thyroid tissue within a branchial cleft cyst. There was a focus of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the resected total thyroidectomy specimen. So differentiation between two possibilities becomes difficult in this patient. A papillary thyroid carcinoma found with a cyst of the lateral neck represents a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.
Keywords: Ectopic Thyroid Tissue, Branchial Cleft Cyst, Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

[1] Yildiz K, Koksal H, Ozoran Y, Muhtar H, Telatar M, Papillary carcinoma in a thyroglossal duct remnant with normal thyroid gland. Laryngol Otol 1993, 107:1174-1176.
[2] De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2004, 25:722-746.
[3] King AD, Ahuja AT, To EW, Tse GM, Metreweli C, Staging papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: magnetic resonance imaging vs. ultrasound of the neck. Clin Radiol 2000, 55:222-6.
[4] Chionh EH, Pham VH, Cooke RA, and Gough IR, Aetiology of branchial cysts. Aust N Z J Surg, 1989, 59:949-951.
[5] Golledge J, and Ellis H, The aetiology of lateral cervical (branchial) cysts: past and present theories. J Laryngol Otol, 1994, 108:653-659.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Obturated with AH Plus with GuttaPercha, Guttaflow with GuttaPercha and Resilon Epiphany- an Invitro Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. M. Kala, Dr. Shaktidar PR., Dr. Allappanavarkeerti S., Dr. Gupthanagendra Vr.
	:	10.9790/0853-13325458

Abstract: Endodontically treated teeth have an increased predilection to fracture. The purpose of current study was to compare and evaluate the fracture resistance of root canal treated teeth obturated withdifferent materials. Seventy extracted single rooted human mandibular premolar teethwere decoronated and instrumented with hand files to a size 30 master apical file. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups of twenty teeth each and one control group of ten teeth.
Keywords: AH Plus, Fracture resistance, Gutta Flow, Guttapercha, Resilon-Epiphany.

[1] Hulsmann M, Peters OA, Dummer PM. Mechanical preparation of root canals: shaping goals, techniques and means. Endodontic Topics, 10, 2005, 30-76.
[2] Kishen A. Mechanisms and risk factors for fracture predilection in endodontically treated teeth. Endodontic Topics, 13, 2006, 57-83.
[3] Sedgley CM, Messer HH. Are endodontically treated teeth more brittle? Journal of Endodontics, 1992;18(7):332-335.
[4] Peroz I, Blankenstein F, Lange KP, Naumann M. Restoring endodontically treated teeth with posts and cores- a review. Quintessence int, 36(9), 2005, 737-746.
[5] Ricks-Williamson LJ, Fotos PG, Goel VK, Spivey JD, Rivera EM, Khera SC. A three dimensional finite element analysis of an endodontically prepared maxillary central incisor. Journal of Endodontics, 21(7), 1995, 362-367.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Aerobic Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pus Isolates in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital
Country	:	India
Authors	:	D.V.M.V.S.V. Raghav Rao, Ranjan Basu, Debika Roy Biswas
	:	10.9790/0853-13325962

Abstract: Different Studies showing consistent predictable bacterial profile in wound infections, antibiotic resistance and capacity to adapt to changing environment which render the pathogens a matter of concern as a hospital acquired infections. Hence periodical monitoring of bacterial profile and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern is important. Objective: To determine the commonly encountered pathogens in pus samples along with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from August, 2013 to January, 2014, in GSL Medical college central lab. Pus samples received for diagnostic microbiology was processed and identification by standard protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
Key words: antimicrobial susceptibility, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pus, pyogenic infection, resistance, staphylococcus aureus.

