iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Abstract: Introduction:- To report a case of Exfoliative Dermatitis in an individual with Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome who is taking Nevirapine. Method: -A 25- year-old female came to Anti Retroviral Therapy Unit of Government General Hospital, Guntur with a complaint of fever, itching and scaling of skin involving both the palms. Drug history revealed that she was prescribed with Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy which includes Zidovudine,Lamivudine and Nevirapine as a combination regimen .she was sent to dermatology outpatient unit for consultancy. Dermatologist diagnosed this condition as Exfoliative Dermatitis clinically and sent the skin scraping over the palm for histopathological examination. The condition improved with stoppage of Nevirapine. So, we attributed this Adverse Drug Reaction to Nevirapine.

[1] Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

[2] Yuan XY, Guo JY, Dang YP, Qiao L, Liu W. Erythroderma: A clinical-etiological study of 82 cases. Eur Dermatol. May-Jun 2010;20(3):373-7.

[3] V.N.Sehgal Exfoliative dermatitis j.dermatol v 173 no 6 19861986;173:278–284

[4] Aronson JK. Meyler's side-effects of drugs. J.Elsevier; 15th ed. Vol. 4. 2006. pp. 2498–502.

[5] Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. pp. 1273–314.

Abstract:Objectives: To Compare low molecular weight heparin and conventional heparin in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Materials and Methods: 100 patients with symptoms of acute MI and unstable angina were included in the study.50 patients were treated with Conventional Heparin and 50 treated with low molecular weight heparin for 5 days . Patients were monitored by serial ECGs, echocardiograms, blood counts, bleeding time and clotting time and were followed every week for 6 weeks.

[1]. Gurfinkel et al, Low molecular heparin versus regular heparin or aspirin in the treatment of unstable angina and silent ischemia
J.AM.Coll. Cardiol. 1995, 26:313-318.
[2]. Theroux, P. Ouimet, H Mccans J.et al., Aspirin, Heparin or Both to treat unstable angina. N.E.J.M. 1988. 319: 1105
[3]. Basu et al.,A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time.
N.E.J.M., 1972, 287: 324.
[4]. Cohen et al., A comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfraction heparin for unstable CAD.N.E.J.M. 1997, 337: 447-52.
[5]. FRISC Study group, Low molecular weight heparin during in stability in coronary artery disease Lancet: 1996: 347, 61-568.
[6]. Suvarna, T.T. Parikh, J.A. et al, Comparison of clinical outcome of fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin
(tinzaparin) with conventional heparin in unstable angina: a pilot study Indian Heart Journal 1997-49:159-162.

Abstract: Vataj Netra Vikruti" is the ophthalmic disorder occurred due to exasperation of Vayu in the ophthalmic tissue. The Vayu gets irritated due to overuse of eyes without any rest.. To prevent the diminishing phenomenon of tissues Ayurved has adviced to consume oleation. Cow Ghee and Goat Ghee are best Regenerative drugs either installed in eyes or if consumed orally . Method-Aja Ghrit was prepared with strict hygienic precautions and step wise traditional method.

[1]. W.H.O. Visual impairment and blindness fact sheet. N 282 http//w.w.w...who. int/ mediacentre/ factsheet).
[2]. Sushrut Samhita of Sushrut with Nibandh Sangraha Commentry. (Su Su 45/98)
[3]. Charak Samhita- withAyurved Dipika of- Chakrapani commentary.(c .ci-26-129)
[4]. Sushrut Samhita- Nibandha Samgraha commentary (Uttartantra-6/6)
[5]. Yoga Ratnakar with Vidyotini Teeka by vd.Laxmipati Shastri Choukhamba Sanskrit Bhavan Varanasi 1983
[6]. Sushrut Samhita of Sushrut with Nibandh Sangraha Commentry. - Uttartantra-6/6
[7]. N.Seals‟s Text Book of Opthalmology by S K Seal;current books international.5th edition Kolkata.
[8]. Essentials ofOpthalmology by Sumer k Basak.Current books international;2nd edition Kolkata

Abstract:Over the past decade, the field of periodontics has seen increasing surgical refinement of many procedures. Consistent successful periodontal treatment procedures demand clinical expertise that challenges the technical skills of periodontists to the limit of and beyond the range of visual acuity. Periodontal microsurgery is the refinement of basic surgical techniques made possible by the improved visual acuity gained with the use of surgical microscope. The effect of periodontal microsurgery may include more predictable therapeutic results, less invasive procedure with reduced patient discomfort, more rapid healing, improved cosmetic results and greater patient acceptance.

