iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2016

Abstract: Background: India has a large pool of pre-diabeticsubjectsandshowsarapidconversionofthese highrisksubjectstodiabetes.DuetochanginglifestyleIndians arepronetodeveloptype2diabetes(DM)atanearlyage.Insulinresistance(IR)has becomeacentralfeatureinthedevelopmentof impaired glucosetolerance(IGT), type-2diabetes. Methods: 100 normal volunteers, 50subjects with and 50 subjectswithoutfamilyhistoryof Diabetes,intheagerangeof18to25yearswereevaluatedforinsulinresistance. Astandard(75g)OGTTwasperformedandplasmaglucoseassessed at0(fasting),30,120min.FastingplasmainsulinlevelsassessedbyRIAkitmethod. UsingFastingPlasmaGlucose(FPG)andFastingPlasmaInsulin(FPI)levelsthe insulin resistanceis calculated by HOMA method. Homeostaticmodel assessmentmethodHOMA _IR =FPG(mmol/L) xFPI(μIU / mL) /22.5.

[1] RamachandranA,MaRC,SnehalathaC.DiabetesinAsia.Lancet. Jan302010; 375 (9712):408-418.
[2] AnjanaRMetal.Prevalenceofdiabetesandpre-diabetes(impairedfastingglucoseand/orimpairedglucosetolerance)inurbanandruralIndia:phaseIresultsoftheIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch-INdiaDIABetes(ICMR-INDIAB) study.Diabetologia.2011Dec;54(12):3022-7. Doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2291-5. Epub 2011 Sep 30.
[3] QiaoQ,HuG,TuomilehtoJ,etal.Age-andsex-specificprevalenceofdiabetesandimpairedglucoseregulationin11Asiancohorts.DiabetesCare. Jun 2003; 26 (6):1770-1780.
[4] YajnikCS,FallCHD,VaidhyaU,PanditAN,BavdekarA,BhatDS,OsmondC,etal.Fetalgrowthandglucoseandinsulinmetabolisminfour-yearoldIndianchildren. Diab Med 1995; 12:330-336.
[5] StumvollM,MitrakouA,PimentaW,JenssenT,Yki-JarvinenH,VanHaeftenTetal.UseoftheOralGlucoseToleranceTesttoAscessInsulinRelease and Sensitivity.Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (3): 295-301.

Abstract: The dose response of ropivacaine has not been extensively determined yet. This study was conducted to estimate minimum effective local anaesthetic dose and to assess the duration of sensory and motor block, and side effects if any, of intrathecal administration of ropivacaine for lower limb surgeries. Materials and Methods: 120 patients aged between 20 years and 60 years of either sex belonging to ASA Class I and Class II posted for elective lower limb orthopaedic surgeries were randomly selected for the study. The study population was randomly divided by a set of random numbers into 3 groups (Group I= 10mg of isobaric Ropivacaine, Group II= 15mg of isobaric Ropivacaine, Group III= 20mg of isobaric Ropivacaine Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance with post hoc analysis

[1]. R.Stienstra. The place of Ropivacaine in Anesthesia. Acta Anaesthetic Belg. 2003;54:141-148.
[2]. Stefania Lenone, Simone Di Cianni, Andrea Casati. Pharmacology, toxicology and clinical use of new long acting local anaesthetics. Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine. ACTA BIOMEIS. 2008; 79:92-105.
[3]. Gaurav Kuthiala, Geeta Chaudhary: Ropivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and clinical use. Indian Journal of Anesthesia; Vol 55: Issue 2.Mar-Apr 2011.
[4]. Mc Namee DA, Mc Clelland AM, Scott S, Milligan KR, Westman M L, Gustafsson U. Spinal anesthesia: Comparison of plain ropivacaine 5mg/ml with bupivacaine 5mg/ml for major orthopaedic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:702-6.
[5]. Whiteside JB, Burke D, Wildsmith JA. Comparison of ropivacaine 0.5% (in glucose 5%0 with bupivacaine 0.5% ( in glucose 8%) for spinal anesthesia for elective surgery. Br J Anaesth 2001; 90:304-8.
[6]. O..gu..n CO.., Kirgiz EN, Duman A, O..Kesli S, Akyu..rek C. Comparison of intrathecal isobaric bupivacaine-morphine and ropivacaine morphine for Caesarean delivery.Br J Anaesthesia 2003; 90:659-64.

Abstract: Thyroid carcinoma originates from follicular or parafollicular thyroid cells. These cells give rise to both well-differentiated cancers (i.e., papillary and follicular) and analastic thyroid cancer. The second cell type, the C or parafollicular cell, produces the hormone calcitonin and is the cell of origin for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).FNAC is an effective veritable tool for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions in various age groups. Based on the cytology findings, patients can be followed in cases of benign diagnosis and subjected to surgery in cases of malignant diagnosis thereby decreasing the rate of unnecessary surgery. The aim of our study is to know the prevalence of thyroid cancer in the past five years and the role of FNAC in its diagnosis as well as knowing the limitations of FNAC in the definitive diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland. Patients who visited the outpatient department of our centre with complaints of thyroid swelling were sent for cytological examination in the cytopath section of department of pathology.

