iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Abstract: The invagination of a segment of the intestine into the lumen of adjacent segment is called intussusception. The usual direction is from proximal to distal segment. Intussusception is very uncommon in adults and accounts for only 5% of all reported cases and a cause of bowel obstruction in only 1%. Lipomas in the intestinal tract are quite rare and usually asymptomatic, although lipoma larger than 2cms may be a cause of bowel obstruction. It is rare to get a benign lesion, which leads to intussusception on the left side.

[1]. AzarT,bergerPZ,Adult intussuception.AM surg 1997;226(2):134-8
[2]. Yao T primary small intestinal tumours, stomach intestine 2001;36(7):881-2001
[3]. Yakan S,caliskanC,makayU,denecliAG,korkut MA: intussusception in adults: clinicalcharacteristics, diagnosis and operative
strategies, world J gastroenterology 2001;15:1985-89
[4]. Wang LI,WuCC,yuJC,HsiaoCW,hsuCC,jaoSW: clinical entity and treatment strategies for adults
[5]. Dean DL,Ellis FH Saucer WG,Intussuception in adults,ArchSurg 1956;73

Abstract: Liver is the most bio-chemically complex organ. It plays a vital role in the metabolism and in the detoxification and elimination of toxic substances. Alcohol is the most common cause of hepatic injury terminating in cirrhosis. Acetaldehyde metabolite formed during the metabolism of ethanol is very reactive compound and is the mediator of tissue and organ damage. Many individuals with liver disease maintain normal function despite extensive liver damage.

[1]. D.J. Weather well, J.G.G Ledingham and D.A. Warell. Oxford text book of medicine.
[2]. Davidson's Principle and practice of medicine
[3]. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis & treatment of alcoholic liver diseaseMayo clinic proc 20001; 76; 1021-1029.
[4]. Pares-A Barrerajm, cabellaria J.efal Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic alcoholic patients association with Severity of liver disease. Hepatology 12:1295-9; 1990 Dec.
[5]. Devlin – textbook of Biochemistry.

Abstract: The effect of Casuarina equisetifolia bark incorporated into rat feed at 10-40% on the lipid profiles and blood sugar of albino rats was investigated. The rats were fed ad lib for 21 days. The parameters studied were triacylglycerol (TGL), total cholesterol (TC), total lipid (TL), phospholipids (PHOS), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and random blood sugar (RBS). Their means were subjected to a t-Test at P<0.05. There was no significant change (P>0.05) in the TGL levels of all the rats, including the control, as they all range between 0.18-0.22(mg/dl). The effects on TC and TL were irregular as they did not display any dose dependence.

[1]. Akhtar, M. S. and Ali, M. R. (2004). Study of Antidiabetic Effect Of A Compound Medicinal Plant Prescription In Normal And Diabetic Rabbits. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 34: 239-244.
[2]. Bucholtz, G. A, Hansel, A. E., Lockey, R. F., Serbousek, D. G and Wunderlin, R. P. (1997). Australian Pine (Casuarina Equisetifolia) Pollen As An Aero Allergen. Annual Allergy, 59(1): 52-56.
[3]. Burtis, C. A., Ashwood, E. R and Bruns, O. E. (2008). Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 6yh Edition, Everbest, Hongkong. 536-555.
[4]. Cambine, R. A., Ash, J. F. (1994). Medicinal Plants. British Journal Of Pharmacology, 2(34): 116-117.
[5]. Chois, S. Y., Chang J. P., Diary, B. D., Steol, G. H., Han,J. S. and Gallargher, M. B. (2005). Multiple Receptors Coupled To Phospholipase. Journal of Neuroscience, 25 (49): 433-446.

Abstract: Water and ethanol extracts of Gambia albidumleaf and bark were studied for their wound healing potential. The biochemical parameters studied were: serum total protein, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, ascorbic acid, protease activity and cysteine. The rats were grouped into control (C) on which about 20mm wounds were made but not treated, while groups A1, A2, B1 and B2 were treated with 500mg/kg body weight of the extracts for 10 days. Olive oil suspensions of the extracts were also applied topically to the wounds throughout the period of the study.

