iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2016

Abstract: Bacterial meningitis is life threatening and requires appropriate antibiotic therapy at the earliest possible moment.²Bacterial meningitis remains a significant cause of morbidity in this antibiotic era even in patients treated promptly and followed carefully. This study therefore undertaken to study Bacteriological profile and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Bacterial meningitis cases. Detection by clinical diagnosis supported with laboratory diagnosis (CSF analysis, Gram's stain, Culture) helps in timely intervention by the clinician to institute appropriate antibiotic therapy as early therapy is imperative in reducing morbidity and mortality5. This study therefore undertaken to aid in diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis cases by Gram's stain and Culture of CSF in cases of acute bacterial meningitis and to study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates.

[1]. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 13th edition. 2007.
[2]. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology, 14th edition. 2008.
[3]. WHO recommended standards for surveillance of selected vaccine preventable diseases in Bacterial meningitis.
[4]. Koneman' s diagnostic microbiology, 5th edition, 1997.
[5]. Col PL Prasad, Brig MNG Nair, Lt Col AT Kalghatgi. Childhood Bacterial Meningitis and Usefulness of C- reactive Protein. MJAFI 2005;61:13-15.
[6]. Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Wong JG. "The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis?" July 1999; 282(2):175-181.
[7]. Arthur Earl Walker, Edward R. Laws, George B Udvarhelyi. Infections and Inflammatory involvement of the CNS. The Genesis of Neuroscience. Thieme. 1998; pp 219-21.
[8]. Greenwood B. 100 years of epidemic meningitis in West Africa - has anything changed? Tropical Medicine& International health. June 2006; 11(6):773-780.

Abstract: Previous work has identified prevalence rate for psychiatric disorders in individual with epilepsy and its correlation. However studies from this part of country are quite a few, and no systematic attempt has earlier been made to study prevalence, nature of psychopathology ,and any correlation of duration of psychiatric illness with duration of epilepsy. Aims: i)To find out the nature of psychiatric illness presenting with epilepsy ,presenting to psychiatry department with history of epilepsy. ii)To find out the correlation of the psychiatric illness with the duration, treatment and family history of epilepsy..

[1]. Brodie MJ, French JA (2000) Management of epilepsy in adolescents and adults. Lancet 356: 323–329

[2]. Banerjee PN, Filippi D, Allen Hauser W (2009) The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy – a review.Epilepsy Res 85: 31–45

[3]. Prevots DR, Burr RK, Sutter RW, Murphy TV (2000) Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 49: 1–22

[4]. Forsgren L, Beghi E, Oun A, Sillanpää M (2005) The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe – a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 12: 245–253

[5]. Lhatoo SD, Johnson AL, Goodridge DM, MacDonald BK, Sander JW, et al. (2001) Mortality in epilepsy in the first 11 to 14 years after diagnosis: multivariate analysis of a long-term, prospective, population-based cohort. Ann Neurol 49: 336–344

Abstract: Injection of oils into the penis for sexual enhancement has been rarely reported. However coconut oil induced phimosis with balanoposthitis is extremely rare. We report a case of 29 year old Myanarese gentleman, who presented with 45 days of history of gradual increase in penile swelling and scrotum following self-injection of coconut oil into his penis just for fun. Following the injections he developed phimosis with balanoposthitis and multiple subcutaneous nodules over the shaft of penis. On treating with analgesics and antibiotics the mild inflammatory reaction reduced but however the nodules remained. The result was not assessed as patient never had follw-up. This is the second case reported from Malaysia.

Keywords: Balanoposthitis, Coconut oil, Paraffinomas, Phimosis.

[1]. Heidingsfeld ML. Histopathology of paraffin prosthesis. Journal of Cutaneoud Diseases. 24. 1906, 513-521.
[2]. Santos P, Chaveiro A, Nunes G, et al. Penile paraffinoma. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 17. 2003, 583-584.
[3]. Cohen JL, Keoleian CM, Krull EA. Penile paraffinoma: self-injection with mineral oil. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology. 47. 2002, 251-253.
[4]. HR Choi ee, YT Lee, YH Lee. "Paraffinoma of the penis". Yonsei Medical Journal. 35(3). 1994, 344-348.
[5]. Perhlivanov G, Kavaklieva S, Kazandjieva J, Kapnilof D, Tsankof N. Foreign-body granuloma of the penis in sexually active individuals (penile paraffinoma). .Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 22. 2008, 845-851.