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[5]. Belcher JM. A perspective on periodontal microsurgery. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2001 : 21:191-6.
[6]. Tamai S. History of microsurgery 1993: 14 ; 6-13.

Abstract:AIM: Daily energy intake seen in obese Kashmiris aged 18-45 years and compare the same for Recommended dietary allowances of Indians as per ICMR guidelines Materials and Methods: Multistage and multiphasic sampling technique was utilized in this study based on WHO classification of obesity according to BMI of 18-45 years of age. Each household was visited and only the subjects having age of 18-45 years were included in this study and this comprised of 5107 subjects, then identified obese cases with the help of height and weight techniques.Only those people who had simple obesity were included in the study.

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[4]. Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical medicine. 4th edition. Philadelphia: WB Sannders, 209. 1998.
[5]. Sood R.Gupta A.An epidemiological study of obesity in Shimla town.Indian Journal of Medical Sciences oct.50(10). 1996.
[6]. Stevens J. Impact of age on association between weight and mortality.Nutrition Review (May) 58(5) 129-37. 2000
[7]. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series No. 894. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2000.

Abstract:Background: Cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) is a host cell recognition receptor, that found on the cell membrane of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils or soluble in saliva and other body fluids, and is involved in the recognition of microbial-associated patterns. It acts on the cell membrane by retaining lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial ligands and facilitating ligand-toll-like receptor (TLR) interaction, resulting in the release of cytokines from the inflammatory cells. This study was conducted to assess the level of soluble CD14 in saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis of different severities and healthy subjects and determine its correlation with clinical periodontal parameters.

[1]. Carranza, Newman, Takei &Klokkevold. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 11th Edition, 2012. Elsevier, Saunders.
[2]. Hinrichs JE & Novak MJ. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology (Chapter 4), 11th Edition, 2012. Elsevier, Saunders.
[3]. American Academy of Periodontology. Parameter on Chronic Periodontitis with Advanced Loss of Periodontal Support and Parameter on Chronic Periodontitis with Slight to ModerateLoss of Periodontal Support (Supplements). J Periodontol, May 2000.
[4]. Wurfel MM & Wright SD. LBP & Soluble CD14 Transfer LPS to Phospholipid Bi-Layers: Preferential Interaction with Particular Classes of Lipid. J. Immunol., 1997: 158: 3925-3934.
[5]. Sugiyama T & Wright SD. Soluble CD14 Mediates Efflux of Phospholipids From Cells. J. Immunol., 2001: 166: 826-831.
[6]. Haziot A, Chen S, Ferrero E, Low MG, Silber R &Goyert SM et al. The Monocyte Differentiation Antigen, CD14, Is Anchored to the Cell Membrane by a Phosphatidylinositol Linkage. J Immunol, 1988: 141: 547-552.

Abstract:Introduction:Adolescence is a transition period between childhood and adulthood and they constitute 21.4% of the total population. Adolescent health and nutrition are important issues which have not received the attention it deserves in our country, especially in the context of a girl child. Hence an attempt was made to assess the nutritional status of early adolescents attending government schools

[1]. T Raja ratnam and Jyoti S Hallad. Nutritional status of adolescents in Northern Karnataka, India. The Journal of Family Medicine,2012 Jun;58(1):55-67
[2]. VijayalakshmiKathowate, Soumitra Ghosh. Nutritional Status of adolescents in Agrarian crises – affected area of Maharashtra, Indian Journal of Community Medicine,2013 July;38(3):180-183
[3]. Dambhare DG, Bharambe MS, Nutritional status and morbidity, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 2010Apr-Jun;9(2):1-3
[4]. P.R. Kokiwar, G.S. Sai Prasad, Letter to the Editor: Anemia among Adolescent girls, Quarterly Journalof IPHA,2007 Oct-Dec, Page No.252.
[5]. Vinod Wasmik, B. Srinivas Rao, Devkinandan Rao , A study of Health Status of Early Adolescent girls residing in Social Welfare Hostels in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh state, India. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine and Public Health,2012 January; 4(1): 83

Abstract:Postoperative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the main causes for lengthening the period of hospitalization. In an attempt to decrease this early postoperative complication, esmolol infusion was administered during general anaesthesia to patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sixty patients ASA class I undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to two groups, esmolol group (Group E, n=30) and placebo group (Group P, n=30). In group E, patients received 1mg/kg esmolol bolus dose i.v immediately before induction while as group P received same volume of inj. Ringer Lactate as placebo. In group E, immediately after intubation, esmolol infusion was started at the rate of 5-10 μg/kg/min. The rate was titrated to maintain heart rate between 65-75 beats per min. Patients in group P received 100 ml of Ringer Lactate infusion.

