iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-11 ~ November-2015

Abstract:Amblyopia refers to a decrease in best-corrected visual acuity in an eye having no organic pathology. Amblyopia is primarily a cortical phenomenon, caused by unequal competitive inputs from the two eyes into primary visual cortex area 17, although additional structural and functional abnormalities have been observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus of amblyopic animals and human. It has been estimated to affect 1– 3% of the population Amblyopia usually affects only one eye, but it is possible to be amblyopic in both eyes if
both are similarly deprived of a good, clear visual image. Detecting the condition in early childhood increases the chance of successful treatment.

[1]. Brenden T. Barrett, Arthur Bradley, Paul V. Mcgraw;Understanding the Neural Basis of Amblyopia, NEUROSCIENTIST; 2004;
10(2):106–117.
[2]. Celesia GG, Bodis-Wollner I, Chatrian GE, Harding GFA, SokolS,Spekreijse H. Recommended standards for
electroretinogramsandvisual evoked potentials: report of an IFCN Committee. ElectroencephClinNeurophysiol. 1993;87:421–436.
[3]. Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Binocular interaction in striate cortex ofkittens reared with artificial squint. J Neurophysiol. 1965;28:1041–
1059.
[4]. Karl E. Misulis, TouficFakhoury (2001), Spehlmann's Evoked Potential Primer, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0750673338.
[5]. Wiesel TN. Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of the environment. Nature; 1982; 299:583-591.
[6]. Von Noorden GK, Amblyopia: A multidisciplinary approach. Procter Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci; 1985 ;26:1704-1716.

Abstract: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is an important cause of mortality morbidity in children. We undertook the study for better understanding of clinical profile and outcome of AES in our settings . We retrospectively evaluated 24 patients of AES admitted in our institute from August to October 2015 by evaluating their outcomes using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Among 24 cases AES patients, 6(25%) were recovered completely (GOSV) , while 11 (45.83%) cases had neurological sequelae (GOS II –IV) with a wide range of severity varying from mild to severe at the time of discharge.7(29.16%) patient died in the hospital (GOS I). Use of mechanical ventilation, lower Glasgow coma score, and concurrent seizures are predictors for a poor outcome.

[1]. Hinson VK, Tyor WR (2001) Update on viral encephalitis. J Curr Opin Neurol 14(3):369–374
[2]. McGrath N, Anderson NE, Croxson MC et al (1997) Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with acyclovir: diagnosis and long term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63(3):321–326
[3]. Utley TFM, Ogden JA, Gibb A et al (1997) The long-term neuropsychological outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in a series of unselected survivors. J Cognit Behav Neurol 10(3):180–189
[4]. Raschilas F, Wolff M, Delatour F et al (2002) Outcome of and prognostic factors for herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients: results of a multicenter study. J Clin Infect Dis 35(3):254–260
[5]. Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J et al (2009) Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. J Emerg Infect Dis 15(1):1

Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notoriously difficult organism to control with antibiotics or disinfectants and has become increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance. Several different epidemiological studies track its emergence as multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) strains in clinical isolates. According to the CDC, the overall incidence of P. aeruginosa infections in US hospitals averages about 0.4 percent (4 per 1000 discharges), and the bacterium is the fourth most commonly-isolated nosocomial pathogen accounting for 10.1 percent of all hospital-acquired infections

[1]. Obritsch MD, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Jung R. Nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiology and treatment options. Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Oct;25(10):1353-64.

[2]. P A Lambert Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa J R Soc Med 2002;95(Suppl. 41):22–26

[3]. Patel R. Biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005:41–47.

[4]. Anderson GG, O'Toole GA. Innate and Induced Resistance Mechanisms of Bacterial Biofilms. In: Romeo T eds. Bacterial Biofilms. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 322, Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 2008: 85-105.

[5]. Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002; 15:167–193.

[6]. Dunne WM Jr. Bacterial adhesion: seen any good biofilms lately?. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001; 15:155–166

Abstract: Aims: Our study is aimed to assess and evaluvate perioperative haemodynamic changes in hypertensive patients treated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia Objectives: To study the haemodynamic changes on patients continuing/discontinuing Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker on the day of surgery.