Abstract: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in young adults (<40 years) is being increasingly encountered in recent years among the South Asian population, particularly in Indians and data regarding the presentation, risk factors and angiographic findings on this important subset of patients is lacking from the North-Eastern region of India. Paucity of published literature on young AMI patients from this part of the Country formed the basis for the present study.

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[3]. Tewari S, Kumar S, Kapoor A, et al. Premature- Coronary Artery Disease in North India : An Angiography Study of 1971 Patients. Indian Heart J 2005; 57: 311 – 318.
[4]. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, et al. 2004. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet, 364:937–52.
[5]. Chen L, Chester M, Kaski JC. Clinical factors and angiographic features associated with premature coronary artery disease. Chest 1995; 108: 364–369
[6]. Klein L W, Agarwal JB, Herlich MB, Leary TM, Helfant RH. Prognosis of symptomatic coronary artery disease in young adults aged 40 years or less. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1269- 72.

Abstract: A retrospective study was done in the anaesthesia department of Lautech Teaching Hospital Osogbo. The records of the obstetric cases done between 2008 and 2012 were analysed to determine the incidence of failed spinal, conversion to general anaesthesia and the associated factors. Methods: After ethical approval, the anaesthesia records in the labour ward theatre were analysed and the case files for all ceaserian section done were retrieved from the record department .The total number of caesarean section in the study period were recorded as well as the type and size of the needle used. The calibre of the anaesthetist that handled the cases was also noted as well as the type and volume of the local anaesthetic agents used. The number of attempts before the failed spinal and need for conversion to general anaesthesia was also recorded.

[1]. P.H Pan, T.D Bogard, M.D Owen. Incidence and characteristics of failures in obstetrics neuraxial analgesia: a retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveries.Int J Obstetric Anaesth.2004; 13:227-33.
[2]. G.M Cooper, J.H McClure. Maternal deaths from anaesthesia; an extract from why mothers die, the confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom .Br J Anaesth.2005; 94:417-23.
[3]. T.A Thomas, G.M Cooper. Maternal death from anaesthesia, an extract from why mothers die, the confidential Enquiry into maternal deaths in the united kingdom.Br J Anaesth.2002; 89:499-508.
[4]. F Plaat,J.A Crowhurst.Why mothers die report on confidential Enquiries into Maternal deaths in the United Kingdom .Anaesthesia.1999;54:207-209.
[5]. J.A Lack, L.A White. Technique of anaesthesia for ceaserian section. Raising the standard: a compendium of audit recipe. Royal college of Anaesthetist.2000
[6]. R .J Munhall Sukhani.Incidence and aetiology of failed spinal anaesthetist in a university hospital: a prospective study.Anaesth Analg .1988; 67:843-8.
[7]. Tarkkila PJ.Incidence and causes of failed spinal anaesthetics in a university hospital: a prospective study. Regional Anaesthesia 1991, 16:48-51.

Abstract: Odontogenic myxoma represents an uncommon benign neoplasm comprising of 3–6% of all odontogenic tumors.This articles presents a rare case of odonogenic myxoma occurring in the mandible with a brief overlight on its etiology,immunocytohistochemistry,radilogical and treatment fetaures of odontogenic myxoma.

keywords: odontogenic myxoma,fibro-myxoma,odontogenic tumours

[1]. Rani V,Mahaboob Kadar MK, Babu A, Sankari L, Krishnaswamy G. Odontogenic myxoma diagnostic dilemma: a case report and review of literature . J Cranio max Dis2014:3:163-7
[2]. Yoko Kawase –Koga,Hideto Saijo, Kazuhito Hoshi,Tsuyoshi Takota ,Yoshiyuki Mori. Surgical management of odontogenic myxoma: A Case Report and Review of literature. BMC research Notes 2014,7:214