[1]. Perros P, editor. Report of the Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Update Group. 2nd ed. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2007. British Thyroid Association, Royal College of Physicians. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. [2]. Cancer Statistics; Registrations [internet] The Office for National Statistics. [Last updated on 2005; Last cited on 2009 June 24]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk . [3]. Guidance on cancer services: Improving outcomes in head and neck cancers - the manual [internet]National Institute of Clinical Excellence. [Last Updated on 2004; Last cited on 2008 Aug 24]. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp%action = byIDando = 10897 . [4]. Morris LF, Ragavendra N, Yeh MW. Evidence-based assessment of the role of ultrasonography in the management of benign thyroid nodules. World J Surg. 2008;32:1253–63. [PubMed] [5]. Cobin RH, Gharib H, Bergman DA, Clark OH, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, et al. AACE/AAES medical/surgical guidelines for clinical practice: management of thyroid carcinoma.American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. American College of Endocrinology. Endocr Pract. 2001;7:202–20. [PubMed]

Abstract: Stem cell (SC) therapy has a promising future for tissue regenerative medicine. However, because SC technology is still in its infancy, interdisciplinary cooperation is needed to achieve successful clinical applications. Dental SCs have drawn attention in recent years because of their accessibility, plasticity, and high proliferative ability. Several types of dental SCs have been identified, including dental pulp SCs from adult human dental pulp, SCs from human primary exfoliated deciduous teeth(SHED), periodontal ligament SCs, and dental follicle SCs from human third molars.

[1]. Potten CS, Loeffler M. Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Developme 1990;110:1001–20
[2]. Weissman IL. Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution. Cell 2000;100:157–68.
[3]. Weissman IL. Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities. Science 2000;287:1442–6.
[4]. Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, Robey PG, Shi S. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:13625–30.
[5]. Mazur P. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications. Am J Physiol 1984;247:C125–42
[6]. Masato K, Hiroko K, Toshitsugu K, Masako T, Shinya K, Masahide M, Yuiko T, et al. Cryopreservation of PDL cells by use of program freezer with magnetic field for teeth banking. Dent Jpn 2007;43:82–6. .
[7]. Miura M, Gronthos S, Zhao M, Lu B, Fisher LW, Robey PG, Shi S. SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(10): 5807–12, 2003

Abstract: The aim of this article was to emphasize the challenges that are phased while management of calcific- metamorphosis. Case report: Root canal treatment was planned for maxillary central incisor which was non-vital upon pulp testing. No canal was located upon access opening. Further access was made by small round bur & K-files for locating the canal. Then finally access was gained to the canal. The working length was determined. Chemo-mechanical preparation was done with K-Files & protaper next rotory file system. Tooth was obturated by using lateral condensation technique with AH plus sealer.

[1] Bernice Thomas, ManojChandak, Adityavardhan Patidar; Calcified Canals – A Review, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS),13(50),2014,38-43.
[2] P. S. McCabe & P. M. H. Dummer ; Pulp canal obliteration: an endodontic diagnosis and treatment challenge; International Endodontic Journal, 45, 2012 177–197.
[3] Keijo luuko, Oaivi Kettunen, Inge Fristad & Ellen berggreen. Structure & function of dentin-pulp complex. Cohen's pathway of the pulp, tenth edition; pp. 452-503.
[4] Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment criteria; the American Association of Endodontist, 2010.
[5] Shruti Saha , Ritu Prabha Patel , Pratibha Agrawal; Conservative Management of Calcified Canal with Maxillary Left Lateral Insicor: A Case Report; International Journal of Women Dentists 1(1):2014;49-51.
[6] Tavares, Lopes, Menezes, Henriques, Ribeiro Sobrinho; non-surgical treatment of pulp canal obliteration using contemporary endodontic techniques: Case series; Dental Press Endod.,2(1),2012,52-58.

Abstract: The goal of endodontic treatment is to obtain effective cleaning and removal of the smear layer, bacteria and their by products within the root canal system. Endodontic techniques use mechanical instruments as well as ultrasonic and chemical irrigation in an attempt to shape, clean and completely decontaminate the endodontic system, but still fall short of elimination of the same. A recent advancement in the delivery of laser energy into the root canal system has been investigated, specifically the creation of a system of laser-activated irrigation (LAI) .In this work, a novel tapered and stripped tip of a laser-activated irrigation technique called photon induced Photo-acoustic streaming (PIPS) was used.