[1]. Lau H, Brooks DC. Contemporary outcomes of ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a major teaching hospital. World J Surg 2002;2 6:1117–213.
[2]. Avramov MN, White PF. Use of alfentanil and propofol for outpatient monitored anesthesia care: determining the optimaI dosing regimen. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:566–72
[3]. Hendolin HI, Pääkönen ME, Alhava EM et al. Laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized trial to compare postoperative pain, pulmonary function, and stress response. Eur J Surg. 2000 May; 166(5):394-9.
[4]. Huseyin Yilmaz, Oguzhan Arun, Seza Apiliogullari et al .Effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy techniques on postoperative pain: a prospective randomized study J Korean Surg Soc. 2013 October; 85(4): 149–153.
[5]. O. Mentes1, A. Harlak, T. Yigiti .Effect of intraoperative magnesium sulphate infusion on pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52: 1353–1359

Abstract:Objective: To study various clinical presentations and other related problems in left sided hepatolithiasis in a tertiary care centre at SKIMS, Srinagar. Material and Methods: The present Retro-prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Medical Gastroenterology of Sher- I – Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar from May 2003 to December 2011. A total number of 80 cases were included in this study. Patient's data was analysed for their age and sex distribution, presenting symptoms, duration of disease and biochemical profile.

[1]. Intrahepatic stones. Blumgart Surgery of liver and biliary tract. J Kamaya, Kitagava, Y.Nimura Ed. 3rd, page 815. L.B.Saunders.
[2]. Yridium Osman et al. Hepatic segementectomy for hepatolithiasis; Case report and review of literature. Turkish Journal of gastroentology 2000; vol. 11:No.l

Abstract:Gallbladder carcinoma in a setting of acute cholecystitis is very rare occurrence in young patients (younger than 30 years).Moreover a definitive preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The purpose of this report is to present an unusual case of gallbladder carcinoma in a patient who presented with acute cholecystitis. A 27 year old male presented to the casualty with pain in the right hypochondriacregion for which he was admitted and evaluated and was diagnosed as suffering from acute calculous cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done and the histopathology was suggestive of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.

[1]. Wistuba II, Gazdar AF. Gallbladder cancer: lessons from a rare tumour. Nature
[2]. Rev Cancer 2004;4:695 [PubMed: 15343276]
[3]. Misra S, Chaturvedi A, Misra NC, et al. Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Lancet
[4]. Oncol 2003;4:167 [PubMed: 12623362]

Abstract: Repair of inguinal hernia is one of the commonest surgical procedures worldwide. Since the era of tension free repair using synthetic mesh, the basic tenets of hernia repair has changed little. Currently there are two methods of mesh placement: open method or laparoscopic method. Although a number of clinical studies have explored the potential benefits and drawbacks of open and laparoscopic repair for inguinal hernia, no one procedure has emerged as having a clear benefit over the other. This study endeavors to reach a clear conclusion as to which is the most suitable procedure, with a special emphasis on the influence of the surgeon's experience on the outcome.

1]. Leigh Neumayer, M.D., Anita Giobbie-Hurder, M.S., Olga Jonasson, M.D.et al; N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1819-1827
[2]. Champault GG, Rizk N, Catheline JM, Turner R, Boutelier P. Inguinal hernia repair: totally preperitoneal laparoscopic approach versus Stoppa operation: randomized trial of 100 cases. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997 Dec;7 (6):445-50. PubMed PMID: 9438623.
[3]. MRC Laparoscopic Hernia Trial Group, Laparoscopy versus open repair of Groin hernia: A Randomised Comparison. Lancet 1999; 345: 185-90.
[4]. Grant AM. Laparoscopic versus open groin repair: Metanalysis of randomised trials based on individual patient data. The EU Hernia colibrate. Hernia 2002; 6: 2-10.
[5]. McCormack K, Scott NW, Go PM, Ross S, Grant AM; EU Hernia Trialists Collaboration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 ;( 1):CD001785. Review.
[6]. Liem MSL, van Steensel CJ, Boelhouwer RU, et al. The learning curve for totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Am J Surg1996;171:281-285.

Abstract:Bad breath or "Oral halitosis" is a frequent or persistent unpleasant odor of breath. It is a common and multi-factorial condition. In around 85 percent of cases, halitosis is the result of microbial activity in the mouth. In patients with healthy periodontal tissue, causative bacteria deposit on the dorsal tongue. The basic psychopathological process is manifested by the release of substances caused by degradation due to bacterial activity, such as volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), organic acids, and products of metabolic activity. Factors contributing to the overgrowth of causative bacteria include decreased salivary flow and stress. This presentation reviews the current knowledge of etiology and different aspects of its diagnosis and treatment.