[3]. Sasidhar Singaraju, Sangeethe P wanjari and rajkumar N Parwani. Odontogenic Myxoma of maxilla :A report of a rare case and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Patholv.14(1); Jan-Jun 2010

Abstract: In this twenty first century various drug dosage forms have come in to picture. A diverse range of delivery systems has been developed to provide for the care and welfare of patients. Some researchers consider drug dosage forms as drug delivery systems which been followed from my end . The development of delivery systems draws on the discipline of biopharmaceutics, which integrates an understanding of formulations, dissolution, stability, and controlled release (pharmaceutics); absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (Pharmacokinetics, PK); Concentration-Effect Relationships And Drug-Receptor Interactions (Pharmacodynamics, PD); And Treatment Of The Disease State (Therapeutics)..

[1]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unit+dose http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074377.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12366870
[2]. Strickley, Robert G. "Solubilizing excipients in oral and injectable formulations."Pharmaceutical research 21.2 (2004): 201-230.
[3]. Li, Ping, and Luwei Zhao. "Developing early formulations: practice and perspective." International journal of pharmaceutics 341.1 (2007): 1-19.
[4]. Gittings, Sally, et al. "Dissolution methodology for taste masked oral dosage forms." Journal of Controlled Release 173 (2014): 32-42.
[5]. Lin, Shan-Yang, and Shun-Li Wang. "Advances in simultaneous DSC–FTIR microspectroscopy for rapid solid-state chemical stability studies: some dipeptide drugs as examples." Advanced drug delivery reviews 64.5 (2012): 461-478.

Abstract: A bladder ear, also called a transitory extra peritoneal bladder hernia. It is rare and occurs in 1% to 3% of all inguinal hernias.It is commonly seen in infants, predominantly in males. It is a transient lateral protrusion of the bladder into the inguinal canal where the urinary bladder is located in the abdomen, close to the internal inguinal ring sometimes through the femoral ring. Most of the time it is asymptomatic found incidentally during cystourethrography, intravenous pyelography or during operative procedures.

Keywords: Bladder ear, hutch diverticula

[1]. Blane CE, Zerin JM, Bloom DA. Bladder diverticula in children. Radiology. 1994;190 (3): 695-7. Radiology (citation) - Pubmed citation

[2]. Allen RP and Condon VR. Transitory extraperitoneal hernia of the bladder in infants (bladder ears). Radiology. 1961 Dec;77:979-83.

[3]. Frokiaer J, Zeidel ML. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. In: Brenner BM, editor. Urinary Tract Obstruction. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. p. 1210.

[4]. Patel U. Congenital Anomalies of the Bladder. London: Springer; 2010. Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract; pp. 23–7.

[5]. Blane CE, Zerin JM, Bloom DA. Bladder diverticula in children. Radiology. 1994;190:695–7.

Abstract: Pain is a consistent and predominant complaint of most individuals following most surgical interventions. Epidural analgesia with various drugs has been tried. Epidural opioids and local anesthetics have been tried in large number of studies in the treatment of post-operative pain. This clinical study is undertaken comparing epidural bupivacaine and epidural tramadol to evaluate their efficacy for post-operative analgesia and side effect profile.

[1]. Rathie Pinky, Verma RS, Jatav TS, Kabra Ajay.Post-operative pain relief by epidural tramadol. Ind J Anaesth 1998; 42: 26-31.
[2]. Choudhuri AH, Dharmani P, Kumar N, Prakash A. Comparison of caudal epidural bupivacaine with bupivacaine plus tramodal and bupivacaine plus ketamine for post operative analgesia in children. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999May;37(5):238-42.
[3]. Prakash S, Tyagi R, Gogia AR, Singh R. Efficacy of three doses of tramadol with bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in paediatric inguinal herniotomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008 March;36(2):174-9.
[4]. Majid Y, Mohammad K. A comparison of caudally administered single dose.Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine – Tramadol combination for postoperative analgesia in children. JK Science 2004 Jan-March;6(1):9-22.