[1] Y.Kimura, P.Wilder –Smith, K.Matsumoto.Lasers in endodontics review.Interenational Endodontic Journal .2000; 33:173-185.

[2] Pini R, Salimbeni R, Vannini M, Barone R, Clauser C. Laser dentistry: a new application of excimer laser in root canal therapy. Lasers Surg Med. 1989;9(4):352

[3] Schoop U, Kluger W, Moritz A, Nedjelik N, Georgopoulos A, Sperr W. Bactericidal effect of different laser systems in the deep layers of dentin. Lasers Surg Med. 2004; 35(2):111-6.

[4] Miserendino LJ, Neiburger EJ, Valia H. The thermal effects of continuous wave CO2 laser exposure on human teeth: an in vitro study . | J Endodon 1989; 15:383-6

[5] Dederich D, Zachareinsen K, Tulip J. Scanning electron microscope analysis of root canal wall dentin follow neodium yttrium garnet laser irradiation [Abstract].J Endodon 1984; 10:428.

Abstract: The studies on growth and physical development of children are important as they provide determinants of nation's health. This study was carried over a period of one year with the objective to study the growth pattern of school children (10-18 years) of Guwahati city of India. A total of 1000 school children between 10-18 years were taken randomly and their weight, height measured and BMI calculated.500 children were taken from government school and 500 from private school. The mean height, weight and BMI of the children of both government and private school were seen to increase with age. The mean height and mean weight of the children of private school was the found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of government school.

[1]. Kliegman, Stanton,St Geme,Schor,Behrman, Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed. Elsevier Saunders,Philadelphia 2012,179-182
[2]. Agarwal KN, Saxena A, Bansal AK, Agarwal DK. Physical growth assessment in adolescence. Indian Pediatrics, 2001;38:1217-1235.
[3]. Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Singh Y, Aggarwal R, Grewal K, Mani K. A study of growth parameters and prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children from Delhi. Indian Pediatrics, 2006;43:943–52.
[4]. Kolekar M S, Sawant U S, A comparative study of physical growth in urban and rural school children from 5 to 13 years of age. International journal of recent trends in science and technology,2013;6(2):89-93.
[5]. Bener A, Kamal A. Growth pattern of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6-18 years, J Health popul nutr. 2005;23(3):250-258.
[6]. Hunshal SC, Pujar L, Netravati HS, Physical growth status of school going children, Karnataka. J. agri. sci. 2010;23(4):625 -627.
[7]. Premanath M, Basavanagowdappa H, Shekar MA, Vikram SB, Narayanappa, Mysore childhood obesity study. Indian pediatrics, 2010;47:171-173.

Abstract: Urogenital infections are attributed for higher rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Owing to the growing emergence of drug resistant strains of microorganisms to conventional antibiotics, there is a rush for the development of new drugs that are not based on synthetic antimicrobial agents for the management of recurrent urinary tract infections. The ancient Siddha system of medicine has a wealth of herbal and herbo-mineral formulations for the prevention and treatment of various gynecological conditions though the therapeutic activity responsible for the efficacy is yet unexplored much. In this present study, as a part of efficacy elucidation of Kanagalinga Mezhugu (NIS KLM) in gynecological conditions it was screened for antimicrobial activity against MTCC strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholera, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans. (Diploid fungus) by Hole plate diffusion method. In the screening of activity against above organisms, all organisms showed 50 % and more sensitivity to NIS KLM as compared to Ciprofloxacin control.

[1]. Dennis L.Kasper, Anthony S.Fauci, Stephen L.Hauser, Dan L.Longo, Larry Jameson J, Joseph Loscalzo. Harrison‟s Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition, 2015: 861.
[2]. P.M Abdullah Saheb, Anuboga vaidhya navaneetham,Dec,2001,S.P Ramachandran,Thamarai Noolagam,Vadapalani,Chennai-26. Vol:4 Page 24 Kanaga linga mezhugu; Veera mezhugu Vol 4 139; Anda thylam Vol 4 21,144. [3]. Thiagarajan R, Gunapadam-Thathu Jeeva vaguppu, 4th edition,2004; Directorate of Indian [4]. Medicine & Homeopathy,Govt.of Tamil Nadu

Abstract: A robust population reference interval is the backbone of laboratory report and the baseline of good interpretation of laboratory results in a well articulate clinical laboratory practice. Due to the difficulty in generating population reference interval many laboratories use manufacturers' values which at times have the shortcomings of been alien to the population.