[1]. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipriloncardiovascular events in high risk patients. New England J Med, Jan 20,2000;342(3):145-53
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[3]. Ryckwaert F; Colson P. Haemodynamic effects of anaesthesia in patients with ischemic heart failure chronically treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Anesth&analg, May 1997;84(5):pp945-949.
[4]. Jakola ML, Ali-Melkkila T, Kanto J, Kallio A, Scheinin H, ScheininM.Dexmedetomidine reduces intraocular pressure, intubation response andanaesthetic requirements in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery. BrJAnaesth 1992;68:570-5.
[5]. Kallio A, Scheinin M, Koulu M, Ponkilainen R, Ruskoaho H, Viinamaki O, et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, on haemodynamic control mechanism. ClinPharmacolTher 1989;46:33-42.
[6]. Nathaniel H. Greene, B.S., Craig Weldon, M.D., Terri G. Monk, M.D., M.S. There Are No Consistent Definitions of Hemodynamic Aberrations in the Anesthesia Literature Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 2008.

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat worldwide, and a major threat in India where antibiotics are readily available. Multidrug resistant "superbugs are sending millions of people to hospitals around the world . ICUs are good source of infection, where resistance is most observed and which is a major challenge for the intensivists in their clinical practice. Accumulation of resistance traits in Gram negative bacteria has led to multidrug resistance. The major mechanisms of resistance in these Gram negative bacteria are ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemases production.

[1]. Aaurin B, Grundstrom T. ampC cephalosporinase of Escherichia coli K-12 has a different evolutionary origin from that of beta-lactamases of the penicillinase type. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981; 78: 4897 – 4901.
[2]. Abraham EP, Chain E. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. Nature 1940; 146 : 837.
[3]. Ambler RP. The structure of beta lactamases.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London., B, Biological Science 1980;289(1036):321-331.
[4]. Ambler RP. The Structure of β-Lactamases. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1980; 289: 321 – 331.
[5]. Amudhan SM, Sekar U, Arunagiri K, Sekar B. OXA beta lactamase-mediated carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2008;127:269-274.
[6]. Babini GS, Livermore DM. Are SHV beta-lactamases universal in Klebsiella pneumoniae? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44 : 2230.

Abstract: Back ground: Cancer cervix is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women. Many studies have proved that via and vili has sensitivity comparable to papsmear not only in a resource poor setting but in a well equipped centre also. Present study compares the effectiveness of via-vili done in two centers with low resource setting. AIM:To compare the efficacy of our via-vili test with other centers test.

[1]. Katherine camachocarv,Johw.sellors cervical cancer screening in low resource settings using visual inspection with acetic acid med scape.
[2]. Sankaranarayanan R.etal Test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid and lugols iodine in cervical cancer screening in Kerala, India. Int j cance 2003 sep 1: 106(3): 404-8
[3]. R.Sanakaranarayanan-2003 online library.wiley.com/doi/10/1002/ijc.11245/pdf Test characteristics of VIA and VILI in cervical cancer screening in Kerala, India.
[4]. Losarian-2005 evaluation of VIA lugols iodine, cervical cytology and HPV testing as cervical screening tools in latin America. j med screen 200:12(3)142-9
[5]. P.Ghosh-2012-visual inspection of cervix with lugols iodine for early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix Indian j med Res 136, August 2012, PP 265-271
[6]. Cervical cancer screening tests : visual inspection methods/ uptodate.com.

Abstract: Background: Needle stick injuries(NSI) and sharp injuries present the single greatest occupational hazard to health care workers. Diseases of primary significance to health care workers are the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common procedure was blood collection followed by surgical procedures. Materials and Methods: Seventy eight students of paramedical course participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was used. All the students answered the questionnaire. Result: Regarding NSI the students had adequate knowledge.

