iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2016

Abstract: IBreast cancer is the commonest cancer that afflicts females worldwide. Of all the cancers of the breast, carcinoma forms the bulk while breast sarcomas are negligible. Extraskeletal osteogenic sarcomas [OS] account for less than 1% of soft tissue sarcomas.When this tumour develops in the breast, it originates either from normal breast tissue de novo, or as metaplastic differentiation of a primary benign or malignant breast lesion. Secondary deposits from a primary bone sarcoma occur only rarely. We present the case of a 27 year old young woman who was diagnosed with an osteogenic sarcoma of the breast. We have performed a thorough literature review and would like to use this case to highlight several details of this unusual tumour. Key words: osteogenic sarcoma, breast, metaplastic differentiation

[1]. Shabuddin Khan,Ewen A Griffiths,Nigam Shah,and Srinivasan Ravi. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the breast: A case report. Cases Journal 2008, 1:148 doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-148

. [2]. Temidayo O Ogundiran, Samuel A Ademola, Odunayo M Oluwatosin, Effiong E Akang and Clement A Adebamowo. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the Breast. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2006, 4:90 doi:10.1186/1477-7819-4-90.

[3]. Boutayeb Saber, Ahbeddou Nawal, Fetohi Mohamed and Errihani Hassan. Primary osteosarcoma of the breast: case report. Cases Journal 2008, 1:80 doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1 80 [

4]. Allan CJ, Soule EH. Osteogenic sarcoma of the somatic soft tissues. A clinicopathologic study of 26 cases and review of literature. Cancer 1971;27:1121-33.

Abstract: Lumber disc disease is a common cause of medically authorized work . Fenestration provided better results in comparison to laminectomy procedure, and at the same time preserved the spinal stability and provided the early mobility & early return to previous job. It is a retrospective study of 47 cases of prolapsed lumber inter vertebral disc. The cases of low backache and sciatica were identified by defined criteria and treated surgically for disc prolapse. Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc having radiological correlation by MRI study were subjected to disc excision by laminectomy or interlaminar fenestration method. Keywords: fenestration, intervertebral disc, laminectomy, lumber disc, prolapsed.

[[1]. Sangwan SS, Kundu ZS. Lumbar disc excision through fenestration. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. April 2006:40(2):86-89.
[2]. Nahar K, Srivastava RK. Prospective study of prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc treatment by fenestration. Int J Res Med. 2013; 2(2); 170-173.
[3]. Heliovaara M, Impivaara O, Sievers K, Melkas T, Knekt P,Korpi J, et al. Lumbar disc syndrome in Finland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1987;41, 251-58.
[4]. Barr J.S. mixer: Low backache & sciatica pain : Results of treatment J.B.J.S 33-A: 633, 1951
[5]. Love JG. Root pain resulting from intraspinal protrusion of vertebral discs: diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg.1939; 19: 776-80.
[6]. Williams RW. Micro lumbar discectomy; a conservative surgical approach to the virgin herniated lumbar disc. Spine. 1978; 3:17582.
[7]. Mishra SK,1

Abstract: Ectopic pregnancy is an acute emergency condition, and associated with maternal mortality and morbidity especially in the developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, and management outcomes of ectopic pregnancies at Regional Institute of Medical Sciences( RIMS), Imphal, Manipur.

[1]. Fernando A, Daftary SN, Bhide AG. Diabees in pregnancy. In practical guide to high risk pregnancy and delivery.3rd edition. Noida: Saunders
[2]. Elsevier 2008;17:440.
[3]. Williams's Gynecology,2nd Edition-S. John,S.Joseph,H.Barbara,B.Karen et al. Mc Graw Hill Companies,united states, chapter 32; 2012: 808-813
[4]. 3 Berek and Novak's Gynecology,15th Edition- Jonathen S. Berek,2012;Wolters Kluwers;Philadelphia, Chapter 38 ; 2012: 1428-1444
[5]. D.C.Dutta Textbook of Gynecology,Hiralal Konar.6th edition,New Delhi,Chapter 23 ;(11)2013 : 333-337
[6]. Igberase GO, Ebeigbe PN, Igbeboji OF, Ajupo BI. Ectopic pregnancy: an 11-year review in a tertiary center in the Niger Delta. Trop Doct. 2005;35(3):175–177.