1]. Dybikae, R. Observed values related to reference values in Grasbeck R and Aistron T edt. Reference values in laboratory medicine. Chichester, England, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1981.app.263-78
[2]. Bakeman, S. ABC's of interpretive laboratory data. In: Greenville NC. Interpretive laboratory Data: 1984, 105
[3]. CLSI, Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved Guideline. 2008, Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
[4]. K A Koram, M M Addae, J C Ocran, S Adu-Amankwa, W O Rogers, K Nkrumah. Population Reference intervals for common blood haematological and biochemical parameters in Akwapem North District. Ghana Med. J. 2007; 4i(4):160-166.
[5]. A Edward,T Sasse Basil, H Doumas Paul D'Orazio John, A Eckfeldt Susan, A Evans Gary, L Graham Gary, J Myers Patrick, Parsons Noelv. Stanton. How to Define and Determine Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved Guideline- Second Edition. NCCLS Document C28-A2, 2000; 20(13).
[6]. Martin Koduah, C Terence, Iles, Barry J. Nix, Centil Charts I: New Method of Assessment for Univariate Reference Intervals. Clin Chem @) $; 50(5):901-906.

Abstract: Background: Prevalence of cholelithiasis is widely occurred as digestive disorder. Cost of treatment causes freight upon systems of health in current country. There are many risk factors for gallstone disease (GSD) that can be classified as modifiable such as, diet and non-modifiable like, gender. Methods: Descriptive analytic design study was conducted using questionnaire to collect required data. The study focused on the assessing risk factors of cholelithisis regarding patients admitting for surgical units for cholecystectomy. The study starting from August 2nd 2015 to 25th October 2015. IN order to assess risk factors of patients with gallstones at Baghdad city a questionnaire was designed based on literature review.

[1] Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease, best Pract res ClinGastroenterol 2006; 20:981-96, Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127183.
[2] Pitchumoni CS, increasing prevalence of gallstones diagnostic and therapeutic options, Medicine Update 2010, Vol. 20, retrieved from www.apiindia.org/pdf/medicine_update.../ge_and_hepatology_05b.pdf.
[3] Halldestam I1, Enell EL, Kullman E, Borch K ,Development of symptoms and complications in individuals with asymptomatic gallstones. Br J Surg. 2004 Jun; 91(6):734-8, retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15164444.
[4] Marschall H-U, Einarsson C,Gallstone disease (Review). J Intern Med 2007, 261: 529–542, retrieved from https://www.med.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/JIntMedgallstones2008.pdf.
[5] Friedman LS ,current medical diagnosis & treatment, ed. by papadakis MA, mcphee SJ 52 ed, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2013 p:702.
[6] Acalovschi, M. , Cholesterol gallstones: from epidemiology to Prevention. Postgrad Med J, 77(906), 2001, 221-229, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.77.906.221.

Abstract: The human spleen is an organ demanding constant attention from the anatomical, immunological and clinical point of view. Ultrasonography is used routinely to evaluate visceral organs in adults of Tripura. So, this study was conducted with the aim to measure the spleen length by ultrasonography, find out the reference values of spleen length in different age groups in adults of Tripura, to find out possible correlations with the age and gender distribution. The mean spleen length in adults was 8.8±1.32 Cm. In males and females the length was 8.85±1.54 Cm 8.72±0.89 Cm respectively.

[1]. Poulin E, Thibault C. The anatomical basis for laparoscopic Splenectomy. Can. J. Surg. 1993;36(5):484-8.
[2]. Williams PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, et al. Gray's anatomy- the anatomical basis of medicine and surgery. 38th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 1399-1450.
[3]. Benter T, Klühs L, Teichgräber Ulf. Sonography of the spleen. J Ultrasound Med 2011;30:1281-93.
[4]. Al-Imam O, Suleiman A, Khuleifat S. Ultrasound assessment of normal splenic length and spleen-to-kidney ratio in children. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2000;6(2/3):514-6.
[5]. Arora N, Sharma PK, Sahai A, Singh R. Sonographic measurement of the spleen: splenic length in adults and its correlation with different parameters. Jour of Anat Soc India 2013;62(2):57-61.
[6]. Schindler G, Longin F, Helmschrott M. The individual limit of normal spleen size in routine x-ray film. Radiology 1976;16(4):166-71.

Abstract: Malaria remains one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality despite being preventable and treatable. The infection put both the mother and the unborn child at risks such as maternal anaemia, low birth weight, abortion and still birth. Although, enormous efforts had been embarked upon such as, the use of ITNs/LLINs, IPTp-SP . Hence, the study was designed to assess the incidence of malaria and the efficacy of LLINs among child bearing women attending Tofemedics Diagnostic Centre, Ile-Ife, Osun State. Two hundred and fifty pregnant women and fifty non-pregnant women were examined. Blood microscopy was done for the presence of malaria parasite and estmation of packed cell volume. And the use of preventive measure against mosquito bite was obtained through structured questionnaire. Seventy percent (70%) of the pregnant women were infectedcompared to non-pregnant women.