[1]. Perry J, Parker G, Jagger J. EPINET report: 2003 percutaneous injury rates. Adv Exposure Prev 2005;7:2-45
[2]. Mehta A, Rodrigues C, Ghag S, Bavi P, Shenai S, Dastur F. Needlestick injuries in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. J Hosp Infect 2005;60:368-73
[3]. Kermode M, Jolley D, Langkham B, Thomas MS, Crofts N. Occupational exposure to blood and risk of bloodborne virus infection among health care workers in rural north Indian health care settings. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:34-41
[4]. Rele M, Mathur M, Turbadkar D. Risk of needle stick injuries in health care workers: A report. Indian J Med Microbiol 2002;20:206-7
[5]. Richard VS, Kenneth J, Ramaprabha P, Kirupakaran H, Chandy GM. Impact of introduction of sharps containers and of education programmes on the pattern of needle stick injuries in a tertiary care centre in India. J Hosp Infect 2001;47:163-5

Abstract: Background: Studies are being done to identify the potential early biomarkers of diabetes. Dermatoglyphics feature are genetically determined .Therefore the present study intends to evaluate the relationship between Dermatoglyphic patterns and type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Objective: To compare the dermatoglyphic features of normal individuals and patients with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus.

[1] Journal of Biology and Life Science ISSN 2157-6076 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2 www.macrothink.org/jbls 208

[2] Schuman B, Alter M. Dermatoglyphics in medical disorders. 1st (Ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag Publication; 1976. pp 146- 172.

[3] Dermatoglyphics: An Economical Tool for Prediction of Diabetes Mellitus ,Mukesh Mittal1, BS Lala Int J Med Health Sci. July 2013,Vol-2;Issue-3

Abstract: Background: Pregnancy is a stress test for thyroid gland resulting in hypothyroidism in women who were euthyroid before conception. This spectrum starts with subclinical hypothyroidism the effect of which on the fetal clinical profile is less studied. Objectives:
1. To study the clinical profile of infants born to mothers who have subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy.
2. To study the association between thyroid hormone replacement in subclinical hypothyroid mothers and the birth weight of their infants.

[1]. Chevrier J, Harley KG, Kogut K, Holland N, Johnson C, Eskenazi B. Maternal Thyroid Function during the Second Half of Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment at 6, 12, 24, and 60 Months of Age. Journal of Thyroid Research 2011; Article ID 426427, 13 pages
[2]. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 549-55
[3]. Donny L F, Elizabeth N et al. Screening for maternal thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: A review of the clinical evidence and current guidelines. Journal of Thyroid Research 2013; Article ID851326, 8pages.
[4]. Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, Mclntire DD, Byrd W, Leveno KJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:239-45.
[5]. Stagnaro-Green A, Chen X, Bogden JD, Davies TF, Scholl TO. The thyroid and pregnancy: a novel risk factor for very preterm delivery. Thyroid 2005; 15: 351-7.

Abstract: Background: Lichtenstein hernioplasty, a tension-free inguinal hernia repair using polypropylene mesh under local anesthesia has become the "gold standard" in the treatment of uncomplicated inguinal hernia repair.Ourstudy is a prospective study to compare effectiveness of local and spinal anaesthesia for Lichtenstein hernioplasty. Material & Methods:74 patients admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of uncomplicated inguinal hernia were included in the study.36 patients underwent surgery under local anaesthesia and 38 under spinal anaesthesia. Both groups were compared for intraoperative, immediate post-operative, & delayed postoperative complication.

[1]. Johnson J, Roth JS, Hazey JW, et al. The history of open inguinal hernia repair. Curr Surg. 2004;61:49
[2]. Cheek CM, Black NA, Delvin HB: Groin hernia Surgery: a systematic review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1998;80:S1-20
[3]. Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H: One thousand consecutive inguinal hernia repairs under unmonitored local anaesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1373-76
[4]. Amid PL, Shulman AG, Lichtenstein IL: Local anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair. Step-by-step procedure. Ann Surg 1994;220:735-37
[5]. Delvin H, Brenden. Inguinal hernia in adults in atlas of general surgery Hug Dudly David C, Carter, RCG Russel ; London, Butter worths &Co, 1988;681-92
[6]. Bholla Singh Sidhu et al. Tension free hernioplasty under local anaesthesia,Gilbert repair. Indian Journal of Surgery 1999;61:310-14
[7]. F.A.Gultekin, O.Kuruahvecioglu, A. Karamercan, A prospective comparision of local and spinal anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair.Hernia 2007;11:153-56