[1]. Farnsworht, N.R. (1984). The Role of Medicinal Plants in Drug Development. Alfred Benzon Symposium Publishers, Denmark. 17-30.
[2]. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (1984). Some Medical Forest Plants of Africa and Latin America. 167:75-186.
[3]. Krammer, B.K. Pultz, V.M. and McCormic, J.M. (2006). Vitamin C Analysis, Last Update 102-48-50.
[4]. Lynch, S.E. Colvin, R.B. and Antoniades, H.N. (1999). Growth Factors in Wound Healing. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 84:64-643.
[5]. Nancy Roper (1987). Churchill Livingstone Medical Dictionary. 14th edition. New York, USA. 282.
[6]. Nayak, S.B. Pereita, L.P. and Maharaji, D. (2007). Wound Healing Activity of Carica Papaya L in Experimentally Induced Diabetic Rats: Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 45:739-743.

Abstract: Immunomodulatory activity of methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated in immune-suppressed wistar albino rats using immunologic/haematologic indices. The animals were divided into four equal groups. Group 1and 2 received 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight of methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum respectively. Group 3, the negative control received only 2% pyrogallol while group 4 received only normal feed for 21days after which blood was drawn from ocular puncture for assays. The results showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the total white blood cell count in group 2 compared to the negative control group. Also, there was a non-significant (p>0.05) increase

[1]. Alada AR (2000). The haematological effect of Ocimum gratissimum diet preparation: Afr.j.Biomed (Eds.). vol. 1 International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, pp: 1 – 22.
[2]. Basil S.S, Weindruch R. and Walford R.L. (1996). "Free radicals ageing and degenerative diseases", in Antioxidants and the Immune Response: Alan R. Liss 6th ed. Vol. 2, pp: 427 – 756.
[3]. Doherty NS (1981). Selective effect of immunosuppressive agents against the delayed hypersensitivity response and humoral response to sheep red blood cells in mice. Agents Actions. 11: 237 - 242.
[4]. Dunnet CW (1964). New table for multiple comparison with a control biometrics. Pp. 10 – 14.
[5]. Ezekwesili C.N., Obiora, K.A. and Ugwu, O.P. (2004) Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal property of crude aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum L (Labiatae) in rats. Biokemistri. Vol. 16: 122-131

Abstract:This study was conducted to test for the antimicrobial activity of Garcinia kola (Aku-inu) against some microbial organisms, namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The paper disc method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of Garcinia kola nut on the test micro-organisms. The zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus ranged between 0.5 to 5mm for the ethanol preparation of Garcinia kola nut while that of E. coli ranged between 0.3 to 3.2mm.

[1]. Adebisi, A.A. (1997). Marketing and Post-harvest Constraint of the African Apple (Agbalumo). In Ladipo, D.O. and Denton, A. O. (Eds). Proceeding on the potential and conservation of Crysophyllumalbdium in Nigeria. NIHORT/NACGRAB/ CENARD.
[2]. Adewusi, H.A., (1997). The African star apple Chrysophyllumalbidum indigenous knowledge from Ibadan, south western Nigeria. In proceeding of a National workshop on the potentials of the star apple in Nigeria (eds), 25-33.
[3]. Adeuse-Poku, k., Nyinaku, F., Atise, V.Y., Awuah, R., Mensah, E.O., Nyantakyi, D., Owusu, H.K &Agyenim-Boateng, B. (2003): Improving rural livelihoods within the context of sustainable development: case study of Goaso forest district. Tropenbos International Ghana, University of Amsterdam & Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, pp.4.
[4]. Agyili, J., Sacande, M., and Kouame, C. (2006). Garcinia kolaHeckel. Seed Leaflet. Aiyelaagbe, I.O., and Adoela, A.O. (1993). Fruit trees for future agroforestry initiation in the humid zone of Nigeria: the farmer priority list. Paper presented at the ICRAF meeting on prioritization of MPTs for humid lowlands of West Africa. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[5]. Ajebesone, P.E. and Aina, J.O. (2004). Potential African Substances for Hops in Tropical Beer Brewing. J. Food Technolo. Afr. 9 (1): 13-16.

