iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: comparative study of the flying capacitor three level buck converter and a modified flying capacitor three level converter is done here. And analysis of the modified flying capacitor three level buck converter is done from the waveforms obtained. The main benefits of this topology is reduction in size of the converter and also higher efficiency. The conventional and the proposed circuits are simulated using PSIM.
Index Terms: Flying capacitor Buck converter ,dynamic response.

[1]. Lisheng Shi, BhanuPrashantBaddipadiga,MehdiFerdowsi,andMariesa L, "Improving the Dynamic Response of a Flying-Capacitor
Three-Level Buck Converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28,no. 5, May. 2013.
[2]. J. Zhao, T. Sato , T. Nabeshima, and T. Nakano, "Steady-state and dynamic analysis of a buck converter using a hysteretic
PWM control," in Proc. IEEE 35th Annu. Appl. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 2004, vol. 5, pp. 3654–3658.
[3]. V. Yousefzadeh, E. Alarc´on, and D. Maksimovic, "Three-level buck converter for envelope tracking applications," IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 549–552, Mar. 2006.

Abstract: This paper presents power loss comparison of single and two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems based on the loss factors of double line-frequency voltage ripple (DLFVR), fast irradiance variation + DLFVR, fast dc load variation + DLFVR, limited operating voltage range + DLFVR, and over- all loss factor combination. These loss factors will result in power deviation from the maximum power points. In this paper, both single-stage and two-stage grid-connected PV systems are considered. All of the effects on a two-stage system are insignificant due to an additional maximum power point tracker, but the tracker will reduce the system efficiency typically about 2.5%. The power loss caused by these loss factors in a single-stage grid-connected PV system is also around 2.5%; that is, a single-stage system has the merits of saving components and reducing cost, and does not penalize overall system efficiency under certain operating voltage ranges. Simulation results with the MATLAB software package and confirmed the analysis.
Index Terms: Loss factor, power loss comparison, single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system, two-stage grid-connected PV system.

[1]. T.-F. Wu, C.-H. Chang, Y.-D. Chang, and K.-Y. Lee, "Power loss analysis of grid-connection photovoltaic systems," in Proc. Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS) Conf., 2009, pp. 326–331.
[2]. T. A. Huld, M. Suri, R. P. Kenny, and E. D. Dunlop, "Estimating PV performance over large geographical regions," in Proc. 31st IEEE. Photovoltaic. Spec. Conf., 2005, pp. 1679–1682.
[3]. N. Okada, S. Yamanaka, H. Kawamura, and H. Ohno, "Diagnostic method of performance of a PV module with estimated power output in considering four loss factors," in Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic. Spec. Conf., 2005, pp. 1643–1646.
[4]. R. Suzuki, H. Kawamura, S. Yamanaka, H. Ohno, and K. Naito, "Lossfactors affecting power generation efficiency of a PV module," in Proc.29th IEEE. Photovoltaic. Spec. Conf., 2002, pp. 1557–1560.
[5]. N. Okada, S. Yamanaka, H. Kawamura, and H. Ohno, "Energy loss of photovoltaic system caused by irradiance and incident angle," in Proc.3rd IEEE Photovoltaic Energy Convers. World. Conf., 2003, pp. 2062–2065.

Abstract: This paper presents quantum model for nanoscale InAlAs/InGaAs double heterostructure double gate HEMT (DG-HEMT) accounting enhanced gate control for millimeter-wave applications. The eigenenergies obtained for different gate voltages has been used to calculate the corresponding quantum electron density in the channel and is employed to calculate various device characteristics. The obtained results have been compared with the simulated results obtained from quantum moments model and are found to be in good agreement.
Keywords: cut-off frequency, double-gate HEMT (DG-HEMT), electron density, quantum effects, separate gate.