Abstract: To compare the efficacy of epidural ropivacaine and epidural bupivacaine in surgery requiring sensory level below T6 and to compare the onset, duration, extent of sensory and motor block. Materials and Methods: 60 ASA I and II adult patients who require sensory block below T6 were enrolled in the trial. They were randomly divided into two groups of each 30 patients. Patients of Group A were injected with 15 ml of commercially available 0.5% bupivacaine solution in the lumbar epidural space, while patients of Group B were injected with 15ml of commercially available 0.75% ropivacaine solution in lumbar epidural space.

[1]. Kehlet H (1988): The stress response to surgery: Release mechanisms and the modifying effect of pain relief. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 550:22.
[2]. Modig J, Borg T, Karlstrm G et al (1983): Thromboembolism after total hip replacement: role of epidural and general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 62:174.
[3]. Rosenfeld B, Beattie C, Christopherson R et al (1993): The effects of different anesthetic regimens on fibrinolysis and the development of postoperative arterial thrombosis. Anesthesiology 79:435.
[4]. Yeager M, Glass D, Neff R, Brinck-Johnsen T(1987): Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology 66: 729.
[5]. De Beer DA and Thomas ML (2003): Caudal additives in children—solutions or problems? Br J Anaesth; 90: 487-98.

Abstract: Conidiobolomycosis (rhinoentomophthoramycosis) is a chronic rhino-facial subcutaneous granulomatous fungal infection that can be associated with disfiguring facial elephantiasis, and rarely, death. Conidiobolus coronatus, usual pathogen, is a saprophyte of decomposing vegetation. We report a case of rhinoentomophthoramycosis in an immunocompetent male involving maxillary sinus and nose. Microbiological diagnosis was in favour of conidiobolomycosis. The patient was treated with antifungals and the swelling progressively disappeared.

Keywords: Conidiobolomycosis, Conidiobolus coronatus, rhinoentomophthoramycosis

[1]. Martinson FD, Clark BM. Rhinophycomycosis entomorphthorae in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1967; 16:40-7.
[2]. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Unusual fungal and pseudo fungal infections of humans. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1495-504.
[3]. Kimura M, Yaguchi T, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Thompson EH, Wickes BL. Disseminated human Conidiobolomycosis due to Conodiobolus lamprauges. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:752-56.
[4]. Chander J. Textbook of Medical Mycology. 3 rd ed. New Delhi: Mehta Publishers; 2009. p. 361-86
[5]. Cherian L M, Varghese L, Panchatcharam B S, Parmar H V, Varghese G M. Nasal Conidiobolomycosis: A successful treatment option for localized disease. J Postgrad Med 2015; 61:143-4

Abstract: The structure and function of the thyroid change in different stages of the sexual cycle in females. Its function is slightly increased during pregnancy and lactation and is decreased during menopause.Thyroid hormones are essential for an adequate growth and development of the kidney. Hypothyroidism is accompanied by a decrease in glomerular filtration, hyponatremia, and an alteration of the ability for water excretion. The most common kidney derangements associated to hypothyroidism are: elevation of serum creatinine levels,reduction in GFRand renal plasma flow, disruption of the capacity to excrete free water and hyponatremia. These alterations may be absent in patients with central hypothyroidism due to the fact that this kind of thyroid hypofunction is often accompanied by other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Patient sample collected for TFT was utilized for study. 5ml of blood is collected before treatment..

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[5]. Smanik PA, Ryu K-Y, Theil KS, et al: Expression, exon-intron organization, and Chromosome mapping of the human sodium iodide symporter. Endocrinology. 1997 138:3555-3558
[6]. Kogai T, Endo T, Saito T, et al: Regulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone of Sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and protein levels in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology. 1997 138:2227-2232

Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this article was to emphasize the importance of variations in root canal anatomy. Methods: This case report presents the endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with c-shaped palatal canal bifurcating into two canals at the middle third and exiting from a single apical foramen. The canal morphology was confirmed with the aid of cone beam computerized tomography. Results: CBCT axial images showed that the palatal root had a Vertucci type III canal pattern. Conclusion: This report describes and discusses the variation in canal morphology of maxillary first molar and the use of latest adjuncts in successfully diagnosing and negotiating them.

