iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: Recently, several types of Distributed Generators (DGs) have been connected together to form a small power normal connecting mode and is connected to the main grid. This paper presents the performance enhancement of microgrid with RES (Renewable Energy Sources) penetration in grid connected and islanded operation, and also shows the effect of wind and solar penetration individually and as well as coupled along with backup protection. To analyze the effect of RES penetration into micro grid a synchronous speed wind turbine equipped with SCIG (Squirrel cage Induction Generator) and solar system with MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) are used. A modified Benchmark micro grid is used and simulations are performed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Index Terms: Micro grid, renewable energy sources, Reactive power mismatching, solar integration, voltage stability, wind penetration, battery

[4]. S. Bose, Y. Liu, K. BaheiEldin, J. de Bedout, and M. Adamiak, "Tieline controls in microgrid applications," in IREP Symposium
on Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability, Aug. 2007, pp. 1–9.
[5]. A. Anwar and H. Pota, "Loss reduction of power distribution network using optimum size and location of distributed generation," in
21st Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Sept. 2011, pp. 1–6.
[6]. N. Roy, M. Mahmud, and H. Pota, "Impact of high wind penetration on the voltage profile of distribution systems," in North
American Power Symposium (NAPS), Aug. 2011, pp. 1–6.
[7]. A. Kumar and W. Gao, "Voltage profile improvement and line loss reduction with distributed generation in deregulated electricity
markets," in TENCON, IEEE Region 10 Conference, Nov. 2008, pp. 1–6.
[8]. W. Deng, W. Pei, and Z. Qi, "Impact and improvement of distributed generation on voltage quality in micro-grid," in Third
International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, April 2008, pp. 1737–1741.
[9]. X. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Guerrero, and X. Ma, "Reactive power compensation for parallel inverters without control interconnections
in microgrid," in Industrial Electronics, IECON, 34th Annual Conference of IEEE, Nov. 2008, pp. 922–925.

Abstract: Recently conventional Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) techniques attract more attention of researcher's due to its high frequency spectrum efficiency and high data rate transmission. MC-CDMA is a Multiple access scheme used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based telecommunication systems, allowing the system to support multiple users at the same time. Specialized wavelet packet waveform set is used as the modulation waveform in a multicarrier CDMA system. The wavelet packet waveform is the waveform generated from a full binary wavelet packet tree. This paper presents a design of conventional MC CDMA and wavelet packets based MC CDMA and their comparison on the basis of performance matrices. The performance parameter used in this comparison is Bit Error Rate (BER). The spectral analysis is done by wavelet.

Keywords: OFDM, MC-CDMA, WPMC-CDMA, AWGN Channel, Bit Error Rate.

[1]. Rui Fa, and Pei Xiao, "Joint data detection and phase recovery for downlink MC-2D-CDMA systems," IEEE Transaction on communications, Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 2782-2789, September 2009.
[2]. Xiangbin Yu, and Guangguo Bi, "Performance of complex orthogonal wavelet packet based MC-CDMA system with space-time coding over rayleigh fading channel," in Proceeding IITA International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering," Zhangjiajie, July 2009, pp. 136-139.
[3]. Ivan Cosvic, Michael Schnell, and Andreas Springer, "Combined equalization for uplink MC-CDMA in rayleigh fading channels," IEEE transactions on Communications, Vol. 53, No, 10, pp. 1609-1614, October 2005.
[4]. Lie-Liang Yang, and Lajos Hanzo, "Performance of fractionally spread multicarrier CDMA in AWGN as well as slow and fast Nakagami-m fading channels," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 1817-1827, September 2005.
[5]. Yewen Cao, Tjeng Thiang Tjhung, and Chi Chung Ko, "Performance of a new premulticoded multicarrier DS-CDMA system in Nakagami fading," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 1363-1372, July 2007.