Abstract: Fractured tracheostomy tube and resulting airway obstruction presenting as foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree is a rare and a life threatening complications if prompt interventions are not made. Few cases of fractured tracheostomy tube in the tracheobronchial tree have been reported in the literature till date most of them are of the metallic varieties. We are reporting a rare case of fractured synthetic tracheostomy tube presenting as lower trachea and right main bronchus foreign body in ENT emergency department in Gauhati Medical College and Hospital.

[1]. Bossoe HH, Boe J.Broken,: Tracheostomy tube as a foreign body. Lancet. 1960;1:1006-7
[2]. Gupta SC, Fractured,: Tracheostomy tubes in the tracheobronchial tree:A report of nine cases .J Laryngol Otol. 1987;101:861-7
[3]. Gupta SC, Ahluwalia H. Fractured,: Tracheostomy tube: An overlooked foreign body. J Laryngol Otol.1996;110:1069-71
[4]. Solanki B, Solanki Y.,: Broken non-fenestrated synthetic tracheostomy tube as a foreign body in tracheobronchial tree-A unique case. Transworld Medical Journal.2014;2(1):61-63
[5]. Alvi A, Zahtz G.D.,: Fracture of synthetic fenestrated tracheostomy tube;case report and review of literature Am J Otolaryngol.1994;15:63-67
[6]. Bowdler, D.A.,: Emery P.J.(1985):Tracheostomy tube fatique.An unusual cause of inhaled foreign body.Jr. of Laryngology and Otology,99:517-521

Abstract: Seizures are the most common and distinct clinical manifestation of neurological dysfunction in the newborn infant.1 Neonatal seizures are a common neurological problem in neonates with a frequency of 1.5-14/1000 neonates.2 The occurrence of neonatal seizures per se has been positively correlated with structural brain damage and its consequent sequels at later stages in life. Historically seizures were divided in following clinicalcategories viz. focal clonic, multifocal clonic, tonic, myoclonic, & subtle seizures.1 Diverse medical conditions in the newborn can be associated with neonatal seizures. Hypoxia-ischemia is nonetheless traditionally considered the most common cause of neonatal seizures

[1]. Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. Neurology of the new- born. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2001;178- 214.
[2]. Airede KI, Neonatal seizures and a two year neurological outcome. J TropPediatr 1991;37:313- 17.
[3]. Nunez JL, Alt JJ, McCarthy MM. A novel model for prenatal brain damage. Long term deficits in hippocampal cell number and hippocampal- dependent behaviour following neonatal GABA receptor activation. ExpNeurol. 2003;181:270-80.
[4]. Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS. Neonatal encephalography following foetal distress. A clinical and encephalographic study. Arch Neurol 1976;33:696- 705.
[5]. Mercuri E, Cowan M, Rutherford D, Pennoch J, Dubowitz L. Ischemic and haemorrhagic brain lesions in new-borns with seizures and normal Apgar scores. Arch Dis Child 1995;73:F67-F74.
[6]. Scher MS. Destructive brain lesions of presumed foetal onset: Antepartum causes of cerebral palsy. Paediatrics. 1991;88:896-906

Abstract: Acute confusional state is characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition that develops over a short period of time. It is a frequent cause of hospital admission in the elderly. Recognition and prompt treatment is crucial to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with it. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, we determined the etiology and prognostic factors of an acute confusional state. A total of 81 patients of acute confusional state were clinically evaluated. All patients were also subjected to a battery of biochemical examination, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and neuroimaging. Results: The mean age of our cohort was 64.31± 5.63 years. 39(48.14%) patients were male. In 74 patients, we were able to identify possible precipitating cause of an acute confusional state. In the rest of the 7 patients results of all the tests were normal. Leukocytosis and hyponatremia were frequent factors associated with delirium. Patients without a precipitating cause for acute confusional state and multiple co morbidities had significantly higher mortality. 38 (46.91%) of our patients died, of these in 6 patients we could not find a precipitating cause and 17 patients had multiple co morbidities.