Key words: Halitosis, Volatile sulfur compounds, Tongue coating, Mouth rinses, Chlorhexidine.

[1]. Innocent- Ituah I. Halitosis: hindrance or hint? J Miss State Med Assoc 2009 Dec; 50(12): 422-25
[2]. van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on management of halitosis. Oral Dis. 2008; 14(1):30-9.
[3]. Rosenberg M. Bad breath and periodontal disease: how related are they? J Clin Periodontol. 2006; 33(1):29-30.
[4]. Sanz M, Roldán S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of Breath Malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001 Nov 15; 2(4):1-17.
[5]. Talmud de Babylone. Traité Ketubot, p.72-77a, New York, Mesorah Publications, 1998
[6]. Anthologie Grecque., 11 241; 11 247; 11415, Paris, Editions Les Belles Lettres, 2003.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Obesity, a key risk factor for the chronic and non-communicable disease, has become a serious public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Overweight/obesity is the underlying cause of death for 2.8 million people each year. It is the fifth leading cause of risk for death. The objectives of study are to know the prevalence of obesity and factors associated with Obesity. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the two Pre-University colleges with a sample of 330 adolescents of Belgaum city, Karnataka.

[1]. WHO. Obesity: Preventing and managing global epidemics. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO technical report series 894; 1999. URL:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894.pdf
[2]. WHO. Non communicable diseases country profiles. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO press; 2011. URL:http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_profiles_report.pdf
[3]. Park K. Text book of preventive and social medicine. 21st ed. Jabalpur: 2011. Chapter 6, obesity; p. 366-70.
[4]. Goyal RK, Shah VN, Saboo BD, Phatak SR, Shah NN, Gohel MC, et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Indian Adolescent School Going Children: Its Relationship with Socioeconomic Status and Associated Lifestyle Factors. JAPI 2010; 58:151-58.
[5]. Parvez H, Bisher K, Nahas ME. Obesity and Diabetes in developing world-A growing challenges. N. Engl J Med. 2007; 356(3):213-15.
[6]. WHO. World health statistics. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO press; 2012.URL: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS 2012_full.pdf.

Abstract:In recent years, several different multi-marker assays have been developed for the detection of HCC cells in the peripheral blood. This study included 89 Saudi patients with chronic HCV and 30 ages and sex matched healthy control subjects. MAGE-1 mRNA was expressed in the peripheral blood of 3(13.6%) patients with localized HCC and in 9(40.9%) patients with metastatic HCC. MAGE-3 mRNA was expressed in the peripheral blood of 3(13.6%) patients with localized HCC and in 8(42.1%) patients with metastatic HCC. Also, MAGE-4 mRNA was expressed in the peripheral blood of 4(18.1%) patients with localized HCC and in 10(52.6%) patients with metastatic HCC.All control subjects showed no expression of any MAGE mRNAs. In conclusions, MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and MAGE-4 may be promising diagnostic tools for monitoring the prognosis of HCC patients and for early detection of circulating metastasis of HCC cells.

Keywords: MAGE-1, MAGE-3, MAGE-4, HCC

[1] Shepard CW, Finelli L and Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 5,2005, 558–67.
[2] Micheilsen PP, Francque SM and Van Dongen JL. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.World J SurgOncol.3, 2005, 27-9.
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[4] Alshehri A. Hepatitis B and C Viruses incidence, the Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is low in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Egypt. Acad. J. biolog. Sci.5(1), 2013,7-18.
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Abstract: Men may not be able to multitask, but it seems that proteins can. Although the one gene-one protein-one function hypothesis is well ingrained in the Central Dogma, it has become clear during the past decade that many proteins have one or more unique functions in addition to their primary biological action. These proteins perform multiple independent and often unrelated roles without partitioning these functions into different domains of the protein. This ability of proteins to exhibit more than one function is referred to as protein moonlighting, in analogy to moonlighting people who have multiple jobs. Many well known proteins are now known to moonlight, for example, metabolic enzymes,

[1] A Garrod. Inborn Errors of Metabolism. London: Hodder & Stoughton 1923; Retrieved March 25, 2014, from: http://www.esp.org/books/garrod/inborn-errors/facsimile/
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[3] C Jeffery. Moonlighting proteins: old proteins learning new tricks. Trends Genet, 19, 2003, 415-7.
[4] B Henderson, A Martin. Bacterial Virulence in the Moonlight: Multitasking Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins Are Virulence Determinants in Infectious Disease. Infection and Immunity, 79(9), 2011, 3476-3491.
[5] J Piatigorsky, W O'Brien, B Norman, K Kalumuck, G Wistow, T Borras, J Nickerson, E Wawrousek. Gene sharing by delta-crystallin and argininosuccinate lyase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85, 1998, 3479-8343.
[6] J Piatigorsky. Gene sharing, lens crystallins and speculations on an eye/ear evolutionary relationship. Inter Comp Biol, 43, 2003, 492-499.