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the basic understanding of active and reactive power flows in photovoltaic (PV) based distributed generation injected power system and how these power flows will influence the performance and stability of a power system. the harmonic currents injected into the utility grid may be a serious problem since they could lead to unacceptable levels of wave shapes distortion, power reversals and voltage regulation The proposed technology is to inject scheduled amount of real and reactive powers in to the grid while maintaining the balance between input and output powers, to protect the power system against the voltage fluctuations, voltage imbalance, power reversals, high short circuit current, harmonic distortion. A grid connected photovoltaic system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Keyword: Active power Distributed Generation, Photovoltaic System protection issues, Reactive power

[1]. 2008 National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA70, Published by the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2007.
[2]. King et al, "Performance Model for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Inverters," Sandia National Laboratories Report, SAND2007-
5036, September 2007.
[3]. DOE Advanced Integrated Inverter and Energy Management – Technical Workshop Presentations, April 19, and May 10-11, 2007,
Denver, CO and Santa Ana Pueblo, NM http://www2.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_america/technology_pathway_partnerships_wks
hp.html
[4]. Summary Report on the DOE High-tech Inverter Workshop, Jan,
2005,http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/inverter_II_workshop.pdf

[5]. Galvin Electricity Initiative, "The Path to Perfect Power – The Perfect Power System," 2007, http://www.galvinpower.org/galvinpower.pdf

Abstract: The main goal of a control system is that of causing a dynamic process to behave in a desired manner. The analysis and design of such a control system to provide a demanded behaviour is usually done by employing a mathematical model of the dynamic process. This model is chosen to represent the major dynamical features of the process. For the reason that the mathematical model is an idealization of the real process, it is imprecise and this inaccuracy entails the existence of model uncertainty. This fact, among others, complicates the analysis and design of a control system. The choice of the control structure plays an essential role to allow the attainment of the demanded behaviour. Typically, some kind of specifications, for example, open-loop and closed-loop specifications, cannot be fulfilled simultaneously and trade off between them has to be considered. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between difficulties to the control problem (such as model uncertainty, disturbances that cause the output to deviate from its desired value, etc.) and difficulties due to the control structure. In this way, the work has been focused on attempting to find out and use new control structures to avoid traditional difficulties related with standard, well-established, feedback control configurations. Thus in this thesis, a new 2-DOF control configuration based on plant processes which are first approximated to First-Order plus dead time (FOPDT) models, then the reference and feedback controllers are tuned according to the plant parameters itself.
Keywords: dof:fopdt

[1]. J.C. Doyle and G. Stein. "Multivariable feedback design: Concepts for a classical/modern synthesis," IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr.
26(2), 4–16, 1981.
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40(10), 1700–1716, 1995.

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Control theory. Springer-Verlag. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, 1987.
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[5]. D. Youla, H.A. Jabr and J. Bongiorno, "Modern Wiener-Hopf design of optimal controllers, part 2: The multivariable case," IEEE
Trans. Automat. Contr. 21(6), 319–338, 1976.

Abstract: This paper aims at the applications of natural frequency of inverted pendulum and genetic algorithm (GA) tuned pole placement with integral control in the swing up and stabilization of Rotary inverted pendulum (RIP) respectively. RIP is an important multivariable system in control to test the performance of any controller due to its nonlinear, unstable, non-minimum phase and under actuated nature. The technique used in this paper for swing up of pendulum from downward position to upright position is based on natural frequency of pendulum. It can be calculated either experimentally or based on equation of time period of pendulum. Classical method only places the dominant pair of poles to desired location hoping that higher order poles do not affect the second order approximation. This disadvantage is overcome by pole placement technique which places the entire poles at desired locations. Integral action is required to remove the steady state error. In between the swing up and stabilization a mode controller is used which is basically a condition check on the angle of the pendulum rod. Finally Simulink based experimental results are used to verify and validate the performance of the above controllers on RIP system.
Keywords: Genetic algorithm, Natural frequency based swing up controller, Pole placement with integral control, RIP

[1]. M. Gopal, Digital Control and State Variable Method, Tata McGraw Hill, NJ, 2011, 3th Ed., pp. 393.
[2]. K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, PHI Learning Private Lltd, Rimjhim House, NJ, 1997, 5th Ed., pp. 70–72 and pp. 739–950.
[3]. Googoltech, Experiment Guidebook of GCIP V1.1 1209 , 2009, pp.36-37,www.googoltech.com
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[6]. S. N. Sivanandam and S. N. Deepa, "Introduction to Genetic Algorithms", Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-73189-4, SPIN: 12053230

Abstract: Novel Soft-Switching Bidirectional Snubberless Current-fed full-bridge voltage doublers. A novel secondary modulation technique is proposed to clamp the voltage across the Primary side switches naturally with Zero Current Commutation (ZCC). It eliminates the necessity for active-clamping or passive snubber to absorb the switch turn-off voltage. A major challenge in current fed converters, Zero-Current Switching (ZCS) of primary side devices and Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) of Secondary side devices are achieved, which significantly reduce switching losses. Primary device voltage is clamped at low voltage, which enables the use of low voltage devices with low on-state resistance. Soft-switching and voltage-clamping is inherent and load independent.
Keywords: DC-DC converter; Zero Current Commutation (ZCC), Zero-Current Switching (ZCS), Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS)