[1]. Agomo C. O., Oyinbo W. A., Anorlu R. I. and Agomo P. U., (2009) Prevalence of malaria in pregnant women in Lagos. South West Nigeria. Korean Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 47(2). 179-183
[2]. Akinbuwa, O. and Adeniyi, I. F. (1996). Seasonal variation and interrelationships rotifers in Opa Reservoir, Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology. 34:351-365
[3]. Ayoade, S.S. (1982). Climate change I.ITD movement and winds. In Nigeria, Oguntoyinbo, J.S., Onyemelukwe J. O. C. and Nwafor J. C. (editor) London: Hodder and Stronghton. Pp 16-19.
[4]. Bell D. and Winstanley P. (2004). Current issues in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Africa. British Medical Bulletin; 71: 29–43
[5]. Centers for Disease control and prevention (2010). The rapid assessment of the burden of Malaria during pregnancy. A Toolkit

Abstract: Objective(S): To compare the incidence of placenta previa, associated factors, complications, placental position, mode of delivery and fetal and maternal outcome in non-scarred (Group A) and scarred uterus(Group B) over 24 months of a hospital based study. Materials and methods: In a prospective study, 112 cases of pregnancies beyond 28 weeks of gestation, complicated by placenta previa were identified. These cases were divided into two groups, non-scarred(Group A, n=33) and scarred uterus( Group B, n=79). Out of total 13532 deliveries at the hospital over study period, 6898 women had history of previous 1 or more LSCS or 2 or more curettage and total of 6634 women had nonscarred uterus.

[1]. ACOG committee on obstetric practice. ACOG committee opinion number 266, Jan 2002 : Placenta accrete obstet Gynecol 2002 99: 169-70
[2]. Awan N, Bennett MJ, Walters WA: Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: a 10 year old review at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney. Aust N Z J obstet Gynaecol 51(3):210, 2011
[3]. Benirschke K, Burton, Baergen RN: Pathology of the human placenta, 6th ed. New York, Springer, 2012, p 204 [4]. Bencaiova G1, Burkhardt T, Beinder Abnormal placental invasion experience at 1 center E J Reprod Med. 2007 Aug;52(8):709-14
[5]. Biro MA, Davey MA, Carolan M, et al: Advanced maternal age and obstetric morbidity for women giving birth in Victoria, Australia: a population-based study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 52(3):229, 2012
[6]. Cho JY, Kim SJ, Cha KY, et al: interrupted circular suture: bleeding control during cesarean delivery in placenta previa accrete. Obstet Gynecol 78:876, 1991

Abstract: Four cases of retrorectal cysts are presented. Two cases presented as bulge perineum, one obstructive rectal symptoms and one as a natal cleft sinus. Diagnosis was established by M R I Scan. Surgical treatment offered was simple excision in first case, while three cases required en-bloc coccygectomy, all the cases were done by posterior approach. The last case which presented with natal cleft sinus, in view of recurrence after two operations at primary care center, M R I was performed registering well defined cystic lesion in left perianal region situated immediately beneath tip of coccyx. At operation methylene blue injected in natal cleft sinus went in easily without any resistance with no escape of dye from any area. Complete excision of retrorectal cyst with communicating track done by posterior approach en-bloc coccygectomy.

Key words: developmental cyst, retrorectal epidermoid cyst, retrorectal space, retrorectal lesions, natal cleft sinus

[1]. Masaru Hayashi, Shigeki Tomita, Takahiro Fujimori et al . Retrorectal epidermoid cyst with unusually elevated serum SCC level, initially diagnosed as an ovarian tumor. Rare tumors 2009, july 22 ; 1(1): e21 [PMC 2994439]
[2]. Norman S Williams, Christopher J.K.Bulstrode & P Ronan O'Connell. Bailey and Love's Short practice of surgery 26th edition, CRC Press 2013, Taylor & Francis Group.p 1243-1244.
[3]. Uhlig BF, Johnson RI. Presacral tumors and cysts in adults. Dis Colon Rectum 1975; 18 : 581-9 [Pub Med]
[4]. Jao S W, Beart R W, Jr , Spencer R J et al. Retrorectal tumors Mayo clinic experience, 1960-1979. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985 ; 28(9) : 644-52 [Pub Med]

Abstract: Introduction: Antenatal care is named as one of the four pillars initiatives of the Safe Motherhood Initiative. While many of routine antenatal care procedure have little effect on maternal mortality and morbidity, some of these have been ascertained as beneficial. Aims And Objectives: To assess the utilization of antenatal services by mothers in Urban Slums Of Kurnool City, To determine the factors influencing it. Materials And Methods: It is a Descriptive Cross-sectional study conducted in all notified urban slums of Kurnool townwith a population 1,18,587. Method of data collection and source of data: All the antenatal mothers in the study location were identified through a network of Anganwadi workers and Health workers. Tools used were Interview proforma administered to the antenatal mothers, Stethoscope, Torch, B.P apparatus, Weighing machine, Diet sheet for calculation of dietary intake using 24 hour recall method, MS Excel and Epi-info 3.5.3.