[1]. Koneman, W.K., Allen, S. D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Propcop, G.W., Woods, G.L. and Winn , W.C., Jr. Philadelphia Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 6th ed. Lippincott-Raven Publisher, 2005, pp: 624-662.
[2]. Chopra, A., Puri, R., Mittal, R. R. and Kanta, S. 1994. A clinical and bacteriological study of pyodermas. Indian J. Dermatology, Vernology and Leprology. 60: 200-202.
[3]. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute ; Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne; 2012 ; 22nd Informational Supplement : 32(3).
[4]. Betty A. Forbes , Daniel F. Sahm , Alice S. Weissfeld ; Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology ; 12th edition ; 2007 : p- 210 .
[5]. Tiwari P, Kaur S. Profile and sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from various cultures in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi. Indian J Public Health. 2010 Oct-Dec; 54(4):213-5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of clinical and manometric parameters in Achalasia cardia between elderly and non-elderly patients in West Bengal
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Ashis Kumar Saha, Dr. Gautam Chatterjee, Dr. Subhas Chandra Hazra
	:	10.9790/0853-13326365

Abstract: Achalasia cardia, a primary esophageal motility disorder of unknown etiology involving lower two-third of esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter (LES), can be specifically diagnosed by gold standard method, manometry, which shows abnormal LES relaxation and absent or vigorous peristalsis. In our study, 125 patients were admitted with dysphagia, regurgitation of food, vomiting, chest pain, retrosternal discomfort, of which, 36 were detected as esophageal carcinoma and lye stricture, rest were non organic. These 89 patients were sent for esophageal manometry. Males were significantly affected than females. Other than dysphagia, common symptoms were regurgitation of food and chest pain. 59.55% patients demonstrated LES pressure <45 mm of Hg. Rest had hypertensive LES. Maximum contraction amplitude was detected in 61.79% of patients (vigorous Achalasia). We also compared symptoms and manometric parameters in two group of patients (one was ≤60 years and second one was >60 years). Incidence of duration of symptoms before diagnosis and vomiting were significant in elderly patients, but manometric parameters showed no significant difference. Basal LES pressure was above normal in our study.
Key-words: Achalasia cardia, esophagus, endoscopy, barium study, esophageal manometry, lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal peristalsis.

[1] Holloway RH. Esophageal manometry. Review. GI Motility online[serial online] 2006 [cited September 2008]. Available from URL: http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt/full/gimo30.html
[2] Pohl D, Yutuian R. Achalasia:an overview of diagnosis and treatment. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis 2007; 16(3):297-303.
[3] Mayberry JF. Epidemiology and demographics of Achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc. Clin N Am 2001; 11: 235-248.
[4] Podas T, Eaden J, Mayberry M, Mayberry J. Achalasia: a critical review of epidemiological studies. Am J Gastroenterl 1998; 93: 2345-2347.
[5] Duntemann TJ, Dresner DM. Achalasia-like syndrome presenting after highly selective vagotomy. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:2081-2083.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Internal Derangement of Temporomandibular Joint - A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sharmila devi Devaraj, Dr. Pradeep D
	:	10.9790/0853-13326673

Abstract: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex, sensitive, and highly mobile joint. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a class of degenerative musculoskeletal conditions associated with morphologic and functional deformities that affect up to 25% of the population. The most frequent structural (as opposed to muscular) cause of TMD are Internal derangement , which involves progressive slipping a displacement of component of temporo mandibular joint called articular disc.The disc is a piece of cartilage located between the condyle (ball) and fossa (socket)of the joint.The disc can degenerate , becoming misshapes or even torn. Because the deranged joint willcontinue to try to function in an impaired manner, so that internal derangement disorder often get progressively worse with time. In the mechanically demanding and biochemically active environment of the TMJ, therapeutic conservative and surgical approaches that can restore joint functionality while responding to changes in the joint have become a necessity.

Keywords: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), Internal disc derangement, Oro facial pain, Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder.