Abstract:Background and Objectives: Anemia in pregnancy is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as a haemoglobin concentration below 11g/dl. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of malnutrition in the world and is the eighth leading cause of disease in girls and pregnant women in developing countries. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted Obstetrics and Gynaecological outpatient department of K.L.E.S hospital by taking a total of 400 pregnant women. Results: Out of 400 respondent's majority, 60.5% of the pregnant women were aged between 20-24 years..

[1]. World Health Organization (WHO). The prevalence of Anemia in women: a tabulation of available information. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1992.( WHO\MCH\MSM\92.2). Assessed on 20/10/2012.
[2]. Wright.D. Anemia in pregnancy. http://www.articlesbase.com/womens-health-articles/anemia-in-pregnancy-1541442.html.dec 4, 2009; Assessed on 2/11/2012.
[3]. Okeke PU. Anemia in Pregnancy-is it a Persisting Public Health Problem in Porto Novo-Cape Verde?. Research Journal of Medical sciences 2011; 5(4):193-99.
[4]. Basvanthappa BT. Community Health Nursing. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee; 2008.
[5]. Vijaynath K, Patil R, Jitendra, Patel A. Prevalence of anemia in pregnancy. Indian journal of applied basic medical science 2010 july; 12B (15):45-50.

Abstract:Background: Genial tubercles (GT) show different patterns in their shapes and position. Aim: To evaluate the position and dimensions of the GT. Material and methods: 60 mandibles from the anatomy department of MVJ Medical College were studied. The morphology and measurements of GT were recorded. Results: Type I , type II patterns were noted in 23.33% and 35%, type III and type IV in 26.67 % and 13.33 %. GT was absent in 1.67% of the mandibles examined. The mean height and width of GT was 6.3 ± 2.9 mm and 5.6 ± 1.6 mm. Mean distance from superior genial tubercle to the apices of lower incisors was 15.4 ± 4.1mm. Mean distance from the menton to the upper and lower margins of superior genial tubercles were 14.6 ± 2.3 mm and 8.5 ± 3.3 mm.

[1]. A.Thomson. On the presence of genial tubercles on the mandible of man and their suggested association with the faculty of speech, J Anat Physiol, 50, 1915, 43-74.
[2]. Joao Ferreira dos Santos Junior, Marcio Abrahao, Luiz Carlos Gregorio, Adriane Iurk Zonato, Emne Hammoud Gumieiro. Genioplasty for genioglossus muscle advancement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and mandibular retrognathia, Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol, 73(4), 2007, 480-6.
[3]. S.K.Yin., H.L.Yi., W.Y.Lu., J.Guan., H.M.Wu., Z.Y.Cao., et al. Anatomic and spiral computed tomographic study of the genial tubercles for genioglossus advancement,Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 136, 2007, 632-637.
[4]. E.M.Hueman., M.E.Noujeim., R.P.Langlais., T.J.Prihoda., F.R.Miller, Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography in determining the location of th e genial tubercle, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 137, 2007, 115-118.
[5]. X.Zhang., W.H.Bell., P.W.Washko, Relationship of mandibular anterior tooth apices to genial muscle attachments. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol,65,1988, 653-6.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Health Education on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Personal Hygiene among Primary School Children in Urban Area of Karnataka, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ashutosh Shrestha, Mubashir Angolkar
	:	10.9790/0853-13478689

Abstract:Introduction: Poor personal hygiene, in combination with insanitary conditions and contaminated water, creates a serious public health threat to school children. Children are not conscious of personal hygiene at school level. For better knowledge health education is needed. Objective: To assess the change on knowledge and practice regarding personal hygiene among primary school children after educational interventions. Material and methods: Out of 7 schools Government Urdu Primary School was selected by Simple Random Sampling. All of students of grade 3rd, 4th and 5th were included. Baseline and end line survey was done in February and September 2013.Health education sessions were conducted once a week for six weeks. Paired t test, Mc Nemar test and proportions were calculated.