[1] K. Shinohara, Y. Yamashita, A. Endoh, K. Hikosaka, T. Matsui, T. Mimura, and S. Hiyamizu, "Ultrahigh-Speed Pseudomorphic
InGaAs/InAlAs HEMTs With 400-GHz Cutoff Frequency," IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 22, 2001, pp. 507-509.
[2] C. Pobanz, M. Matloubian, V. Radisic, G. Raghavan, M. Case, M. Micovic, M. Hu, C. Nguyen, S. Weinreb, and L. Samoska,
"High performance MMICs with submillimeter wave InP-based HEMTs," in Proc. IEEE IPRM, 2000, Williamsburg, VA, pp. 67-
70.
[3] C. Y. Chang, and F. Kai, GaAs high-speed devices (U.S. A, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994).
[4] Y. Yamashita, A. Endoh, K. Shinohara, K. Hikosaka, T. Matsui, S. Hiyamizu and T. Mimura, "Pseudomorphic In0.52Al0.48As-
In0.53Ga0.47As HEMTs with an ultrahigh fT of 562 GHz," IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 23, 2002, pp. 573–575.
[5] N. Wichmann, I. Duszynski, S. Bollaert, J. Mateos, X. Wallart, and A. Cappy, "100 nm InAlAs/InGaAs double-gate HEMT using
transferred substrate," in IEDM Tech. Dig., 2004, pp. 1023–1026.

Abstract: The Feedback control system connected to a real time network through which the control process takes place are called network control system(NCSs).Features of NCS is the information like reference input, plant output, control input is exchanged between sensors, controllers, actuator using a network like CAN bus. The system wiring is reduced, easy to maintain and increases the system reliability. In the conventional control theories uses some ideal assumptions like equal distance sensing, synchronized control and non-delayed sensing and actuation. But in time varying systems this assumption fails due to transmission delay or packet dropout. In this paper Stability of NCS is analysed by considering transmission delay for a computer controlled system using scheduling algorithm
Keywords : Network Control System, Real Time System, Stability

[1] K. Albers and F. Slomka, "An Event Stream Driven Approximation for the Analysis of Real-Time Systems," Proc. 16th Euromicro Conf. Real-Time Systems, pp. 187-195, 2004.
[2] N.C. Audsley, A. Burns, M. Richardson, K.W. Tindell, and A.J. Wellings, "Applying New Scheduling Theory to Static Priority Pre-Emptive Scheduling," Software Eng. J., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 284-292, 1993.
[3] E. Bini and G.C. Buttazzo, "Measuring the Performance of Schedulability Tests," J. Real-Time Systems, vol. 30, nos. 1/2, pp. 129-154, 2005.
[4] G.C. Buttazzo, "Real-Time Scheduling and Resource Management," Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2008
[5] S. Chakraborty, S. Kunzli, and L. Thiele, "Approximate Schedulability Analysis," Proc. IEEE Real-Time Systems Symp., pp. 159-168

Abstract: Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) can provide the most commercial solution to mitigate voltage sag by injecting voltage as well as power into the system. This paper describes the effectiveness of using dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) in order to mitigate voltage sags in power distribution systems at critical loads.
The DVR is a power electronic based device that provides three-phase controllable voltage source, whose voltage vector(magnitude and angle) adds to the source voltage during sag event, to restore the load voltage to pre-sag conditions. The DVR can restore the load voltage within few milliseconds. A control technique based on aproportional–integral (PI) controller and a selective controller is used.
The controller is designed in asynchronously-rotating reference frame. In fact, three independent controllers (homo polar component, d-axis component and q-axis component) have been used to tackle balanced and unbalanced voltage supplies. Simulation results using Simulink' Sim Power System Toolbox is presented to illustrate the principle and performance of a DVR operation in load voltage compensation.

[1] N.G. Hingorani. 1995. Introducing Custom Power in IEEE Spectrum. p. 32. pp. 4l-48.
[2] IEEE Std. 1159-1995. Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality.
[3] P. Boonchiam and N. Mithulananthan. 2006. Understanding of Dynamic Voltage Restorers through MATLAB Simulation. Thammasat Int. J. Sc. Tech., 11(3), July-Sept.
[4] J.G. Nielsen, M. Newman, H. Nielsen and F. Blaabjerg. 2004. Control and testing of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) at medium voltage level. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 19(3): 806 May.
[5] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich. 2002. Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Abstract: Power system stabilizers (PSS) must be capable of providing appropriate stabilization signals over a broad range of operating conditions and disturbances. Traditional PSS rely on robust linear design methods. In an attempt to cover a wide range of operating conditions, expert or rule based controllers have been proposed. Recently, fuzzy logic as a novel robust control design method has shown promising results. In this paper a fuzzy logic based power system stabilizer for stability enhancement of a two-area four machine system are designed. In order to accomplish the stability enhancement, speed deviation (Δω) and active power deviation (ΔP) of the rotor synchronous generator were taken as the inputs to the fuzzy logic controller. These variables take significant effects on damping the generator shaft mechanical oscillations. The stabilizing signals were computed using fuzzy membership function depending on these variables. The performance of the system with fuzzy logic PSS is compared with the conventional PSS and the system without PSS.
Keywords: Power system stabilizer, fuzzy logic, stability.