[1]. Young J, Murthy L, Westby M, Akunne A, O'Mahony R, Guideline Development Group. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of delirium: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2010;341:c3704.
[2]. McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, Han L, Belzile E. The course of delirium in older medical inpatients: A prospective study. J Gen Intern Med 2003;18:696-704.
[3]. Burns A, Gallagley A, Byrne J. Delirium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:362-7.
[4]. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:941-8.
[5]. McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring Health - A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 56-63.
[6]. Leentjens AF, van der Mast RC. Delirium in elderly people: An update. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005;18:325-30.

Abstract: Background: In recent years, the effect of sleep on memory consolidation has received considerable attention. Because the majority of adolescents do not obtain the recommended amount of sleep, it is critical to study the cognitive effects of normal sleep. These effects of sleep on memory are less studied in adolescents. Given the importance of adolescent memory on academic performance and consequent social functioning, a deeper understanding of the effect of sleep on memory is needed.

[1] Ellenbogan JM, Payne JD, Stickgold R (2006) The role of sleep in Declarative Memory Consolidation: passive, permissive, active or none? Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:716-772. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.006
[2] Walker MP (2009) The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Ann NY Acad Sci 1156:168-197. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x
[3] Spencer RM, Gouw AM, Ivry RB (2007) Age related decline of sleep-dependent consolidation. Learn Mem 14: 480 -484. doi: 10.1101/lm.569407
[4] Moroni F, Nobili L, Curcio G, De Carli F, Tempesta D, et al.(2008) Procedural learning and sleep hippocampal low frequencies in humans. Neuroimage 42:911-918. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.027
[5] Datta S. Avoidance task training potentiates phasic pontine-wave density in the rat: a mechanism for sleep- dependent plasticity. (2000) J Neurosci. Nov 15;20(22): 8607 – 13.

Abstract: Magnesium is an essential mineral for the human body, principally because of its role in the regulation of cellular processes and its function as a cofactor in a wide range of metabolic reactions. Alterations in the distribution of magnesium within the body have been associated with several diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. Since hypomagnesemia has been reported to be directly related to the development of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is prudent to identify the condition and treat it, in an attempt to retard the progress of the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

[1] Harrison's PrinciplesofInternal Medicine;18th Edition. 2011, McGrawHill. Page2968-3002.
[2] King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH: Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 21:1414–1431, 1998
[3] Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, et al. (2011) Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: Phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research–INdiaDIABetes (ICMR–INDIAB) study. Diabetologia 54: 3022–3027.
[4] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes-estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(3):1047–53.
[5] Delva P, Degan M, Pastori C, Faccini G, Lechi A. Glucose induced alterations of intracellular ionized magnesium in human lymphocytes. Life Sci 2002; 71:2119–35.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Folic acid deficiency is a well known etiological factor for spinal dysrpahism. Still many regions of Rural India are not aware of the importance of folic acid supplementation and antenatal screening for congenital anomalies. OBJECTIVES: To study the folic acid supplementation and antenatal ultrasonography screening to rule out structural anomalies in mothers of spinal dysraphism children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study on the mothers of Spinal Dysraphism children from rural areas of North Costal Andhrapradesh.