[1]. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.html Powered by Joomla! Generated: 5 November, 2012, 17:24.
[2]. Women of our world. Population Reference Bureau, February 2005
[3]. 5. X.F. Li et al., "The Postpartum Period: The Key to Maternal Mortality," International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 54 (1996): 1-10.
[4]. Park K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 21sted, Jabalpur: M/s BanarasidasBhanot Publisher; 2011. p.517.
[5]. Pratibha Gupta, VK Srivastava, Vishwajeet Kumar, Savita Jain, Jamal Masood, Naim Ahmad, and JP Srivastava "Newborn Care Practices in Urban Slums of Lucknow City, UP" Indian J Community Med. 2010 January; 35(1): 82–85.
[6]. NHFS-3 survey page no-192 to 222.

Abstract: Injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament are rare.Isolated PCL disruption most commonly occurs as avulsion at its tibial insertion as opposed to its femoral origin or as a mid-substance tear. Most commonly it is injured by dashboard injury or severe hyperextension of knee. Here we present PCL tibial avulsions fixation by CC screw by modified burks and schaffers approach.Patients were evaluted clinically by posterior drawer test, and radiologically using functional scale of Tegner-Lysholm. Mean tegnor lysom score of 8 patients was 85.47, which was excellent. After 6 weeks 75% has grade 0 posterior drawer test,12.5 % has grade 1 and 12.5% has grade laxity after 6 weeks. This approach is comparatively easier, with lesser neurovascular structure. Single 4 mm CC screw is sufficient for avulsion fixation.

Keywords: Burk and schaffers, tegnor lysholm, PCL.

[1] Abbott LC, Carpenter WF. Surgical approaches to theknee joint. J Bone Joint Surg1945 ; 27 : 277-310
[2] Torisu T. Isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg1977 ; 59-A : 68-72
[3] Trickey EL. Rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament ofthe knee. J Bone Joint Surg1968 ; 50-B : 334-341
[4] Ogata K. Posterior cruciate reconstruction using iliotibial band. Preliminary report of a new procedure. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1980 ; 51 : 547
[5] McCormick WC, Bagg RJ, Kennedy CW, Leukins CA. Reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament ; Preliminary report of a new procedure. Clin Orthop 1976 ; 118 : 30-33
Books:
[6] Campbell canale and beatly 12th edition volume 3

Abstract: Tostudytheincidenceofandtypeofsurgicaldifficultiesencounteredinrepeatcesareansectionsincomparisonwiththeprimarycesareansections. Methods:Anobservationalprospectivestudyofcasesofrepeatandprimarycesareansectionsinatertiaryhospitalofamedicalcollegeinurbanareacateringlowermiddleclasspopulation.Thecasehistoriesandintra-operativefindingsofallthecasesofrepeatcesareansectionsoveraperiodof24monthswereanalyzedtoknowthedifficultiesthatmightbebecauseofpreviouscesareansurgery.

[1]. Myus SA, Bennett TC. Incidence of significant adhesions of repeat cesarean section and the relationship to method of prior peritoneal closure. J Reprod Med 2005;50:659-62. [2]. Ramkrishnarao M.A, Popat G.H, Eknath B.P, Panditrao S.A. Intra-operative difficulties in repeat cesarean section-A Study of 287cases.J ObstetGynecol India.2008; 58:507-510. [3]. Nisenblat, Victoria; Barak, Shlomi; Griness, Ofra Barnett; Maternal Complications associated withMultiple Cesarean Deliveries ,Obstetrics & Gynecology. 108(1):21-26, July 2006. [4]. Pai M, Sundaram P, Radhakrishnan KK et al. A high rate of cesarean sections in an affluent section of Chennai:is it cause for concern? Natl Med J India 1999; 12:156-8. [5]. Kambo I, Bedi N, Dhillon BS et al. A critical appraisal of cesarean section rates at teaching hospitals in India.Int J GynaecolObstet 2002; 79:151-8.

Abstract: The foetus is a semi- allograft. Why it is not rejected by the maternal immune system has been the focus of research for years. The earlier beliefs were that the foetus is not antigenically mature, there is a physical barrier between maternal and foetal tissues, and that the mother's immune system is inactive. These have however been proved wrong. This review discusses the placental and maternal factors which have been reported so far to promote tolerance. Some of the factors expressed by the placenta which promote maternal-foetal tolerance include the pattern of MHC expression (non-classical HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G); this induces tolerance in the maternal leukocytes

[[1] PB. Medawar. Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates.
Symp.Soc.Exper Biol. 44: 1953, 320-338.
[2] D S.Gould , H. Auchinoclos Jr. Direct and Indirect recognition: the role of MHC antigens in graft rejection. Immunology Today,
20(2): 1999, 77-82.
[3] MR. Clarkson, MH. Sayegh. T-cell co-stimulatory pathways in allograft rejection and tolerance. Transplantation, 80(5): 2005, 555-
63.
[4] AS. Krupnick, et al. Mechanism of T-cell mediated endothelial apoptosis. Transplantation, 74(6): 2002, 87-96.
[5] WH. Kitchens, S. Uehara , CM.Chase , RB.Colvin , PS.Russell , JC.Madsen . The changing role of NK cells in solid organ
rejection and tolerance. Transplantation, 81(6):2006, 811-7.