[1] Dolwick MF, Katzberg RW, Helms CA,Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint: fact or fiction?, J Prosthet Dent, 49, 1983, 415-8.
[2] Arati S. Neeli , Meenaxi Umarani , S. M. Kotrashetti , Shridhar Baliga, Arthrocentesis for the Treatment of Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint , J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg,9(4) ,(Sept-Dec 2010) ,350–354.
[3] Farrar WB, Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome , J Am Dent Assoc,102, 1981,10-1.
[4] dvitar eibur ksana agur and lle Voog-Oras , Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopy, Dr Jason L. Dragoo (Ed.), Modern Arthroscopy,(Intech , 2011).
[5] Shirish ingawale and tarun goswami, temporomandibular joint: disorders, treatments, and biomechanics, Annals of biomedical engineering,37(5) ,may 2009 , 976–996.
[6] Wilkes C. H., Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg,115, 1989,469–477.
[7] Gadd, A, and T. Goswami, Temporomandibular disorder and joint replacement, Biomed. Mater, 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Marginal Discrepancy induced by CAD/CAM and Conventional Ceramic Processing Techniques in All Ceramic Complete Veneer Retainers - A Systematic Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.Dhanraj, Anusha Sathyamurthy.
	:	10.9790/0853-13327485

Abstract: Marginal discrepancy of all ceramic complete veneer restorations is dependent mainly on the processing technique employed in the fabrication of the restoration.The comprehensive role of processing technique, inducing the amount of marginal discrepancy needs to be investigated further. Aim: To evaluate the amount of marginal discrepancy induced by CAD/CAM technique and conventional ceramic processing techniques in all ceramic complete veneer retainers.

1]. Rinke S, Fornefett D, Gersdorff N, Lange K, Roediger M .Multifactorial analysis of the impact of different manufacturing processes on the marginal fit of zirconia copings. Dent Mater J. 2012;31(4):601-9.
[2]. Schaefer O, Watts DC, Sigusch BW, Kuepper H, Guentsch A. Marginal and internal fit of pressed lithium disilicate partial crowns in vitro: a three-dimensional analysis of accuracy and reproducibility. Dent Mater. 2012 Mar;28(3):320-6. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.12.008. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
[3]. Korkut L, Cotert HS, Kurtulmus H. Marginal, internal fit and microleakage of zirconia infrastructures: an in-vitro study. Oper Dent. 2011 Jan-Feb;36(1):72-9. doi: 10.2341/10-107-LR1. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
[4]. Kohorst P, Brinkmann H, Li J, Borchers L, Stiesch M. Marginal accuracy of four-unit zirconia fixed dental prostheses fabricated using different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing systems. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009 Jun;117(3):319-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00622.x.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Apophysomyces variabilis a flesh eating fungus – a case report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Vijay Kumar Gowdara shankarappa, Dr. Sowmya G Shivappa, Dr. Madhu Chandgal Puttaswamy, Miss. Rashmi Ramakrishna, Dr. Ramya Ramalingaiah, Dr.Varsha Puranik
	:	10.9790/0853-13328690

Abstract: Modern therapeutic methods, addictive habits and increased usage of immunosuppressive medications have escalated human susceptibility to opportunistic fungal infections. Genus Apophysomyces is an opportunistic fungus causing infections in immunocompetent individuals. Apophysomyces variabilis is one of the four species often causing fatal cutaneous infections.

[1] Rippon JW. Zygomycosis. In: Wonsiewicz M, 1998 ed. Medical Mycology. The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders; :681-713

[2] Rinaldi MG. Zygomycosis1989. Infect Dis Clin North Am :19-41.

[3] John R. Perfect and Wiley A. Schell;1996. The New Fungal Opportunists Are Coming. CID ;22 (Suppl 2)

[4] Misra PC, Srivastava KJ, Lata K.1979 Apophysomyces, a new genus of Mucorales. Mycotaxon ;8:377-82

[5] Alvarez E, Stchigel AM, Cano J, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Chander J, Salas V, Rinaldi MG, Guarro J; 2010; Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the emerging mucoralean fungus Apophysomyces: proposal of three new species. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2010; 27:80–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.01.006

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Sexual Dimorphism of Bizygomatic distance & Maxillary sinus using CT Scan
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Massarat Jehan, Vipendra Bhadkaria, Akhilesh Trivedi, S.K.Sharma
	:	10.9790/0853-13329195

Abstract: An incomplete skeleton especially skull is a great challenge for Forensic anthropologists for age & sex estimation. But sometimes denser bones are often recovered intact eg. zygomatic bone, maxillary sinus. Therefore this study tries to use the alternate methods for gender estimation by using measurements of denser areas of such unknown skull especially bizygomatic distance.The aim of this study was to investigate whether the bizygomatic distance, AP diameter & width of the maxillary sinus & intermaxillary distance could be used for determination of gender using CT scan.