[1]. Shibya K, Murray CJI. Congenital anomalies. In: Murray CJL, Lopez AD, editors. Health Divisions of Sex And Reproduction: The Global Burden of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV, Maternal Conditions, Perinatal Disorders and Congenital Anomalies. Vol 3.Boston: Harvard University Press; 1998. P455-512.
[2]. Venkataramana, N. K. (2011). Spinal dysraphism. Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences, 6(Suppl1), S31–S40.
[3]. Date I, Yagvu Y, Asari S, Ohmoto T. Long term outcome in surgically treated spina bifida cystica. Surg Neurol 1993; 40: 471- 475.
[4]. Hunt GM, Poulton A (1995) Open spina bifida: a complete cohort reviewed 25 years after closure.Dev Med Child Neurol 37:19–29.
[5]. Hibbard ED, Smithells RW. Folic acid metabolism and human embryopathy. Lancet 1965;1:1254.
[6]. Sabbagha RE, Sheikh Z, Tamura RK et al: Predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of ultrasonictargeted imaging for fetal anomalies in gravid women at high risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152: 822, 1985
[7]. Department of Health. Report from an Expert Advisory Group. Folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects. London: Department of Health; 1992.

Abstract: Aim: To compare the conventional Open herniotomy with the Laparoscopic surgery in children with Unilateral Inguinal hernia over a period of one year pospectively from June2014 to June 2015 at SVRRGG Hospital, a tertiary care hospital attached to S.V.Medical College at Tirupati.parameters include duration of surgery,recovery ,post operative pain,post operative complications,discharge,recurrence and cosmesis. Patients and methods: Total of132 cases attended to opd during June 2014 to June2015.but only 40 cases of Unilateral inguinal hernias [20 open surgery+20 lapararoscopic surgery] ,age group between 2years to 12 years were taken into consideration,average hospital stay was 37 hrs.

[1]. Philp L. Glick and Scott C.Boulanger Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles in Arnold G.Coran, Pediatric Sugery, 7TH Edition,Chapter 76, Elsevier sauders 2012,Vol 2, pages985 to1001.
[2]. Lloyd DA, Rintala RJ. Inguinal hernia and hydrocele. In: O'Neill JA Jr, Rowe MI, Grosfeld JC, et al., editors. (eds). Pediatric Surgery. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1998;1071–1086. [Pub Med]
[3]. Saranga Bharathi R, Arora M, Baskaran V. Minimal access surgery of pediatric inguinal hernias: a review.Surg Endosc. 2008. April 9 [Epub ahead of print] . [Pub Med]
[4]. Schier F, Montupet P, Esposito C. Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy in children: a three centre experience with 933 repairs. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:395–397 . [Pub Med]
[5]. Manoharan S, Samarakkody U, Kulkarni M, Blakelock R, Brown S. Evidence based change of practice in the management of unilateral inguinal hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:1163–1166 . [Pub Med]

Abstract: A community based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over 158 permanent residents of the Baithak Khana slum area of ward 37, borough V of Kolkata municipal corporation of West Bengal to determine the prevalence of mental morbidities and its association with socio-demographic factors. Some background data was collected and mental morbidity was assessed with the help of SRQ-Bengali version. The study revealed that potential psychiatric case was about 23% among the slum dwellers.

[1] The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.

[2] Sartorious. N (1993),Bull WHO,61(1)5

[3] The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Geneva: World Health Murry C, Lopez A. The global burden of disease vol.1 A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press 1996.

[4] Izutsu T, Tsutsumi A, Islam AM, Kato S, Wakai S, Kurita H: Mental health, quality of life, and nutritional status of adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Comparison between an urban slum and a non-slum area.Soc Sci Med 2006, 63:1477-88.

[5] Domestic violence and its mental health correlates in Indian women. The British Journal of Psychiatry (2005) 187: 62-67

[6] Choudhury, A Brahma & D. Sanyal the validation of the Bengali version of the self reporting questionnaires (SRQ), Indian J Psychiatry 2001:43.

Abstract: Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nail, its matrix, and other nail parts which is usually caused by dermatophytes. However number of nail infections due to yeast and nondermatophyte moulds (NDM) is also increasing. Although Candida albicans accounts for most of the cases of onychomycosis caused by yeasts, there has been a change in the epidemiology of Candida infections, characterized by a progressive shift from a predominance of Candida albicans to non-albicans Candida species. We reports two cases of Onychomycosis caused by uncommon yeasts; Rhodotorula glutinis and Stephanoascus ciferrii.