[1]. L.Koundinya,Kalyan,Mukkamula,Yetukuri Lakshman,Kambhampati Tejaswi,Anusha Jadyada"Application of Fuzzy Logic Power
System Stabilizers to Transient Stability Improvement In a Large Electric Power System",International Journal Of Applied
Research & studies ISSN 2278-9480 iJARS/Vol.II/Issue 1/Jan,2013/297.
[2]. T.Hussein,A.shamekh"Adaptive Rule-base Fuzzy Power System Stabilizer For a Multi-machine System",2013 21st Mediterranean
Conference on control & Automation (MED) Platanias-chania,crete,Greece,june25-28,2013
[3]. E. Nechadi and M.N. Harmas "Power System Stabilizer Based on Global Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control"balkan journal of electrical
& computer engineering, 2013, Vol.1, No.2 Copyright © BAJECE ISSN: 2147-284X September 2013 Vol:1 No:2
[4]. T.Hussein,A.shamekh"Performance Assessment of Fuzzy Logic Power System Stabilizer on North Benghazi Power Plant",
Conference Papers in Engineering, volume 2013,ArticleID 636808.
[5]. Vijay Kumar Tayal,J.S.Lather"Digital Simulation of Reduced Rule Fuzzy Logic Power System Stabilizer for Analysis of Power
System Stability Enhancement"International Journal of Computer Applications(0975-888)volume 47- No.7,june 2012.

Abstract: In present days technology made things smaller and smaller. We have different application in microwave frequency range such as GSM, Bluetooth, and WLAN etc. in order to use this applications we need different antenna, but as technology is being advanced the demand of making an antenna which operates in all the above applications is required. To fulfill the demand of above stated antenna, a design of micro strip antenna which works under multi frequency of operation using serrated structures has been introduced. This antenna maintains a maximum gain of 8dB. The designed antenna has a small overall size of 13×13×0.67 cm, and operates over the frequency ranges, 1.45 GHz,-1.85 GHz, 2.10–2.70 GHz, and 2.82–3.74 GHz suitable for GSM 1.8GHz, Bluetooth 2.4GHZ, WLAN 2.4 GHz and WiMAX 3.5 GHz applications. Experimental results show that the antenna gives radiation patterns and good antenna gains over the operating bands.
Key words: serrated structures, WLAN, Bluetooth, and GSM.

[1]. D.M. Pozar and D.H. Schaubert, The Analysis and Design of Micro strip Antennas and Arrays, IEEE Press, pp. 53,april-1995.
[2]. S.Sudhrani, P.Rakesh Kumar"Microsrtip circular patch array antenna For electronic toll collection" IJRET, ISSN: 2319-1163, Volume: 2 Issue: 1,pp 52-54,jan 2013
[3]. D.Rakesh, P.Rakesh Kumar, Sri Kavya, K.Prabhu Kumar, S Bala Durga Prasad, Performance Evaluation Of Microstrip Square Patch Antenna On Different Substrate Materials, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, www.jatit.org, Vol 26 No 2, April 2011.
[4]. B.T.P.Madhav, VGKM Pisipati, P.Rakesh Kumar, K.V.L.Bhavani, S.Balaji, V.Shiva Kumar, "Dual Frequency Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna on Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate", International Journal of Engineering Sciences Research-IJESR http://technicaljournals.org ISSN: 2230-8504; e-ISSN-2230-8512, Vol 01, Issue 02, May, 2011.
[5]. D.Rakesh,P.Rakesh,Kumar,B.T.P.Madhav,Prof.Habibulla Khan,Ch.Sri Kavya,K.Prabhu kumar,S Bala Durga Prasad "Systematic evaluation of square patch antenna performance based on permittivity of the material",International Journal Of engineering Science and Technology (IJEST),ISSN:0975-5462,VOL.3 NUMBER .3 MARCH 2011.