Abstract: Oral Health is a mirror of general Health". Any factors affecting the general health also affect the oral health and vice-versa. (1).Proper diet and nutritional status are pre-requisite not onlyfor maintenance of health but also for the proper growth of the child. Though caries is a multi-factorial disease,the role played by Diet in the causation of caries has been well documented (2,3).In some advanced countries, frequent eating of food and high consumption of carbohydrates were reported to be the reason of increasing obesity and dental caries [1,4, 5]. Conversely, in some developing countries dental caries resulted in malnutrition and inability of consuming food[1, 6-8].

[1]. EdalatA.a, AbbaszadehM.b, EesvandiM.c, HeidariA.c - The Relationship of Severe Early Childhood Caries and Body Mass Index in aGroup of 3- to 6-year-old Children in Shiraz. J Dent Shiraz Univ Med Sci., June 2014; 15(2): 68-73.
[2]. Sheiham A. & James W.P.T. - Diet and Dental Caries The pivotal role of free sugars reemphasized .Journal of Dental Research 2015, vol 94(10):`1341 – 1347
[3]. Guidelines on Caries Risk Assessment and Management for Infants, Children And Adolescents. AAPD Reference Manual V 37 No 6 15/16
[4]. Norberg C, Hallström Stalin U, Matsson L, Thorngren- Jerneck K, Klingberg G. Body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in 5-year-old children from southern Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40: 315-322
[5]. Macek MD, Mitola DJ. Exploring the association between overweight and dental caries among US children.Pediatr Dent 2006; 28: 375-380.

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to show the potential of Salmonella enteritidis infection to cause Diplopia as a consequence of Papilledema. A case of Salmonellosis in a 23 year-old female, who presented with high grade fever, non- specific abdominal pain , nausea and diplopia only on dextroversion , is presented. Prompt diagnosis and early management with IV antibiotics resulted in resolution of symptoms and drastic improvement. Salmonella infection can lead to significant Papilledema. Early diagnosis and adequate management can lead to resolution of infection.

Key words: Salmonella, infection enteritidis, diplopia, Papilledema.

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Abstract: 17-beta-estradiol (E2) is a C-18 steroid hormone (molecular weight 272.4 Da) produced mainly by the ovary and placenta and in small amounts by adrenals and testes. Estradiol is in equilibrium with estrone, which can be converted to estriol by the liver and placenta.Like for LH-FSH-progesterone, measurement of estradiol concentration in serum, peritoneal fluid and follicular fluid is an essential biochemical tool for the investigation of fertility, tumor and sexual diseases, and disorders of hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis, for example. To detect the follicular phase.

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[5]. Leroy JL, Vanholder T, Delanghe JR, Opsomer G, Van Soom A, Bols PE, Dewulf J, de Kruif A: Metabolic changes in follicular fluid of the dominant follicle in high-yielding dairy cows early post partum. Theriogenology 2004, 62:1131-1143.

Abstract: Background: Counseling, HIV diagnostic testing, promoting behavior changes is done by ICTC to improve survival and quality of life. Aims and objective: 1) Socio-demographic profile of attendee of ICTC. 2) Willingness to disclose HIV positive status among attendee of ICTC. Material and method: A cross sectional, institutional based study was conducted at ICTC of Rims, Ranchi, and Jharkhand. Total 116 subjects were included in the study. Pre tested, semi structured questionnaire were used for data collection. Data entry was done in MS excel and analyzed in spss software.

[1]. WHO, HIV/AIDS, Fact sheet No. 360, July 2015.

[2]. List of Countries by HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence-Wikipedia.

[3]. Taraphdar.P, Dasgupta.A, Saha.B. Disclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS. IJCM vol. 32, No 4, October 2007.

[4]. Govt.of India, Annual Repot 2014-15,NACO,Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.