Keywords: C-shaped, CBCT, Palatal Root..

[1]. Cooke HG, Cox FL. C- shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars. J Am Dent Assoc 1979: 99; 836-839.

[2]. Melton DC, Krell KV, Fuller MW. Anatomical and histological features of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars. J Endod.1991;17:384–388. [3]. Fan B, Cheung GS, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Bian Z. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part I–Anatomical features. J Endod. 2004; 30: 899–903.

[4]. Fan B, Cheung GS, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Fan W. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part II–Radiographic features. J Endod. 2004; 30 :904–908.

[5]. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod1984;58:589-99.

[6]. Holderrieth S, Gernhardt CR. Maxillary molars with morphologic variations of the palatal root canals: a report of four cases. J Endod2009;35:1060-5.

[7]. Newton CW, McDonald S. A C-shaped canal configuration in a maxillary first molar. J Endod.1984;10:397–399

Abstract: Optimal nutrition during first two years of life is crucial for the survival, healthy growth, and development of children. The World Health Organization recommends initiation of breastfeeding from the first hour of life, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, introduction of adequate complementary feeding from 6 months of age, and continuation of breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond. The present study was conducted to know the breastfeeding practices among the urban mothers of Hyderabad.

[1]. Chudasama RK, Amin CD, Parikh YN. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and its determinants in first 6 months of life: A prospective study. Online J Health Allied Scs. 2009;8(1):3
[2]. World Health Organization. Infant and young child nutrition: global strategy on infant and young child feeding. Geneva; 2002 (Fifty fifth World Health Assembly, A55/15). Available at http://webitpreview.who.int/entity/nutrition/publications/gs_infant_feeding_text_eng.pdf.
[3]. Lal M. Breast feeding and Weaning Practices of Children in Rural Area of Punjab, India: A Questionnaire Study. Int J Sci Stud 2015;3(1):90-93.
[4]. Nithin K, B.Unnikrishnan, Rekha T, Prasanna M, Vaman K, Mohan K P, Ramesh H, Angita J. Infant feeding and rearing practices adapted by mothers in Coastal South India. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. Vol. 4 No. 12 (2012);1988-1999.
[5]. Breast feeding promotion network of India issued on world breast feeding week 2012. From. www.bpni.org.
[6]. Roy MP, Mohan U, Singh SK, Singh VK, Srivastva AK, Determinants of Prelacteal Feeding in Rural Northern India. Int J Prev Med May 2014;5(5):658–663.

Abstract: Impaction may be defined as the failure of complete eruption into a normal functional position of one tooth within normal time due to lack of space in the dental arch, caused by obstruction by another tooth or development in an abnormal position. The mandibular third molar is the most frequently impacted tooth. The incidence varies from 9.5% to 68% in different populations.

[1]. Abu-Hussein M., Watted N., WatteA., Abu-Hussein Y., Yehia M., Awadi O., Abdulgani A .. Prevalence of Tooth Agenesis in Orthodontic Patients at Arab Population in Israel. International Journal of Public Health Research. Vol. 3, No. 3, 2015, pp. 77-82.
[2]. Haq Z. A Survey of reasons for Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular third Molar in Armed Forces Personnel at AFID Rawalpindi. Pak Oral Dent J 2002;22:137-9.
[3]. Sadermi Fayad J, Levy JC, Yazbeck C, Cavezian R, Cabanis EA. Eruption of third molars: relationship to inclination of adjacent molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004;125:200-2.
[4]. Peterson LJ. Principles of management of impacted teeth. In: Peterson LJ, Eills E, Huup JR, Tucker MR, editors. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. 4thed. New York: Mosby, 2003;184-213.
[5]. Pedro FL, Bandeca MC, Volpato LE, Marques,AT, Borba AM, Musis CR, et al. Prevalence of impacted teeth in a Brazilian subpopulation. The journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2014;15(2):209-13.

Abstract: The maintenance of biological width is of utmost importance in restorative procedures. Crown lengthening requires thorough clinical judgement so that the biological width is not violated. This case report explains the strategies that need to be followed during crown lengthening.

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