Abstract:Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major public health problem as a disease endemic in Iraqi population. Many diagnostic tools are used to establish the diagnosis like smear, histopathology and culture. Objectives: To find more rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic method, to establish the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

[1]. CDC (2004) Update CL in US. Military personnel. Southwest / Central Asia, 2002-2004. MMWR 53:264-265.
[2]. Schalling HDFH, Oskam L (2002) Review: molecular biological applications in the diagnosis and control of leishmaniasis and parasite identification. Trop Med Int Health 7: 641-651.
[3]. Gazozai S. U., Iqbal J. , Bukhari I., and Bashir S., (2010): "Comparison of diagnostic methods in cutaneous leishmaniasis (histopathology compared to skin smears)," Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 363–366.
[4]. Sharquie KE, Al-Waiz M, Al-Hammamy H. (2002): Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Iraq Children. J Fac Med. (Baghdad); 44:4.
[5]. Anwer M., Hussain M. A., Ur-Rehman H., et al. (2007): Epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis: 109 cases in a population of 500, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1212–1215

Abstract:A retrospective analysis was carried out to compare cruciate-retaining (CR) and cruciate-stabilized (CS) total knee replacements (TKRs). A total of 30 knees were analyzed which received CR or a CS, TKR. All knees were implanted with identical surgical technique, making sure to balance precisely the flexion-extension gaps before implantation of the components.

[1]. Becker MW, Insall JN, Faris PM: Bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 271: 122, 1991.
[2]. Dorr LD, Ochsner JL, Gronley J, Perry J: Functional comparison of posterior cruciate retained versus sacrificed total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthrop 236:36, 1988.
[3]. Hirsch HS, Lotke PA, Morrison LD: The posterior cruciate ligament in total knee surgery. Clin Orthop 309: 64, 1994.
[4]. Maloney WJ, Schurman EJ: the effects of implant design on range of motion after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 278:147, 1992.
[5]. Schai PA, Thornhill TS, Scott RD: Total knee arthroplasty with the PFC system: Results at a minimum of ten years and survivorship analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 50:850, 1998.

Abstract:Background: Periodontitisis related with certain systemic conditions as well as with someintra oral local factors including patients' oral practices and habits. Objective: To identify the different risk factors among the patients having Periodontitis. Methods: A Case control Study was conducted in the rural community in Shirajganj District. Clinically diagnosed patients of periodontitis werebeing considered as study population.

[1]. Sheiham A, Hobdell MH, Cowell CR. Patterns of tooth loss in British populations. Studies on industrial populations. Br Dent J 1969; 126: 255–60.
[2]. Lo¨e H, A° nerudA °, Boysen H, Smith M. The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. J Periodontol 1978; 49: 607–620.
[3]. Russell AL. Epidemiology of periodontal disease. Int Dent J 1967;17: 282–296.
[4]. Scherp HW. Current concepts in periodontal disease research: epidemiological contributions. J Am Dent Assoc 1964; 68: 667–675.
[5]. Brown LJ, Lo¨e H. Prevalence, extent, severity and progression of periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000 1993; 2: 57–71.
[6]. Brekhus PJ. Dental disease and its relation to the loss of human teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1929; 16: 2237–2247.

Abstract:Pleural effusion being excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity can occur as a result of lung, pleural or systemic disorders. For appropriate treatment, the specific cause must be known. Patients and methods: Retrospective chart analysis of 105 patients with non purulent pleural effusion was done for demography, symptoms, pleural fluid biochemical, microbiological, cytological, and pleural biopsy studies.

[1]. Karkhanis VS, Joshi IM. Pleural effusion: diagnosis, treatment, and management. Open Access Emergency Medicine 2012:4 31–52
[2]. Light RW. Management of pleural effusions. J Formos Med Assoc. 2000 Jul;99(7):523-31.
[3]. Porcel JM, Light RW. Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 1;73(7):1211-20.
[4]. Chetty KG. Transudative pleural effusions. Clin Chest Med. 1985 Mar;6(1):49-54.
[5]. Thomas R, Lee YC. Causes and management of common benign pleural effusions. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013 Feb;23(1):25-42, v-vi. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2012.10.004.