Abstract: Introduction: Hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy and puberty, however, have long been known to be associated with varying types of gingival enlargement. Hormonal changes can significantly potentiate the effects of local irritants on gingival connective tissue. Case Report: The case presented is here of a 26-year-old pregnant patient with pregnancy induced gingival enlargement. She was in 2nd trimester of her pregnancy and was treated with propolis gel after phase I therapy. Clinical follow up period lasted for 3 months.

[1]. Ernst E, Resch KL, Mills S, Hill R, Mitchell A, Willoughby M, White A. Complementary medicine – definition. Br J Gen Pract 1995; 45:506.
[2]. National Center for Complementary and alternative medicine. What is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)? Publication No. D156. 2002, URL: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/ (last accessed 20 April 2014).
[3]. Ernst E. Prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2000; 78: 252–7.
[4]. Kornman KS, Loesch WJ. The subgingival microbial flora during pregnancy. J Perio dont Res 1980;15:111.
[5]. O'Neil TCA. Maternal T-lymphocyte response and gingivitis in pregnancy. J Periodontal 1979;50:178.
[6]. Formicola AJ, Weatherford T, Grape H Jr. The uptake of H3-estradiol by oral tissues in rats. J Periodontal Res 1970;5:269.

Abstract: The use of miniscrew implants as an orthodontic anchorage device has become an accepted method for providing absolute anchorage. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the safe zones in the interradicular spaces for miniscrew implants placement. The PubMed electronic database was searched for original articles to the end of November 2015. The selection criteria were human anatomical studies, written in English, about the safe zones in the interradicular spaces for miniscrew implant placement. The final selection was completed after the authors read the complete articles.

[1]. Foley WL, Frost DE, Paulin WB, Tucker MR. Uniaxial pullout evaluation of internal screw fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989;47:277-280.
[2]. Monnerat C, Restle L, Muchab JN. Tomographic mapping of mandibular interradicular spaces for placement of orthodontic mini-implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:428.e1–428.e9.
[3]. Aranyawongsakorn S, Torut S, Suzuki B, Suzuki EY. Insertion angulation protocol for miniscrew implant placement in the dentoalveolar area. J Dent Assoc Thai 2007;57:285-297.
[4]. Torut S, Aranyawongsakorn S, Suzuki EY, Suzuki B. Trends in miniscrew implant design and use for orthodontic anchorage: a systematic literature review. J Dent Assoc Thai 2008;7:34-44.
[5]. Chaimanee P, Suzuki B, Suzuki EY. "Safe zones" for miniscrew implant placement in different dentoskeletal patterns. Angle orthod 2011;81:397-403.

Abstract:Background and objectives: The study was conducted with the following aims and objectives:
1. To determine and assess the extent of bilateral dentoalveolar asymmetries in long face individuals.
2. To determine and assess the skeletal asymmetry in long face individuals.

[1]. Debra.G. Alavi, Ellen A. BeGole and Bernard J.Schneider. Facial and dental asymmetry in Class II subdivision malocclusion. Am J Orthod 1988; 93:38-46.
[2]. Stephen F. Snodell, Ram Nanda and Frans Currier. A Longitudinal Cephalomeric study of transverse and vertical craniofacial growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993; 104:471-483.
[3]. Ferris HC. Discussion of Dr. G. V. I. Brown's paper. Dent Cosmos 1914; 56:218.
[4]. Herold JS. Maxillary expansion: A retrospective study of three methods of expansion and their long-term sequelae. Br J Orthod 1989; 16:195-200.
[5]. Guilherme Janson, Roberto Bombonatti, Karina Santana Cruz, Cristina Yuka Hassunuma, and Marinho Del Santo. Buccolingual inclinations of posterior teeth in subjects with different facial patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 125:316-22.
[6]. Dawn M.Wagner and Chun-Hsi Chung. Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: A Longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128:716-723.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the microbial flora of paranasal sinuses of the patients with chronic sinusitis undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Materials & methods: A prospective study done at Government ENT hospital, Koti, over a period of 6months. A total of 125 patients were included in the study those were clinically diagnosed to have chronic sinusitis and confirmed by CT-imaging of paranasal sinuses. Intra-operative sinus aspirates were collected during FESS and they were subjected to bacterial and fungal culture. Bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified according to the standard protocol. AST was performed on all bacterial isolates. Fungal cultures were identified by their rate of growth, colony morphology and microscopic characteristics in LCB mount and slide culture.