Abstract: Now a days the Consumption of power has been increased tremendously. In order to meet the demand of Power by various units various setups has been introduced for effective power generation. In this Project electrical power is being generated as non-conventional method by simply passing vehicles on to the specially designed Roller Setup. This method of Electrical power generation needs no input power. This Project is implemented by using simple drive mechanism such as Roller, some interfaced Electrical components and chain drive Mechanism. The basic principle is simple energy conversion form mechanical to electrical energy by using the vehicles weight (potential energy) & motion (kinetic energy).Here the process of Electric Power Generation comes under the Mechanism of Electro-Kinetic power Generator. The electro-kinetic power generator is a method of generating electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of automobiles that drives over the track. The track operates by virtue of a number of specially designed rollers placed on it. When the vehicles pass on the rollers, pressure is exerted on them, which develops the mechanical energy and by means of a specially designed mechanism, a generator is driven, which is capable of producing AC/DC current.
Keywords: Kinetic energy, Speed breaker, Electro-mechanical unit, Non-Conventional Energy

[1]. Selvaraj, R.S., Sivamadhavi, V., "Magnitude of Green House Effect and the contribution of Carbon di oxide," Recent Advances in Space Technology Services and Climate Change (RSTSCC), 13-15 Nov. 2010, no. 41 – 44, Chennai.
[2]. Shakun Srivastava, Ankit asthana, "produce electricity by the use of speed breakers," Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, Vol.2, No.1 April-Jun 2011.
[3]. Mukherje, D., Chakrabarti, S., Non-conventional power plants, New Delhi, 2005.
[4]. Pedal Power Generation-International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.7 No.11 (2012)

Abstract: The applications of nonlinear loads are increasing worldwide, most of them are consisting power electronics devices. These nonlinear loads have made the power quality problems, a big challenge than ever before. An effective control of power quality parameters is highly dependent on their accurate and timely monitored system. Harmonics affects accurate estimation and effective control of power quality problems. In this paper, several methods of power system harmonics elimination are critically reviewed and classified based on the type of analysis tool and applications. Various estimation techniques are discussed in brief; comparison of available approaches are deeply examined and presented with the simulation models. The major issues and challenges in harmonics elimination are highlighted. The need to improve power quality in AC-to-DC converters has become the most important issue at present. Passive filters are not a solution to this as the harmonics are very high. So power electronics equipment has been used. A number of control strategies based on PWM method have emerged which cause a reduction in the harmonics and also achieves sinusoidal input current, unity power factor and high dynamic response. Some of the most important PWM control schemes include hysteresis current control (HCC)[1.3], Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)[1.2], indirect current control (IDC)[2], space vector modulation (SVM)[3]. The principle of operation and implementation of each scheme is discussed in detail and the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are stated. A closed loop control system has been designed for each control strategy and the converters are simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK program. The performance of the converter under each control strategy is evaluated. The next phase is to calculate various parameters of the converter like DC output voltage, THD of output voltage, THD of input current, Input current distortion factor, input power factor, input displacement factor, input harmonic factor, voltage ripple factor have been calculated. All the strategies are then compared on the basis of these parameters and graphs have been plotted to make a comparative analysis of the schemes studied.

[1] Martin Jones ∗, I. Nyoman Wahyu Satiawan,"A simple multi-level space vector modulation algorithm for five-phase open-end winding drives." ELSEVIER 5 October 2011; 90 (2013) 74–85.
[2] Abderrahim El Fadili n, Fouad Giri "Adaptive control strategy with flux reference optimization for sensorless induction motors.". ELSEVIER 26 (2014) 91–106.
[3] Péter Stumpf a,∗, Rafael K. Járdán b, István Nagyb, "Analysis of the impact of space vector modulation techniques on the operation of ultrahigh speed induction machines".ELSEVIER 90 (2013) 132–144.
[4] Tarak Ghennama,∗, El-Madjid Berkoukb,1 "Back-
[5] converter controlled by a novel space-vector hysteresis current control for wind conversion systems", ELSEVIER 80 (2010) 444–455.