[1]. United Nation Children's Fund. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Statistics [Internet]. 2013 [Updated 2013 May 29; cited 2013 Oct 8]. Available from hhtp://www.unicef.org/wash/index_statistics.html.
[2]. Snel M, Ganguly S, Shordt K. School Sanitation and Hygiene Education – India. Resource Book. Delft, the Netherlands, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre (Technical Paper Series; no. 39): 2002; 21.
[3]. Fact Sheet. An overview of status of drinking water and sanitation in schools in India. United Nation Children's Fund; 2013 [cited 2013 Oct 8].
[4]. Oyibo PG, Basic Personal Hygiene: Knowledge and Practices among School Children Aged 6-14 Years in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Continental J. Tropical Medicine. 2012; 6 (1): 5 – 11.

Abstract:Introduction: Febrile neutropenia in cancer patients represents a common complication from chemotherapy that is potentially lethal. However in patient with fever and neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy who have a low risk of complications, oral antibiotic may be an acceptable alternative to intravenous antibiotics.

[1]. Behrman, Kliengman and Arvin, Neutropenia,Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics 17th Ed Saunders Elsevier p.717-20.
[2]. Agrawal BR, Perilongo G, Rogers P, Strahlendorf C,Eden OB. Practical Paed Oncology.International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP),2nd Ed, 29-31.
[3]. Behrman, Kliengman and Arvin, Febrile Neutropenia, Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics,17th Ed,Saunders Elsevier p.853-855.
[4]. Bob Phillips, Karen Selwood Sneila M Lane et al.Variation in Policies for the Management of Febrile Neutropenia in United Kingdom Children's CancerStudy Group Arch. Dis. in Children 2007,92,495-98.
[5]. Antibacterial Prophylaxis in Patients with Cancer and Neutropenia. N Eng J Med 2006 Jan 5;354(1):90-4.
[6]. Kern WV, Cometta A, Bock Rd, Langenaeken J et al, Oral versus Intravenous Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy for Fever in Patients with Granulocytopenia who Are Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy. N Eng J Med 1999 Jul 5;341:312- 318.

Abstract:Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer-related death both worldwide and in Sudan. Metastases from breast cancer most frequently occur in the liver. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance of liver metastases on ultrasonography images in female breast cancer patients in Central Sudan. Materials and methods: Between 2002 and 2007, 108 breast cancer patients diagnosed with liver metastases underwent grey scale ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010, software.

[1]. Beaulieu N, Bloom D, Bloom R, Stein R. Breakaway: The Global Burden of Cancer - Challenges and Opportunities. London, UK: The Economist Intelligence Unit; 2009.
[2]. Ngoma TA. World Health Organization cancer priorities in developing countries. Ann Oncol. 2006;17:viii9-viii14.
[3]. Porter P. "Westernizing" women's risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:213-216.
[4]. Ly M, Antoine M, André F, Callard P, Bernaudin JF, Diallo DA. Breast cancer in Sub-Saharan African women: review. Bull Cancer 2011;98:797-806.
[5]. Elgaili EM, Abuidris DO, Rahman M, Michalek AM, Mohammed SI. Breast cancer burden in central Sudan. Int J Womens Health. 2010;2:77-82.

Abstract: Introduction & Background: Fever is a common complaint in post-operative period in patients undergoing clean surgeries. Fever in postoperative period is the result of infection or SIRS. This study is aimed at determining the cause of fever in post-operative period in patients with clean surgeries. Duration of study is from March 2012 to July 2013. The common causes of fever such as SIRS, superficial thrombophlebitis, urinary tract infection, respiratory infection, wound infection, medical causes and anaesthesia related causes have been evaluated for and categorised accordingly. Methods:In this prospective study 623 patients were included. Clinical thermometer was used to chart the temperature. Patients with readings more than 38 degree Celsius at more than two intervals at least 6 hours apart were further evaluated in the form of blood investigations ,urine routine and culture, chest x-ray, blood sugars, malarial parasite test. Results:87 patients had fever (>38°C) postoperatively. 65 patients had fever in the first 24 hours, 15 patients had fever in 24-48 hours and 7 patients had fever 48 hours postoperatively. In 61 patients (70.12%) SIRS was detected as a cause of fever, 12 patients (13.8%) had thrombophlebitis, 7 patients (8.04%) had URTI, 4 (4.6%) had wound infection, 1 patient (1.14%) had UTI and 2 patients (2.3%) hadmalaria. Conclusion:Of the 87 patients with postoperative fever, 67% Patients had aged above 40 years .SIRS is the most common cause of post-operative fever.Superficial thrombophlebitis has been found as a second leading cause for post-operative fever in clean surgeries.Pre-existing co-morbid illness increases the chances of postoperative fever.