Key words: Onychomycosis, Rhodotorula glutinis, Stephanoascus ciferrii

[1] Haneke E. Fungal infections of the nail: nail disease. Semin Dermatol 1991; 10: 41–51. [2] B, ed. Cutaneous fungal infections. New York: Igaku-Shoin, 1992:106-23. [3] Clayton YM. Clinical and mycological diagnostic aspects of onychomycosis and dermatomycoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17(suppl 1): 37-40. [4] Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Baran R, Summerbell RC. Non-dermatophyte onycomychosis. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21:257-68. [5] J. C. O. Sardi, L. Scorzoni, T. Bernardi, A. M. Fusco-Almeida, and M. J. S. Mendes Giannini, "Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options," Journal of Medical Microbiology 2013; 62 (1):10–24. [6] Asbati M, Smythe B, Cavallera E. Onicomicosis por hongos no dematofitos. Estudio retrospectivo en 4 años. Rev Soc Ven Microbiol. 2002; 22:147-52.

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism in which glucose is under utilized producing hyperglycaemia. Prolonged period of hyperglycaemia leads to various acute and chronic complications. Long term glycaemic control is assessed by measuring glycosylated haemoglobin. Aims And Objective: To evaluate the values of laboratory tests like fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin in diabetic subjects and correlate them in complicated cases of diabetes mellitus.

[1]. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER. Tietz Text book of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd edn : W.B. Saunders Company. 1999; 512 and 790-791.
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Abstract: Objectives: Here, a brief overview of the state-of-the-science in dentistry, oromaxillofacial diseases especially oral cancers is given and discussion of possible implications of the stem cell hypothesis to the treatment and management part is focussed. Material and Methods: The authors used ""PUBMED‟‟ to find relevant literature written in English and published from the discovery of stem cells until today. A combination of keywords was used as the search terms e.g., "stem cells", ""tissue engineering‟‟, ""approaches‟‟, ""strategies‟‟ ""dentistry‟‟, ""regenerative dentistry‟‟, ""oral surgery‟‟, ""oral & maxillofacial surgery‟‟, ""craniofacial stem cells‟‟ and ""head & neck cancer stem cells".

[1]. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007;131(5):861–72. [Medline: 18035408]

[2]. Ding DC, Shyu WC, Lin SZ. Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant 2011;20(1):5-14. [Medline: 21396235] [doi: 10.3727/096368910X].

[3]. Fernandes KJ, McKenzie IA, Mill P, Smith KM, Akhavan M, Barnabé-Heider F, Biernaskie J, Junek A, Kobayashi NR, Toma JG et al. A dermal niche for multipotent adult skin-derived precursor cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2004;6(11):1082–93. [Medline:15517002]

[4]. Horwitz EM, Le Blanc K, Dominici M, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini FC, Deans RJ, Krause DS, Keating A. Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: the International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2005;7(5):393–5. [Medline:16236628]

[5]. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop Dj, Horwitz E. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006;8(4):315–7. [Medline:16923606]

Abstract: The authors present the predictors and proportion of work-related injuries (WRI) among the staffs of a government medical school in Malaysia in this paper.The extent of WRI in a Malaysian public medical school has never been studied before..The main purpose of this study is to determine the proportion of WRI and its associated factors among the respondents. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 364 randomly selected Malaysian employees who worked for at least one year in the faculty.The self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic, employment and individual characteristics, as well as data on work-related injuries, suffered in the past 12 months.

[1] Hämäläinen P, Takala J, Saarela KL. Global estimates of occupational accidents. Safety Science. 2006 Feb 28;44(2):137-56.
[2] Health and Safety Commission. Health and safety statistics 2006/07. Sudbury: HSE Books, 2007. Available online at www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh0607.pdf.
[3] ILO, Occupational safety and health: synergies between security and productivity, 2006. Accessed from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb295/pdf/esp-3.pdf [4] Wadsworth EJ, Smith AP. Safety culture, advice and performance. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety. 2009 May 31;7(1):5-31.
[5] Yen, S. H., Ong, W. L., & Ooi, K. P. (2015). Income and employment multiplier effects of the Malaysian higher education sector. Margin-The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 9(1), 61-91

Abstract: Halitosis (Latin "halitus": breath, haze)is an unpleasant and offensive odour emanating from one's breath. Besides halitosis, other terms used for this condition are: bad breath, foul breath, oral malodour and fetor ex-ore1. Halitosis should not be confused with the generally temporary oral odour caused by intake of certain foods, tobacco, or medications.