[5]. Karir.S, Kumar.C, Kumar.V, Haider.S, Kashyap.V, Vidyasagar. Trend of HIV/AIDS Among children under 15 years of age attending ART Centre Rims, Ranchi. Indian J. Prev.Soc.Med. Vol. 45 No1-2.2014.

[6]. Chauhan.T, Bhardwaj.A.K, Prashar.A, Kanga.A.K,. A study of Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practices among the attendee of Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre of Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern Hilly State of India. Al Ameen J Med SCI; Volume 6, No.3, 2013.

Abstract: Improved life expectancy of people on antiretroviral therapy has increased focus on quality of life issues. The objectives of this study were to assess the quality of life in people on antiretroviral therapy; determine the sociodemographic and clinical predictors of quality of life in people on antiretroviral therapy and to evaluate the reliability of the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL BREF) instrument. The study was conducted using a descriptive correlational survey at Masvingo Provincial Hospital Opportunistic infections (OI) Clinic.A randomly selected sample of 300 participants, on antiretroviral drugs was interviewed through standardized interviewing.

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[3]. Mwesigire DM, Martin F, Seeley J, Katamba A. Relationship between CD4 count and quality of life over time among HIV patients in Uganda: a cohort study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015;13:144.
[4]. Feng MC, Feng JY, Yu CT, Chen LH, Yang PH, Shih CC, et al. Stress, needs, and quality of life of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015 Sep;31(9):485-92.
[5]. Maluccio JA, Palermo T, Kadiyala S, Rawat R. Improving Health-Related Quality of Life among People Living with HIV: Results from an Impact Evaluation of a Food Assistance Program in Uganda. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0135879.

Abstract: Background: Stigmatizing attitudes of Undergraduate (UG) medical students towards psychiatric illnesses can compromise patient care. Aims:To study the impact of clinical postings on attitude of UG medical students towards Psychiatric illness,Cancer and Diabetes Mellitus(DM). Methods: A total of 120 UG medical students(60-1st year and 60 Internees) constituted the study population.Sociodemographic data was collected.All students rated on Medical Condition Regards Scale(MCRS) for the three conditions separately.Results were analysed on SPSS 20.

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Abstract: Purpose: To find out the correlation between Diabetes mellitus and Central corneal thickness(CCT). Design: Hospital based, Case-Control study. Sampling And Sample Size: A total of 100 patients, 30-70yrs of age, participated in the study, of whom 50 were diabetic and 50 were non-diabetic. Methods: Consenting patients of age 30-70yrs, attending RIMS OPD, who did not have any corneal pathology were divided into two groups – diabetic and non-diabetic. After thorough local and systemic examination, the central corneal thickness was measured using Ultrasound pachymetry.

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Abstract: Riyadh College has a history of more than eleven years of teaching faculties such as dentistry and pharmacy. The cost of the dental services is heavily subsidized by the college; treatment depends on each patient's case and on the student schedule for the clinics.These factors probably lengthen the treatment period compared to the patient's expectations. We focus in our research about satisfaction of patients inside the clinic by questionnaire form. Randomly we chose 25 male patients and 25 female patients for our study. The questionnaire was designed in Arabic, and translated to English later after completion to make it convenient for the patient's purpose.

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Abstract: Fluid filled channels in some restored teeth provides a continuum between gaps of the walls of prepared teeth structure & around the restorative materials, through dentinal tubules of the pulp. The microleakage dentin sensitivity & pulpal irritation is due to the liquid continuum. The clinical consequences of these problems are decreased by the pulpodentin complex which reacts to the environmental challenges. The structure and function of dentin needs to be reviewed to understand the biologic mechanisms of these responses.

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Abstract: Despite medical advancements Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain important clinical problem worldwide and heavy financial burden on healthcare. Wound infection occurs after surgery depends on patient related factors, procedure related factor, microbial factor, and perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. Operative wound are classified as clean wound, clean contaminated, contaminated, and dirty infected wound. Frequently isolated pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus,coagulase negative Staphylococcus,MRSA,CA-MRSA(community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus),multidrug resistant pathogens and anaerobic bacilli. Use of known prophylaxis measure is the best practice.

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