[1]. Dinarello CA, Gelfand JA. Fever and hyperthermia. In : Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. McGrawHill: 2005. p. 104-7.
[2]. Mackowiak PA. Fever, In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Polin R, editors. Principles and Practice of infectious diseases. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone: Philadelphia; 2000. p. 604-21.
[3]. Dellinger EP. Approach to the patient with postoperative fever. In :Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, editors. Infectious diseases. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA; 2004. p. 817.
[4]. Sanborn TA, Feldman T: Management strategies for cardiogenic shock. CurrOpinCardiol2004;19:608-612.
[5]. Frank SM, Kluger MJ & Kunkel SL. Elevated thermostatic setpoint in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1426–1431.

Abstract: Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is an extremely rare mediastinal tumor with few cases reported in 20-40 year age group [1, 2]. We herein report first case of paediatric BFH of lung. The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the tumor should be in the armamentarium of the treating surgeon, as it will reduce pitfalls in management of this tumor owing to its rarity, benign nature and excellent prognosis.
Keywords: "BFH", "Fibrous histiocytoma lung", "Paediatric lung tumour",

[1] Enzinger, Weiss. Soft tissue tumor, 4th ed. Mosby; 2001. p. 441-55.
[2] Sajjad SM, Begin LR, Dail DH, Lukeman JM. Fibrous histiocytoma of lung-a clinicopathological study of two cases. Histopathology 198;5(3):325-34.
[3] Fletcher CD. Benign fibrous histiocytoma of subcutaneous and deep soft tissue: clinicopathologic analysis of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:801-809.
[4] Sood N, Singhal VS. Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the mediastinum. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1992;34:33-7
[5] Lago JV, Pujol JL, Reboiras SD, Larrauri J, Schacke M. Fibrous histiocytoma of the lung.Thorax 1976;31:475-479.

Abstract: Many health benefits have been claimed in favour of Quail egg consumption by individuals 36 female subjects of age range 30-60yrs were selected for this study. They were grouped into 3 groups viz: Group A (12 subjects) consist the control group, Group B (12 subjects; anaemic subjects) and Group C (12 subjects; hypertensive anaemic subjects). Their average weight is 50-70kg. The test groups B and C were administered with 3 cooked Quail eggs thrice daily for 21 days while the control group A did not receive any quail egg but had a normal blood level concentration and blood pressure.
Results of the study after careful experimentation of the hematological and biochemical parameters revealed increment in the blood concentration of anaemic subject in group B 15.2+1.42 as against 8.5+0.54 in the first day of the test. The cholesterol level in Group B and C subjects were highly increased (300+40 group B), 280+24(group C) compared to their corresponding control (160+28). Consumption of quail egg has no effect in blood sugar level or blood pressure (p>0.05). The increment in cholesterol level in the test subject could be because all food containing animal fat contains cholesterol to varying extents.
Key words: Quail egg, cholesterol, anemic hypertension, haemoglobin, platelets, blood sugar.

[1]. AKUBUE P. I (2000). Hypertension. Textbook on Health checks and Health promotion pg 17-18. Published by Snaap Press LTD, 1 snaap drive Independence Layout Enugu Nigeria.
[2]. BACKPACKER BEN 2010. Eat cheap Top. 7 street foods Around the world. http//ww.backpackerben.co.uk/highlights/eat-cheap-top-7-street-foodsaround.
[3]. CHRISTIE WILLIAM (2003). Lipid analysis: Isolation, separation, identification and structural analysis lipids. Ayr, Scotland: Oily Press. ISBN 0-953194957.
[4]. DEBRASS FARM, 2012. Quail egg farming in Nigeria. http//www.dobrasquailfarm.com./Health Benefits of Quail eggs.
[5]. HEALTH SOLUTION PROVIDERS 2012. Benefit of Quail egg". http//ahealthsolutions.gnbo.com/ng/Benefit of quail eggs..