Abstract:This is a cost effectiveness analysis study of patients whose surgical conditions were treated during a free surgical outreach program at a facility Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria over a four week period in, 2013.A total of 264 surgical operations were carried out on 253 patients, Males (56%) and females (44%). The mean age of beneficiaries was 38years+17.2SD, the youngest being 10months and the oldest being 70years. Surgeries done were herniorrhaphies and hydrocelectomies 79(29.92%),

[1]. Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, et al. An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modeling strategy based on
available data. Lancet 2008; 372: 139-144.
[2]. Maher D, Smeeth L, Sekajugo J. Health transition in Africa: practical policy proposals for primary care. Bull World Health Organ.
2010 Dec 1;88(12):943-8.
[3]. Ozgediz D, Jamison D, Cherian M, McQueen K. The burden of surgical conditions and access to surgical care in low and
middle income countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 2008; 86(8): 646-647.
[4]. Daar AS, Singer PA, Persad DL, Pramming SK, Matthews DR, Beaglehole R, et al. Grand challenges in chronic non-communicable
diseases.Nature. 2007 Nov 22;450(7169). PubMed PMID: WOS:000251158500032.
[5]. Kifle YA, Nigatu TH. Cost-effectiveness analysis of clinical specialist outreach as compared to referral system in Ethiopia: an
economic evaluation. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2010;8(1):13.

Abstract:During routine undergraduate dissection we have found a rare origin of left vertebral artery that is arising from superior aspect of arch of aorta in between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.Right vertebral artery having a normal origin from 1st part of subclavian artery.This topic is very helpful to various speciality persons like neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons, ent surgeons. Key words: Arch of aorta, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery, Left vertebral artery,Right vertebral artery.

1]. Asimkumardatta (2005): Essentials of human embryology,5th edition,pg no-194.
[2]. Beatapatasi, Alison yeung (2009): Anatomical variations in the origin of left vertebral artery,ijav 2:83-85.
[3]. Grays text book of anatomy(1995): 38th edition,pg no:318,513.
[4]. JayanthiV.prakash M(2010): Anomalous origin of left vertebral artery from arch of aorta,Folia Morphol,Vol 69,4:258-260.
[5]. Komiyana M et al (2001): high incidence of arterial dissection associated with left vertebral artery of aortic origin,Neurol med
chir,41:8-11.

Abstract:Dental caries is an infectious microbiologic disease that results in destruction of calcified tissues. The routine drill and fill technique eliminates bacteria only at the site of restoration and recolonization can occur in remaining part of oral cavity. Present day treatment aims on conservation of tooth structure by identifying decalcification in earlier stages followed by treatment with remineralization. This paper discusses on various remineralization treatment options available and their mode of action.

[1] Arathi Rao and Neeraj Malhotra, The Role of Remineralizing agents in Dentistry: A Review. Compendium ,July/Aug 2011 ,27-33.
[2] Winston AE, Bhaskar SN. Caries Prevention in the 21ST century, J Am Dent Assoc, 129,1998, 1579-87.
[3] J.D.B.Featherstone, "Dental caries is a dynamic disease process," Australian Dental Journal, 53(3), 2008,286-291.
[4] Louis Brearley Messer ,The Current Status of Cariology ,Operative Dentistry, 3, 1978,60-65.
[5] Niessen LC, Gibson G , Oral health for a lifetime : preventive strategies for older adult, Quintessence Int., 28(9), 1997,626-630.
[6] Gordon Nikiforuk, Understanding Dental Caries, Vol 2: Prevention , Basic and Clinical Aspects (Basel: NewYork : Karger ,1985).
[7] Melgerg JR, Englander HR, Nicholson CR, Acquisition of fluoride in vivo by deciduous enamel from daily topical sodium fluoride applications over 21 months, Archives of Oral Biology, 12(10), 1967, 1139-1148.

Abstract:This study discusses the percentage of Hartmann's pouch of gall bladder and whether the Hartmann's Pouch is an anatomical variation or pathological presentation in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. India. Knowledge of relevant anatomy is important for the safe execution of any operative procedure,specifically in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It has been recognized since long that misinterpretation of normal anatomy as well as presence of anatomical variations contribute to the occurrence of major post operative complications especially biliary injuries. Apart from this, association of Hartmann's pouch with gall stones is one of the pathological conditions.