Abstract: Velocity of Detonation (VOD) is the most important property to consider when rating an explosive. It is an established fact that VOD gives a good indication of the strength and hence the performance of the explosive. Detonation Sensor is the most critical part of the VOD measurement system. This paper presents and discusses various practical and field implemental techniques for sensing detonation wave with detailed study of electrical ionization principle using resistance sensor for VOD measurement. In this technique effort is made to overcome the limitation of continuous wire sensor and discrete points sensor under various practical conditions. Step change in resistance is utilised to increase the system reliability, improve noise immunity as well as to reduce the system complexity.
Keywords: Discrete resistance, Explosive , Ionization , Picoscope, Velocity of Detonation

[1]. Edwin M.Chan, Vivian Lee, Samuel P. Mickan, Phil J. Davies "Low cost optoelectronics devices to measure velocity of detonation", Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5649(SPIE, Bellingham, WA,2005)
[2]. M. Pradhan, "Effect of Charge Temperature on the detonation Velocity of Bulk Emulsion Explosives" IE(I) Journal-MN vol.90, August 2009.
[3]. "Evaluation of explosive performance through in-the-hole detonation velocity measurement" by National Institute of Rock Mechanics August 2001.
[4]. J.Benterou, E. udd, P.Wilkins, F.Roeske, E.Roos, D.Jackson"In-Situ Continuous Detonation Velocity Measurements using Fiber-optic Bragg Grating Sensors"
[5]. Lun K. Cheng and Jan van Bree "Fibre-optic sensors in explosion and detonation experiments" SPIE 10.1117/2.1200705.0729

Abstract: We require knowing the real time location of a small sized ground robotic vehicle when it performs any task indoors or outdoors. I am implementing low cost, self contained localization system for small sized vehicles. SLAM provides most accurate real time, 3D positions in both indoor as well as outdoor environments. Unlike other localization schemes it does not require external reference, expensive hardware, and strict calibration which are capable of operating in different environments. It identifies relative movement through compass sensor and MEMS sensor. It also corrects the localization drift by GPS augmentation. The complexity of the technical processes of locating and mapping under conditions of errors and noise do not allow for a coherent solution of both tasks. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a concept that binds these processes in a loop and therefore supports the continuity of both aspects in separated processes

[1] A. Doucet, N. de Freitas, and N. Gordon, editors. Sequential Monte Carlo Methods in Practice. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
[2] M. Montemerlo, S. Thrun, D. Koller, and B. Wegbreit. Fastslam: A factored solution to the simultaneous localization and mapping problem. In 2002 IEEE ICRA, Workshop W4 Notes, 2002.
[3] S. Thrun, D. Fox., and W. Burgard. A probabilitic approach to concurrent mapping and localization for mobile robots. Machine Learning, 31:29-53, 1998.
[4] Durrant-Whyte, H. Bailey, T. (2006). "Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM): Part I The Essential Algorithms" Robotics and Automation Magazine.

[5] Karlsson, N.; Di Bernardo, E.;Ostrowski, J;Goncalves, L.;Pirjanian, P.;Munich, M. (2005). "The vSLAM Algorithm for Robust Localization and Mapping". Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).

[6] Leonard, J.J.; Durrant-whyte, H.F. (1991). "Simultaneous map building and localization for an autonomous mobile robot". Intelligent Robots and Systems' 91.'Intelligence for Mechanical Systems, Proceedings IROS'91. IEEE/RSJ International Workshop on: 1442–1447.

Abstract: Linear antenna array design is one of the most important electromagnetic optimization problems of current research interests. In this paper a new method of optimization, Characteristics Evolution Optimization, has been introduced. The method is based on the binary digit system. Since the algorithm works on binary digits and in a parallel fashion, the method can perform well in parallel processing environment. For the purpose of illustration, a 16- element array has been considered. The performance of the introduced technique has been compared with some of the existing techniques, IWO (Invasive Weed Optimization), DE (Differential Evolution), and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization). Various variants of Invasive Weed Optimization have also been considered. It has been observed that the proposed method (Characteristics Evolution optimization) performs satisfactorily comparing with other existing methods. It has been observed that the introduced method, in certain instances, outperforms other optimization techniques.
Keywords: Characteristics Evolution Optimization, Linear Array, Pattern Synthesis