Abstract: Congenital ureteric obstruction caused by a ureteric valve is an extremely rare entity. Our patient, a 6-year-old male, had undergone evaluation for recurrent pain in the left lower part of abdomen and was diagnosed as a case of left hydrouretronehrosis on ultrasound abdomen. Intravenous urography revealed left hydronephrosis and hydroureter with a cut-off in mid –ureteric region. Micturating cysto-urethrogram (MCUG) and cystoscopy were normal. Laparotomy with excision of valve with end to end uretro-uretrostomy was performed. Histopathology revealed Type II ureteric valve. A high index of suspicion is required to make a correct preoperative diagnosis.
Keywords: Ureteric stricture, ureteric valve, hydrouretronehrosis

[1]. Daher P, Riachy E, Mourani C, Smayra T, Haddad S. An unusual case of bilateral primitive obstructed megaureters due to ureteric valves presenting with anuria at the age of 1 month. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42:17–20.
[2]. Rabinowitz R, Kingston TE, Wesselhoeft C, Caldamone AA. Ureteric valves in children. Urology. 1998;51:7–11
[3]. Wall B, Wachter E. Congenital ureteric valve: Its role as a primary obstructive lesion: Classification of the literature and report of an authentic case. J Urol. 1952;68:684–90.
[4]. Maizels M, Stephens FD. Valves of the ureter as a cause of primary obstruction of the ureter: Anatomic, embryologic and clinical aspects. J Urol. 1980;123:742–7.
[5]. Docimo SG, Lebowitz RL, Retik AB, et al. Congenital midureteric obstruction. Urol Radiol. 1989;11:156–60.

Abstract: Tubercular esophagocutaneous fistula is a rare entity with only about five cases reported so far. To our best knowledge we herein report first case of tubercular esophagocutaneous fistula in neck of a child with a long tract which responded well to antitubercular treatment.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, Fistula, Esophagocutaneous, Intestinal tuberculosis

[1]. Sathiyasekaran M, Shivbalan S (2004) Esophageal tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr 71:457–458
[2]. Shah S (2002) Esophageal tuberculosis: is it so rare? Report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Indian J Gastroenterol 21:170
[3]. Devarbhavi HC, Alvares JF, Radhikadevi M (2003) Esophageal tuberculosis associated with esophagotracheal or esophagome- diastinal fistula: report of 10 cases. Indian J Surg 57:588–592
[4]. Chou Rasheed, S., Zinicola, R., Watson, D., Bajwa, A. and McDonald, P.J. (2007) Intra-abdominal and gastroin-testinal tuberculosis. Colorectal Disease, 9, 773-783.
[5]. Vinodh BN, Sharma SK, Smith-Rohrberg D, Seith A (2006) Tubercular esophagocutaneous fistula. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 48:209–211

Abstract: Background And Objectives: Diabetes mellitus was one of the most common metabolic disorder and leading cause of death and disability in the world. The incidence of diabetes was increasing in India and globally. Several studies have shown that low serum magnesium concentrations in Type 2 diabetics compared to healthy controls. Magnesium depletion has a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Magnesium deficiency can lead to development of complications such as retinopathy, thrombosis and hypertension. Hence this study was conducted at Tertiary care center in Aurangabad Maharashtra. Methods: A study was done in randomly chosen 100 Type 2 diabetic patients, and 100 non diabetic age / sex matched controls age group 30 to 70 years attending diabetic clinic at M.G.M. Medical College And Hospital Aurangabad. All patients and controls underwent thorough clinical examination and estimation of serum magnesium, FBS, PPBS, lipid profile and urea, creatinine levels. Results: 37% of diabetic patients had low serum magnesium levels (Mg2+level<1.5mg/dL) and 9% of controls had low serum magnesium levels (Mg2+level<1.5mg/dL). The mean serum magnesium levels were 1.96=0.54mg/dL and 2.375+0.449mg/dL, in diabetics and controls respectively (p value < 0.0001 Highly significant). There is negative co relationship between Sr.Mg Levels and hypertension and there was also found to be negative correlation between Mg and retinopathy. In the study hypomagnesaemia (Mg2+ level < 1.5mg/dl) is correlating with hypertension hence there is an association between hypertension and serum Mg2+ level (p=0.018 highly significant). Hypomagnesaemia (Mg2+ Level < 1.5mg/dL) is correlating with retinopathy In this study hence there is an association between retinopathy and serum Mg2+ level p:0.041 significant) Interpretation And Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Low Mg2+ status is common in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to non diabetic controls. It may be prudent in clinical practice to periodically monitor plasma Mg2+ concentration in diabetic patients. If plasma Mg2+ is low, an intervention to increase dietary intake of magnesium maybe beneficial.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, magnesium, hypomagnesaemia, hypertension, retinopathy, dyslipidemia.

[1]. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025- prevalence numerical estimate and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:1414-31.
[2]. Bursch GE, Gibbs TD. Importance of magnesium deficiency in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1977;94:649-654.
[3]. Resnick LM, Altura BT, Gupta RK, Larsh JH , Alderman MH, Altura BM. Intracellular and extracellular magnesium depletion in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1993;36:767-770