[1]. Eisendrath DN. Anomalies of the bile ducts and blood vessels as the cause of accidents in biliary surgeries.JAMA.1918;71:864-7.
[2]. Stransberg S M, Hertl M, Soper N J. An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll
Surg.1995;180:101-25.
[3]. Davies and Hardins (1942) .The HP to be always associated with some pathological change, particularly dilatation is part of normal gall
bladder.Lancet vol1 193:194.
[4]. G.J Romanes (1964): Cunningham's text book of anatomy,10thed.The neck of G B at its junction with the body, sometimes has a small
pouch(HP) projecting from its posteriomedial wall towards the superior part of the duodenum. Although relatively common. Its
presence is now generally accepted to be due to pathological changes.

Abstract:Infection with Methicilln resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was not very uncommon in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units(NICU) at present. In this study we report an outbreak of MRSA infection and its successful control in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Kolkata between September 2009 and June 2010. Twelve MRSA strains were isolated and identified conventionally following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, from various clinical specimens, sent from the NICU. Subsequently, an infection control team was formed and infection control measures including isolation of infected babies, maintenance of hand hygiene , screening for colonization with MRSA, treatment of infected as well as carrier were implemented in NICU. Demographic data were collected from clinical records. Four (4) care givers were found to be colonized with MRSA strains. Antibiogram pattern of 6 infected babies matched with the MRSA strains isolated from the colonized attendant and nursing staff. Prematurity,

[1]. Khoury J, Jones M, Grim A, Dunne WM Jr, Fraser V . Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit by active surveillance and aggressive infection control measures. Infect ControlHospEpidemiol2005; 26: 616–621.
[2]. Graffunder E.M, Venezia A. R. Risk factors associated with nosocomial Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2002; 49: 999-1005
[3]. Ramsing BGU, Arpi M, Andersen EA, Knabe N, Mogensen D, et al. First Outbreak with MRSA in a Danish Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Risk Factors and Control Procedures. PLoS ONE 2013; 8(6): e66904. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066904
[4]. Guha D.K, Saili A. Guha R, Aggarwal A. Common Infections in the Newborn. In: Neonatology – Principles and Practice. Guha D.K; 3rd ed .Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India; 2005: 654 – 672.
[5]. Amita Jain, AsthaAgarwal and Raj Kumar Verma. Cefoxitin disc diffusion test for detection of meticillin-resistant staphylococci, Journal of Medical Microbiology 2008; 57: 957–961

Abstract:Intertrochanteric fractures comprise approximately 50% of all hip fractures. In view of associated comorbid conditions in elderly patients the aim of treatment is to prevent malunion and early mobilization, which is provided by Dynamic Hip Screw and Sliding Plate. A large exposure is necessary for implantation of the traditional 4 holed plate which leads to more blood loss and increased operating time adding to increased morbidity and mortality. The two holed side plate affords the surgeon the opportunity to implement a minimally invasive approach in certain intertrochanteric fractures like Boyd and Griffin type I and II fractures

[1]. Alobaid A, Harvey EJ, Elder GM, Lander P, Guy P, Reindl R; Minimally invasive DHS: Prospective randomized trial of two techniques of insertion of a standard dynamic fixation device. J Ortho Trauma 2004;18(4)207-212.
[2]. Koval KJ, Zuckerman JD; Hip Fractures :A practical guide to management; Springer Intl: 138-140.
[3]. Bolhofner BR, Russo PR, Carmen , Barbara: Results of intertrochanteric femur fractures treated with a 135 degrees sliding screw with a two holed side plate ; J Orthop Trauma , 1999 :13(1)5-8.
[4]. McLoughlin SW, Wheeler DN, Rider J, Bolhofner BR; Biomechanical Evaluation of the Dynamic hip screw with two and four holed side plate ; J Orthop Trauma Vol 14(5);2000:318-323.

Abstract:Haemophilus influenzae is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in under-five children globally. It is also the leading cause of endemic bacterial meningitis in infants and young children. H. influenzae infection is severe where vaccine is not routinely used and one-third to one-half of the children either dies or suffers permanent disability such as deafness, paralysis or mental retardation. Objective: Therefore, this research set out to study and to determine the prevalence of H. influenzae in under-five children in Jos.