[1]. Van den BroekAM, Feenstra L, De Baat C. A review of thecurrent literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis. J Dent. 2007;35:627–35.
[2]. Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257–61.
[3]. 3.Figueiredo LC, Rosetti EP, Marcantonio E Jr, Aderiana R, Marcantonio C, Salivador SL. The relationship of oral malodor in patients with or without periodontal disease. 2002;73:1338-42.
[4]. Rosenberg M, Christopher AG, Culloch MC. Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects. J Periodontal 1992;63:776-82.
[5]. Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S. The proportion of pseudo-halitosis patients in a multidisciplinary breath malodour consultation.Int Dent J. 2006;56:77–81.
[6]. Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M, et al. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J ClinPeriodontol.2009;36:970–5.

Abstract: Background: Pregnancy loss is a common phenomenon. Most of the pregnancy losses which happen in the first and second trimesters are caused by chromosomal abnormalities. Repeated pregnancy loss is an extremely stressful condition for both the partners and physicians because it is difficult to find a reason behind it. Materials and Methods: Cytogenetic analysis was performed according to standard methods on lymphocyte cultured cells obtained from the patient peripheral blood. In order to assess the frequency and nature of chromosomal aberrations that contribute to the occurrence of reproductive failure, we investigated 200 couples (400 individuals). Clinical diagnostic indications for chromosome analysis was recurrent abortion (at least three) were studied.

[1]. Ford H and Schust D., Recurrent Pregnancy Loss:Etiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Rev Obstet Gynecol,2(2):76-83, (2009)
[2]. Hyde K and Schust D., Genetic Considerations in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med;5:a023119 doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023119 (page:1 to 18), (2015)
[3]. ASRM, Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril,99(1):63, (2013)
[4]. Cirakoglu A, Yilmaz S, Kuru D, Tarkan- Arguden Y, Guven G, Deviren A, Uludag S, Hacihanefioglu S., Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities in Couples with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci,30(4):1185-1188,(2010)
[5]. Niroumanesh S, Mehdipour P, Farajpour A, and Darvish S., A cytogenetic study of couples with repeated spontaneous abortions. Ann Saudi Med,31(1): 77–79, (2011)
[6]. ISCN: An international system for human cytogenetic nomenclature. In: Mitelman F, editor. Basel: S. Karger,(2009)
[7]. Stephenson M, Sierra S., Reproductive outcomes in recurrent pregnancy loss associated with a parental carrier of a structural chromosome rearrangement. Hum Reprod, 21(4):1076-1082, (2006)

Abstract: Scrub typhus is a rickettsial infection. It is transmitted to human by the bite of thrombiculid mite larvae. The clinical picture of scrub typhus consists of mainly fever, rash, myalgia and lymphadenopathy. Jaundice, renal failure, pneumonitis, ARDS, septic shock, myocarditis and meningo-encephalitis are various complications known with this disease The disease is endemic in many parts of India, but is apparently grossly underreported. Scrub typhus during pregnancy is quite rare. We report a case of scrub typhus in pregnancy from Manipur, north east India.

Key Words: Scrub typhus, pregnancy, Manipur, north east India.