[1]. Itzhak Brook. Sinusitis from Microbiology to Management. Taylor & Francis Group; 2006.P.15-16.
[2]. Sanam Jindal, M.Panduranga Kamath. Analysis of microbial flora in patients with chronic sinusitis under going functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), Int. J. Fundamental Applied Sci 2013; 2(1): 2-4.
[3]. Patrick W.Doyle and Jeremy D. Woodham. Evalution of the microbiology of chronic ethmoid sinusitis. J. clin. Microbiol 1991; 29(11): 2396-2400.
[4]. D. shrestha, L. K. Yadav, P. Thapa. Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis: Clinical and Microbiological evaluation, Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 2011; 7(2): 17- 22.
[5]. P Van Cauwenberge, J B Watelet. Epidemiology of Chronic rhinosinusitis. Thorax 2000; 55(2):S20-S21.
[6]. J. K. Kamau, I. M. Macharia and P. A. Odhiambo. Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East African Medical Journal 2001; 78(7): 343-345.

Abstract: Objective(s): To correlate antenatal early third trimester and postnatal UCI with perinatal outcome and to analyse if antenatal early third trimester UCI measurement could predict adverse perinatal outcome. Method(s): 200 pregnant woman fulfilling the inclusion criteria are recruited into the study. PostnatalyUCI was calculated. Early third trimester fetal anatomic sonographic survey is done. The UCI index defined as reciprocal of distance between two adjacent coils.Hypocoiled cordswere those having UCI less than 10th centile, and hypercoiled cords those having UCI more than 90th centile. Data were analyzed in PRIMER and SPSS version 20 Statistical software.

[1]. Edmonds HW. The spiral twist of the normal umbilical cord in twins and in singletons. Am J ObstetGynecol 1954;67:102–120.
[2]. Cunningham et al. Williams obstetrics. 20th ed. Stamford, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange; 1997.
[3]. Blackburn W, Cooley NR. The umbilical cord. In: Stevenson RE, Hall JG, Goodman RM, editors. Human malformations and related anomalies, volume II, chapter 37. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
[4]. Sherer DM, Anyaegbunam A. Prenatal ultrasonographic morphologic assessment of the umbilical cord: A review. Part I. ObstetGynecolSurv 1997;52(8):506-514.
[5]. Fujikura T. Fused umbilical arteries near placental cord insertion. Am J ObstetGynecol 2003;188(3):765–767.

Abstract: rare case of a 45 years old male presenting with history of bilateral nasal obstruction and recurrent episodes of epistaxis for 6 months duration was reported. Endoscopic surgery was performed and specimen send for histopathological examination. The report revealed the surprising diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman Disease. The aim of presenting this case is to highlight the fact that extranodal manifestation of Rosai Dorfman Disease (RDD) without lymphadenopathy and unique clinical features. Pertinent literature is reviewed. Keywords: Case report, nose and paranasal sinuses, Rosai-Dorfman Disease,

[1]. Rosai J, Dorfman RF. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: A newly recognized benign clinicopathological entity. Arch Pathol 1969; 87:63-70
[2]. Gupta L1, Batra K, Motwani G. A rare case of Rosai-Dorfman disease of the paranasal sinuses. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005; 57: 352-4.
[3]. Suster S, Cartagena N, Cabello IB, Robinson MJ. Histiocytosis lymphophagocytic parmiculitis; an unusual extranodal presentation of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease). Arch Dermatol 1988; 124: 1246-9
[4]. Gregor RT, Ninnin D. Rosai-Dorfman disease of the paranasal sinuses. J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108: 152-5.
[5]. Leighton SE, Gallimore AP. Extranodal sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy affecting subglottis and trachea. Histopathology 1994; 24: 393-4

Abstract: Background And Objectives: Oral cavity cancer is a one of the common form of malignancies in the north-eastern India. This study was to analyze, treatments and outcomes of oral cancers. Materials And Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology and head Neck Surgery, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India between February 2014 to September 2015.

[1]. Tim Martin and Keith Webster, Lip and Oral cavity.Stell and Maran's textbook of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, John C Watkinson, 5th edition,2012, 29: 549.
[2]. J.K . Elango, P. Gangadharam, S. Sumithra and M.A. Kuriakose, Trends of head and neck cancers in urban and rural India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancers Prevention, Vol.7,no. 1, 2006 , 108-112.
[3]. R.Sankaranarayan, K. Ramadas , G.Thomas, Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in India: a cluster randomised controlled trial. The lancet, vol. 365, 9475, pp. 1927- 1933,2005.
[4]. Biot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winh DM. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Research 1988;48: 3282-7.
[5]. Kujan O, Glenny AM, Oliver RJ. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database of systemic Reviews; 2006;(3):CD004150.