[1]. Kayser FH. Haemophilus and Pasteurella. In: H. Fritz. M.D. Kayser, A. Kurt, J. Eckert, D.V.M. Kayser (eds). Medical Microbiology. 10th ed. Stuttgart Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005: 300-301.
[2]. Mogens K. Haemophilus. In: E.H. Lennette, A. Ballows, WJ. Hausler and HJ. Shadomy (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology. 4th ed. Washington DC U.S.A.: American society for microbiology, 1985: 387-392.
[3]. Montefiore DG, Alausa KO, and Tomori O. Bacterial infection of the central nervous system. Tropical microbiology, Edinburgh. Churchill livingstone, 1984: 136-137.
[4]. Mulholland EK., Adegbola AR., and Berkley JA. Bacterial infections-A major cause of death among children in Africa. New England journal of medicine. 2005; 325: 75-77

Abstract:Sacrum is a triangular bone wedged between two innominate bones. It is formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae. Forms the caudal region of the vertebral column. Base articulates with lumbar vertebra and apex with coccyx. Pelvic surface is concave and dorsal is convex encloses a triangular sacral canal .During demonstration classes for undergraduate medical students we observed that sacrum with agenesis of dorsal wall and first sacral lamina showing incomplete fusion thus forming open sacral canal posteriorly.The knowledge of this variation may be of importance to orthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, radiologists and anthropologists.

Keywords: Agenesis, hiatus, ossification, sacrum, vertebrae.

[1]. Harold Ellis, Patricia Collins, David Johnson, skeletal system,Gray's Anatomy; The anatomical basis of clinical practice 38th edn.;
pp.533,Churchill Livingstone,London.
[2]. SekiguchiM,Yabuki S, Satoh K. And KikuchiS.;an anatomical study of the sacral hiatus: a basis for successful caudal epidural
block.clin.J.pain, 20(1):1-4, 2004.
[3]. Edward W.B., Hingson R.A.; continuous caudalanesthesia in obstetrics. Am.J.Surg. 7; 459-64, 1942.
[4]. Seema, Singh M & Mahajan A; An anatomical study of variations of Sacral hiatus in sacra of north Indian origin and its clinical
significance:Int.J.Morphol.31(1):110-114,2013.
[5]. Nagar SK. A study of Sacral Hiatus in dryhuman sacra.Journal of Anatomical Society of India; 53(2):18-21:2004

Abstract:Optic canal is formed by two roots of lesserwing and body of sphenoid bone. It transmits optic nerve, ophthalmic artery and periarterial sympathetic plexus. During demonstration classes for undergraduate students we observed optic canal of left orbit of the adult skull, showing a thin spicule of bone which divided optic canal into two. Unilateral presence of duplicated optic canal is very rare. This case report may be useful for surgeons and radiologists.

Keywords: Duplication, duramater, optic canal, ossification,

[1]. Vijaykumar Shankar Shinde, Raveendra Patil1, Channabasanagouda1and Mallikarjun M:Study of duplication of optic canal in
hundred dry human skull bones;IJBR (2013) 04 (11); pp.633-635
[2]. Rashmi Ghai, Priti Sinha,Jaba Rajguru,Shilpi Jain,Satyam Khare,Mukesh Singla: duplication of optic canal in human skulls; journal
of anatomical society of India 61(1)pp.33-36(2012).
[3]. Rewa Choudhry, S.Choudhry and C.Anand: Duplication of optic canals in human skulls: J. Anat. (1988), 159, pp. 113-116
[4]. Girish V. Patil, Sanjeev Kolagi, Padmavathi G., G.B. Rairam: the Duplication of the Optic Canals in Human Skulls;Journal of
Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2011 June, Vol-5(3): 536-537
[5]. 5.Mandavi Singh.; duplication of optic canal in adult Japanese human skulls;journal of Anatomical society of India; 54(2); 1-
9(2005)

Abstract:Human papillomaviruses (HPV) has a particular tropism for the epithelium inducing its proliferation. It has been shown that E6 and E7 protein is capable of binding and inactivating the P53 and Retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor genes. These interactions are responsible for the transforming activity of HPV. Objectives of the study: Estimation of any possible association of HPV low and high risk types with P53 and Rb tumor suppressor genes in surface epithelial ovarian carcinoma compared to benign and control groups.