[1] Teke HY, Duran S, Canturk N, Canturk G. Determination of gender by measuring the size of the maxillary sinuses in computerized tomography scans. Surg Radiol Anat 2007;166:42-84 .
[2] Jasim HH, Al-Taei JA. Computed tomographic measurement of maxillary sinus volume and dimension in correlation to the age and gender (comparative study among individuals with dentate and edentulous maxilla). J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2013;25(1):87-93.
[3] Amin MF, Hassan EI. Sex identification in egyptian population using multidetector computed tomography of the maxillary sinus, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2011.10.005,Cited by in Scopus(0).
[4] Lerno P. Identification par le sinus maxillaire. Odontol Leg 1983;216:39.
[5] Fernandez JMS, Escuredo JAA, Rey ASD, Montoya FSM. Morphometric study of the paranasal sinuses in normal and pathological conditions. Acta Oto-laryngol 2000;120:273-278.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Medication Compliance amongst Diabetic Patients in Ilorin, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Fatima Iyabo Abdulazeez, Moses Omole, Sheriff Lekan Ojulari
	:	10.9790/0853-13329699

Abstract: Purpose: Diabetes is a serious condition on the global scale. There is a rapidly increasing prevalence and as such, patients' compliance with diabetic medication is a great cause for concern 2. This study was carried out to investigate the degree of patients' compliance with their prescribed medications, factors responsible for non-compliance and how compliance can be enhanced.

[1] Eraker SA, Kirsht JP, Becker MH. Understanding and improving patients' compliance. Ann Med 1984; 100: 258-268.
[2] International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes Atlas 2nd Edition.
[3] Sarah W, Gojka R, Anders G, Richard S, Hilary K. Global prevalence of diabetes (estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030). Diabetes Care Journal 2004; 27: 1047-1053
[4] Lutfey KE, Wishner W. Beyond "compliance is "adherence" Improving the prospect of diabetes care. Diabetes care 1999; 22: 635-39.
[5] Jayan D, Lawrence B, and Richard GJ. Feature article on factors influencing parents acceptability of diabetic treatment regimen 2000; 1-9
[6] Blaum CS, Velez L, Hiss RG, Halter JB. Characteristics related to poor glycaemic control in NIDDM patients in community practice. Diabetes care 1997; 20: 7-11

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Formation Of Superficial Palmar Arch:A Cadaveric Study With Its Clinical Significances
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mamatha Tonse, Rajalakshmi Rai, Vasudha Saralaya, Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar, Ashwin R Rai, Roshni Sadashiv
	:	10.9790/0853-1332100103

Abstract: The vasculature of the hand has been a topic of anatomical interest because of wide range of variations in the formation and distribution of palmar arches. In the present study we have emphasized on the varying pattern of the formation and branching pattern of the superficial palmar arch (SPA) in cadaveric human hands. The study was conducted in 42 formalin fixed human cadaveric hands and different presentations were noted. The classic formation of the SPA was noted in 76.6% of the specimens and mostly on the right hand. The other variants noted were SPA completed by the first dorsal metacarpal artery and SPA formed between median and ulnar artery. Incomplete SPA ending in the thenar muscles and an abrupt end between the index and middle finger were also noted in the present study. The existence of both common and rare anatomic variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch as well as the absence of collateral circulation between ulnar and radial arteries necessitates the proper knowledge of vasculature of the hand in order to avoid or minimize the risk of complications during vascular surgeries or reconstructive surgeries in the hand.