[1]. Lerdthusnee K, Khuntirat B, Leepitakrat W et al. Scrub Typhus: Vector Competence of Leptotrombidium Chiangraiensis Chiggers and Transmission Efficacy and Isolation of Orientia Tsutsugamushi. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990: 25-35.
[2]. Aggarwal P, Mahesh DM, Kumar RV et al. Atypical Eschar Sites in Scrub Typhus in Sub-Himalayas. JAPI FEB 2009; 57: 153.
[3]. Rajapakse S, Rodrigol C, Fernando D. Scrub Typhus: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011; 261-4.
[4]. Walker DH, Dumler JS, Marrie T. Rickettsial Diseases. In: Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Loacalzo J editors. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Medical; 2015. p. 1154-62.
[5]. Sharma A, Mahajan S, Gupta ML et al. Investigation of an Outbreak of Scrub Typhus in the Himalayan Region of India. Jpn J Infect Disease 2005; 58: 208-10.
[6]. Inamdar S, Thungl G, Acharya R et al. Study of Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Pattern of Scrub Typhus in Tertiary Care Hospital. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res 2013; 5(5): 107-110.

Abstract: Microgravity is the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless. The effects of microgravity can be seen when astronauts and objects float in space. Microgravity can be experienced in other ways, as well. Our planet earth is the third planet of the solar system and exerts a force called gravitational force on living and non living things present on its surface or also on the objects come in contact with this pull. As we leave Earth's surface and escapes its gravitational pull, the microgravity we have in space forces various changes in our body. Due to exposure of astronauts to the stimulated microgravity they experience several uncommon and unfavorable environmental conditions, which lead to innumerable injurious health effects. Microgravity affects almost all the systems and physiological activities including cardiovascular system, skeletal system, renal system, nervous system, respiratory system, hormonal imbalance etc. The main focus of this review is the effect of the microgravity on the oral cavity and temporomandibular joint. Keywords: Microgravity, Astronaut, Barotraumas, Odontocrexis, Barodontalgia

[1] D. Wang. Effects of Microgravity: Cardiovascular Baroreex Adaptation in Space Flight.
[2] Lakshmi, D.S. Sakthi. Aviation Dentistry, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014 Mar, Vol-8(3): 288-290.
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[6] B. Rai, Virulence of oral cavity bacteria and microgravity: Aeronautic dentistry, The Internet Journal of Dental Science Volume 7 Number 1.
[7] A. Bohra, U. Bohra, Weightlessness & temporomandibular joint: a review, International Journal of Dental and Health Sciences Volume 01, Issue 06.

Abstract: Osteoarthritis is not an immediate lethal disease by itself but has led to rise in global years lived with disability. Cases of arthritis who have undergone total knee replacement (TKR)in past one decade were collected from the medical record department and were studied thoroughly on the age, gender, along with its association with other diseases to find out its risk factors. A total of 731 cases were studied. Statistical analysis was done to find if there is any significant association between the above parameters and osteoarthritis (OA). The commonest indication for TKR was found to beOA. There was a strong positive correlation between increased number of cases and rising year trend (r 0.934).

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Abstract: In the present paper, a comparative study on the contents of casein and albumin in cow and commercially available milk samples were analysed. Milk serves as the primary food source in infants (young mammals) because milk is the only source of nutrition for significant periods following birth. Results indicate that, there were minor variations in the casein content in all the three milk samples, on all the days of isolations (cow, 4.6g%; Com* milk 1, 3.33 g%; and Com* milk 2, 3.45 g%). However, cow milk sample showed a slight higher casein content (1 g higher than the commercial milk samples). There was no significant variation in albumin content in all the 3 milk samples (cow, 2.385g%; Com* milk 1, 2.135 g%; and Com* milk2, 1.825 g%).

Keywords: Albumin, casein, cow milk, commercial milk, isoelectric point

[1] Austin Peay State University Department of Chemistry: (CHEM 1021), Isolation of casein from milk.
[2] Pavia, Lampman, Kriz & Engel, Saunders., (2000): Isolation of Casein, Lactose, and Albumin from Milk Adapted by R. Minard (Penn State Univ.) from Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach,. Revised 3/20/2000 [3] McMaster University-Chem2006 Lab Manual. Experiment 11: Proteins and Carbohydrates. Isolation of Casein and Lactose from Milk.
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[5] Edwin Sutermeister., (1920): Casein and its Industrial Applications, Book Department The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc. 419 Fourth Avenue, AT 29TH Street, New York, U. S. 1\. 19:Z7