[1]. Jawetz E, Melnick JL, and Adelberg's EA: Human cancer virus. Medical microbiology and immunology. 23Th edition, Ch 43. Copy right by the McGraw-Hill companies, Inc, printed by USA (2004): 599-601.
[2]. Werness BA, Levine AJ, Howley PM. The E6 proteins encoded by HPV-16 and 18 can complex p53 in vitro. Science (1990); 248: 76–79
[3]. Dyson N, Howley PM, Munger K, Harlow E. The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science (1989); 243:934–937.
[4]. Boyle P, Maisonneuve P, Autier P. Update on cancer control in women. Int J. Gynecol. Obstet. (2000); 70: 263–303.

Abstract:History testifies the presence of cleavages in every society, characterized by atrocities, discrimination, exploitation and subordination that raised peoples demand for justice and equality. It is this idea of equality that forced people to protest in the form of movements. The Dalit Movement also began as a protest movement in India. The Dalits, also called as Atisudra, Panchama or Outcasts, at present constitute one of the most depressed and marginalized sections of Indian society. Socio-cultural exclusion, economic deprivation and political exploitation of centuries made them to break out of such kinds of age-old prejudices. Hence, they began to protest with the help of literatures, or forming organization like the Dalit Panthers, which came to be recognized as the Dalit Movement. This paper is an attempt to bring forth the various aspects of Dalit's lives that led to the movement, in the radiance of four Dalit literatures.

[1] B.R. Mani, Debrahmanising History-Dominance and Resistance in Indian society (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers,2005)
[2] U. Chakraborty, Gendering Caste: Through a Feminist Lens (:Popular Prakashan,2003)
[3] S. Paik, Daughters of the Lessar God: Dalit Women's Education in Postcolonial Pune, doctoral diss., University of Warwick, United Kingdom, PhD,2007
[4] A. Dangle, Poisoned Bread (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2009)

Abstract:Aim:The present study involved the in vitro comparison of root reinforcing ability of resilon epiphany in endodontically treated teeth irrigated with different solutions. Materials And Methods: 60 single rooted extracted premolars were decoronated and randomly distributed into 4 groups according to the endodontic irrigant used.Group1 (control):distilled water, Group2: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite , Group3: 17% EDTA, Group4: 5.25%sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA.Cleaning and Shaping was followed using the respective endodontic irrigants in each group in all 60 teeth.

[1]. D Kishen A. Mechanisms and risk factors for fracture predilection in endodontically treated teeth. Endod Topics.2006;13:57-83. [2]. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Monoblocks in Root Canals: A Hypothetical or a Tangible Goal. J Endod. 2007;33(4):391-8. [3]. Baba SM, Grover SI, Tyagi V. Fracture resistance of teeth obturated with Guttapercha and Resilon: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13:61-4. [4]. Sakri MR, Shetty D, Hindhuja D, Byakod P, Nageswar R. RESILON – "ENDOBONDICS".Pravara Medical Review. 2010;5(1):4-9. [5]. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol.1965: 20(3):340-9. [6]. Peters OA, Laib A, Göhring TN, Barbakow F. Changes in root canal geometry after preparation assessed by high-resolution computed tomography.JEndod. 2001 Jan;27(1):1-6.

Abstract:Large bowel small cell cancers are extremely rare in presentation.Till date,approximately 100 cases have been reported in literature. Only three cases of small cell carcinoma of the rectum with liver metastasis have been published. We describe you a patient with multiple liver metastases from a primary in the rectum.The patient presented late with multiple,bilobar liver metastases unresectable at the time of diagnosis. Colonoscopy showed a rectal polyp ulcerated at its summit, from which a biopsy was taken. The biopsy revealed neuroendocrine carcinoma-small cell variant.The patient has been receiving chemotherapy for the same and has been asymptomatic till date.