Key words: anatomical variations, superficial palmar arch, radial artery, ulnar artery, palmar vasculature

[1] Agur AMR, Lee MJ. 1991. Grant's Atlas of Anatomy. 9th edition, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
[2] Al-Turk M, Metcalf WK. 1984. A study of the superficial palmar arteries using the doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. Journal of Anatomy 138(1):27-32.
[3] Anitha T, Kalbande S, Dombe D et al.2011.Variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch and its clinical significance in hand surgeries.Int J Biol Med Res2(2):543-46.
[4] Bergman RA, Thompson SA, Afifi AK, Saadeh FA. 1988. Compendium of human anatomical variations. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
[5] Bilge O, Pinar Y, Ozer MA, Govsa F. 2006. A morphometric study on the superficial palmar arch of the hand. SurgRadiolAnat 28 (4):343-50.
[6] Coleman SS, Anson BJ. 1961. Arterial patterns in the hand based upon a study of 650 specimens. SurgGynecolObstet 113:409-24.
[7] Fazan VP, Borges CT, Da Silva JH, Caetano AG, Filho OA. 2004. Superficial palmar arch: an arterial diameter study. J Anat 204:307–11.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Leech Therapy in Non Healing Ulcer WSR to Dustavruna an Observational Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chaturvedi Sonal, Katara Pankaj
	:	10.9790/0853-1332104108

Abstract: Wound or Vrana is a vague term which defined as a break in continuity of covering epithelium, skin or mucous membrane this observational study has been carried out in Ch.BrahmprakashayurvedcharakSansthanKheraDabar New Delhi-73. In this study 30 patients were observed during routine treatment. They were divided into 2 groups of 15-15 patients. In this study authors has try to treat the various type of wound by VranaShodhan-RopanaUpkrama along with leech therapy. Various investigative methodologies were adopted to confirm diagnosis of wound. This study was conducted into two groups of 15 patients. In group I, fifteen patients were treated with powder of Panchnimba Choorna,BrihatManjisthadiKwath (freshly prepare), VranaPrakkshalana(splashing) with PachvalkalKwath (freshly prepare) ,and dressing with Jatyadi oil, as described in Ayurveda texts like SushrutaSamhita and SharngdharSmhita and in group II, fifteen patients were treated with above mentioned treatment along with Jalokaavcharan(leech therapy). Results in group II were highly significant compare to Group I were significant.

KeyWord:Vrana,Jalaukaavcharana,Brihatmanjisthadikwath,Panchnimbachoorna,PanchvalkallKwath .Jatyadi Tail

[1] IllustatedSusrutaSamhita (Text, English Translation,Notes,Appendeces and Index) VOL.1- Sutra Sthana , VranaprashnaAdhyaya 21/40 Edited by Prof.K.R.Srikant Murthy ChaukhambhaOrientaliaVaranassi Reprint Edition 2012 , pg.no.164.
[2] A manual on Clinical Surgery by S . Das ,6thEdition,Chapter 4, pg no.45
[3] IllustatedSusrutaSamhita (Text, English Translation,Notes,Appendeces and Index) VOL.1- Sutra Sthana , VranasravaAdhyaya 22/3 Edited by Prof.K.R.Srikant Murthy ChaukhambhaOrientaliaVaranassi Reprint Edition 2012 , pg.no.165.
[4] IllustatedSusrutaSamhita (Text, English Translation,Notes,Appendeces and Index) VOL.1- Sutra Sthana , VranasravaAdhyaya 22/4 Edited by Prof.K.R.Srikant Murthy ChaukhambhaOrientaliaVaranassi Reprint Edition 2012 , pg.no.165.
[5] IllustatedSusrutaSamhita (Text, English Translation,Notes,Appendeces and Index) VOL.1- Sutra Sthana , VranasravaAdhyaya 22/6 Edited by Prof.K.R.Srikant Murthy ChaukhambhaOrientaliaVaranassi Reprint Edition 2012 , pg.no.165.
[6] IllustatedSusrutaSamhita (Text, English Translation,Notes,Appendeces and Index) VOL.1- Sutra Sthana , VranaprashnaAdhyaya 22/7 Edited by Prof.K.R.Srikant Murthy ChaukhambhaOrientaliaVaranassi Reprint Edition 2012 , pg.no.166