[1]. Aniruddha Basak, Siddharth Pal, Swagatam Das, Ajith Abraham, Vaclav Snasel, "A modified invasive weed optimization algorithm for the time-modulated linear antenna array synthesis", IEEE 2010
[2]. Siddharth Pal, Aniruddha Basak, Swagatam Das, Ajith Abraham, Ivan Zelinka, "Concentric Circular Antenna Array Synthesis Using a Differential Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm", IEEE 2010 International conference on soft computing and pattern recognition.
[3]. Constantine A. Balanis and Panayiotis I. Ioannides, Introduction to Smart Antennas, 1st edition: Morgan & Claypool, 2007
[4]. Siddharth Pal, Aniruddha Basak, Swagatam Das, Ajith Abraham, "Linear antenna array synthesis using invasive weed optimization algorithm", 2009 International conference on soft computing and pattern recognition.
[5]. Herve Lebret, Stephen Boyd, "Antenna array pattern synthesis via convex optimization", IEEE transactions on signal processing, 1997

Abstract: Voltage Unbalance is a common type of power quality problem. Sequence components occur during unbalance in three phase system. For this reason unbalance is assessed with respect to the sequence components present in the system. Voltage unbalance may adversely affect power system components connected to the system. In this paper, for symmetric and asymmetric faults, positive sequence voltage is taken as reference to generate PWM pulses and is given to the VSI to mitigate the unbalance present in the power system.
Keywords: Faults, Poly-phase system, Positive Sequence voltage, Series Compensator, Voltage Unbalance

[1] R.C. Dugan, Electrical Power Systems Quality(Mark F. McGrangaghan, Surya Santoso: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008).
[2] Math H.J Bollen, "Understanding Power Quality Problems" McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999.
[3] Yop Chung, "Control and Analysis of zero sequence components in DVR system", IEEE, 2001
[4] J.G Nielson and F. Blaabjerg. "Comparison of system Topologies for Dynamic Voltage Restorer".in Conf.Rec.IEEE/IAS, vol. 4,
pp.2397-2403, 2001.
[5] Z. Changjiang, C. Fitzer, V.K. Ramachandraramurthy, A. Arulamapalam, N. Jenkins, " Software phase-locked loop applied to
dynamic voltage restorer." in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc.. Winter meeting, vol. 3, 2001, pp. 1033-1038.
[6] Agileswari K. Ramasamy, Rengan Krishnan Iyer, Dr.R.N.Mukerjee, Dr.Vigna K. Ramachandramurthy,"Dynamic Voltage Restorer
for voltage sag compensation", IEEE PEDS, 2005, pg.1289-1293.

Abstract: This paper implementation of simple algorithm for detection of tumor in endoscopy images. Tumor is an uncontrolled growth of tissues in any part of the body. Tumors are of different types and they have different characteristics and different treatment. The wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) image is visually examined by the physician for detection and diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumor. However this method of detection resists the accurate determination of tumor. To avoid that, this project uses computer aided method for segmentation (detection) of endoscopy tumor based on the combination of algorithms. This method allows the segmentation of tumor tissue with accuracy and reproducibility comparable to manual segmentation. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis.

1] Baopu Li and Max Q.-H. Meng, ―Tumor recognition in capsule endoscopy images using textural features and SVM-Based Feature selection,‖ Image Vis. Comput., vol. 16, no. 3, MAY. 2012.
[2] B. Li and M. Q.-H. Meng, ―Texture analysis for ulcer detection in capsule endoscopy images,‖ Image Vis. Comput., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1336–1342,Aug. 2009.
[3] N. Kwak, and C. H. Choi, ―Input Feature Selection for Classification Problems‖, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13(1), 143–159, 2002
[4] K. Schulmann, ―Feasibility and diagnostic utility of video capsule endoscopy for the detection of small bowel polyps in patients with hereditary polyposis syndromes,‖ Amer. J. Gastroenterol., vol. 100, pp. 27–37, 2005.
[5] M. Uner and T. Blu, ―Mathematical properties of the JPEG2000 wavelet filters,‖ IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1080–1090, Sep. 2003
[6] Georgiadis. Et all , ― Improving brain tumor characterization on MRI by probabilistic neural networks and non-linear transformation of textural features‖, Computer Methods and program in biomedicine, vol 89, pp24-32, 2008