[1]. Clery AP, Dockerty MB, Waugh JM: Small cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum: A clinicopathological study. Arch Surg 83:164-172, 1961.
[2]. Robidoux A, Monte M, Heppel J, et al: Small-cell carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 28:594-596, 1984.
[3]. Gaffey MJ, Mills SE, Lack EE: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum: A clinicopathologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of 24 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14:1010-1023, 1990.
[4]. Wick MR, Weatherby RP, Weiland LH: Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum: Clinical, histologic and ultrastructural study and immunohistochemical comparison with cloacogenic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 18:9-21, 1987.
[5]. Mills SE, Allen SM, Cohen AR: Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon: A clinicopathological study of five cases and their association with colonic adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol 7:643-651, 1983.

Abstract:Probiotics has now become the field of interest of researchers. Time has come to shift the paradigm of treatment from specific bacteria elimination to altering bacterial ecology by probiotics. With increase in the incidence of resistance to antibiotics, probiotics maybe a promising area of research in periodontal therapy. Probiotics utilize naturally occurring bacteria to confer a healthy benefit when administered in adequate amounts.Probiotics provide us an alternative way to combat diseases and has been introduced for prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.This article reviews the role of probiotics for management of periodontal diseases and explores its potential as a novel treatment strategy.

[1]. Hamilton-Miller JMT, Gibson GR, Bruck W. "Some insights into the derivation and early uses of the word probiotic". Br J Nutr 2003 (90):845.
[2]. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria (October 2001).
[3]. Brown AC, Valiere A. Probiotics and medical nutrition therapy. NutrClin Care 2004; 7:56-68.
[4]. Tanboga I, Caglar E, Kargul B. Campaign of probiotic food consumption in Turkish children, oral perspectives "Probiotics for your child‟. Int J Pediatr Dent 2003; 13:59-64.

Abstract:Brachial approach isgaining importance in cardiac catheterisation because of early ambulation and discharge. Accurate knowledge of this major artery of the arm in relation to its course and particularly of their variation of branching pattern is of considerable practical importance.

[1]. Miller, R.A. (1939): Observations upon the arrangement of axillary artery & brachial plexus. American Journal of Anatomy 64: 143-
163
[2]. Keen, J.A (1961) : A study of arterial variations in the limbs with special reference to symmetry of vascular pattern. American
Journal of Anatomy 108: 245-261
[3]. Charles, C.M; Pen, L; Holden, H.F; Miller, R.A. & Elvis, E.B. (1931) : The origin of the deep brachial artery in American White &
American Negro males. Anatomical Record 50 : pp 299-302
[4]. Patnaik, V.V.G. Kalsey, G; SinglaRajan, K. (2001a) : Trifurcation of Brachial artery - a case report. Journal of the Anatomical
Society of India 50(2) : 163-165

Abstract:The adenoid cystic carcinoma is a relatively rare epithelial tumor more than half of these occur in the parotid and submandibular glands. The most common intraoral site is the palate. Its peak incidence occurs predominantly among women, between the 5th and 6th decades of life. The clinical and pathological findings typical of this tumor include slow growth, perineural invasion, potential local recurrence and distant metastasis. Histopathologically it is composed of basaloid cells with primarily myoepithelial/basal cell differentiation. It presents three patterns, cribriform, tubular and solid; the solid type is related to a poor prognosis contrary to the cribriform type, which has a better prognosis. We presented herein the case of a 26 year old male patient who presented a palatal lesion with an indepth review of literature.

[1]. Bilroth T. Die cylindergeschwulst (cylindroma). Untersuchungenuber die Entwicklung der Blutgefasse, nebstBeobachtungenaus der koniglichenchirugischenUniverstats-Klink zu Berlin Berlin. Germany: G Riemer; 1856, 55–69.
[2]. Berdel P, Mylius E. Cylindroma of the salivary gland. ActaOtolaryngolSuppl (Stockh) 1970;263:170. p. 170
[3]. Spiro RH, Huvos AG, Strong EW. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: factors influencing survival. Am J ClinPathol 1979;138:579–83
[4]. Waldron CA, El-Mofty SK, Gnepp DR. Tumors of the intraoral minor salivary glands: a demographic and histologic study of 426 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988;66:323–33.
[5]. Vellios F, Shafer WG. Tumors of minor salivary glands. SurgGynecolObstet 1959; 108: 450-6