Abstract: The micro and nano-structured amorphous carbon as p-type films prepared from natural palm oil precursor for heterojunction solar cell were presented. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed the micro and nano structured films had particle size in the range of 382 nm to 689 nm and 28 to 34 nm, respectively. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed the existing of carbon in micro-structured amorphous carbon film and carbon together with boron in nano-structured amorphous carbon film. Solar simulator analysis results showed an open circuit voltage (VOC), current density (JSC), fill-factor(FF) and conversion efficiency (η) of Au/a-C/n-Si/Au were 264.62 mV, 1.50434 mA/cm2, 0.32632, and 0.130154 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the VOC, JSC, FF and η of Au/a-C:B/n-Si/Au solar cell were 271.25 mV, 14.91723 mA/cm2, 0.33582, and 1.542622 %, respectively. The conversion efficiency was increased as the p-type film was in nanostructure form.
Keywords: Amorphous carbon, Palm-oil, Negative bias, Boron doping, Carbon film, Carbon solar cell

[1] A.B. Suriani, A.A. Azira, S.F. Nik, Roslan Md Nor, and M. Rusop, Synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes using natural palm oil as carbon precursor, Material Letters, 63, 2009, 2704-2706.
[2] S. Paul, and S.K. Samdarshi, A green precursor for carbon nanotube syhthesis, New Carbon Materials, 26, 2011, 85-88.
[3] J. Podder, M. Rusop, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, Boron doped amorphous carbon films grown by r.f. PECVD under different partial pressure, Diamond and Related Materials, 14, 2005, 1799-1804.
[4] Dayana Kamaruzaman, Nurfadzilah Ahmad, ishak Annuar, and Muhamad Rusop, Semiconducting Properties of Nanostructured Amorphous Carbon Thin Films Incorporated with Iodine by Thermal chemical Vapor Deposition, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 52, 2013, 11.
[5] Rusop, M., et al., Effect of Boron Weight Percentages in the Target of Pulsed Laser Deposition on the Preparation of Boron-Doped Amorphous Carbon Films, Surface Review and Letters, 2005, 12(01), 27-34.

Abstract: This paper investigates the feasibility of a Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant (PTSTPP) for typical sites of Pakistan. The solar resource of the country is assessed against the required insolation levels. An optimum potential site with suitable irradiance level is identified and evaluated on the basis of certain parameters like wind speed, slope, land use, transmission lines, road & railway network, water resources & natural gas availability etc. A location near Nawabshah in Nara desert with total annual direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 2057.6 kWh per m2 was found suitable for the construction of PTSTPP. A 30MW PTSTPP without any thermal energy storage is proposed on the selected site. The design comprises 56 collector loops with 4 parabolic trough collectors (PTC) per loop. The proposed design is verified with the help of simulation. The designed plant can generate 31.54 MW net on an average day in the month of June. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is found to be 15.47 cents per kWh. The capacity factor of the proposed power plant comes out to be 20.5%. Cost comparison with conventional fossil fuel & renewable energy power plants already operational in Pakistan predicts that the proposed PTSTP plant can compete well in the current energy market of the country.
Keywords: concentrated solar power (CSP), direct normal irradiance (DNI), insolation, parabolic trough, solar thermal power (STP

[1] Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2011, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural resources, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan. www.hdib.org.pk
[2] Al-Nasser, A.M, Performance and Economics of a Solar Thermal Power Generation Plant in Jubail, Saudi Arabia: Parabolic Trough Collector, IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (EnergyCon), 2010.
[3] Status Report on Solar Trough Power Plants, Pilkington Solar International GmbH, Sponsored by the German Federal Minister for Education, Science, Research and Technology,
[4] Solar Thermal Power 2020, URL: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/solar-thermal-power-2020/
[5] Mingzhi Zhao; Zhizhang Liu; Qingzhu Zhang; Feasibility Analysis of Constructing Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant in Inner Mongolia of China, APPEEC 2009, Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009.