[1]. Zhao, Biao, Qiang Song, and Wenhua Liu."Efficiency characterization and optimization of isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter based on dual-phase-shift control for DC distribution application." IEEE Trans. on Power Electron. 2013, pp. 1711–1727.
[2]. Tsai-Fu Wu ,Chia-Ling Kuo, Kun-Han Sun, Yu-Kai Chen, "Integration and Operation of a Single-Phase Bidirectional Inverter With Two Buck/Boost MPPTs for DC-Distribution Applications" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2013.
[3]. Kim, Myoungho, Anno Yoo, and Seung-Ki Sul. "A New Universal Isolated Converter for Grid Connection.", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol 48, no. 2, 2012:
[4]. pp.685-696.
[5]. T.-F. Wu, Y.-C. Chen, J.-G. Yang, and C.-L. Kuo, "Isolated bidirectional full-bridge DC–DC converter with a fly back snubber," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 7,
[6]. 2010, pp. 1915–1922.

Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for capacitor allocation and sizing in the modified IEEE 16 bus distribution system connected with wind machine with an objective of improving the voltage profile and reduction of power loss. Three cases are made with change the position of wind machine along three feeders in the proposed network, the case that gives better result for average bus voltage and total power losses selected for further simulation. The location of the buses where the capacitors should be placed is decided by a set of rules given by the Fuzzy Set Theory "FST" and the sizing of the capacitors determined by Q-V analysis in these buses. In addition calculated wind power factor "WPF" which achieve the reactive power required from wind farm in point of network connection "POC". A comparison is made between the proposed Fuzzy approach and the Particle Swarm Optimization "PSO" algorithm in terms of improves voltages with reduces losses achieved to study the performance of both Techniques.
Keywords: Fuzzy, PSO, distribution systems, capacitive compensation, loss minimization, wind generation

[1]. Song, Y. H., Wang, G. S., Johns, A. T., and Wang, P. Y., "Distribution Network Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction using Fuzzy Controlled Evolutionary Programming", IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 144, No. 4, pp.345-350, 1997.
[2]. Kundur, P., "Power System Stability and Control", McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, USA, 1994.
[3]. Ng, H.N., Salama, M.M.A. and Chikhani, A.Y., Classification of capacitor allocation techniques, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.387-392, 2000.
[4]. Ng, H.N., Salama, M.M.A. and Chikhani, A.Y., Capacitor allocation by approximate reasoning: fuzzy capacitor placement, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.393-398, 2000.
[5]. Abdel-Salam, T.S., Chikhani, A.Y., and Hackam, R., "A New Technique for Loss Reduction Using Compensating Capacitors Applied to Distribution Systems With Varying Load Condition", IEEE T-PWRD, Vol. 9, NO. 2, pp. 819-827, 1994.

Abstract: In this paper comparision between IGBT and MOSFET based inverter is done. Total harmonic distortion is compared with the varition of fundamental frequency of output voltage of inverter. Voltage source inverter is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software. IGBT is basically used for high power applications. Total harmonic distortion of IGBT is batter then MOSFET based voltage source inverter to control high power rating machines. Analysis of THD in resistive load is taken in MATLAB/Simulink.Fundamental frequency is varied from indian frequency to 140 Hz .
Keywords: Matlab/Simulink, Igbt, Mosfet, Thd.

[1] Mohan undeland, Riobbins "Power Electronics converters, Application and design" john wiley and sons 2012.
[2] Cyril W. Lander "Power Electronics" Mc Graw Hill 1993.
[3] V.R.Moorthi "Power Electronic devices circuits and Industrial application" Oxford University 2010.
[4] M.S. Jamil Asgar "Power Electronics" Phi Learning 2009.
[5] Joseph Vithayathil "Power Electronics principle and application" TATA Mc Graw Hill 2010.

Abstract: The conducting polymers have conjugated double bonds in their backbone.There are many different types of conducting polymers. The most common conducting polymers are Polyacetylene (PA),Poly (phenylene), Polythiophene Polypyrrole,Polyaniline(PANI) etc., . The addition of FLYASH in PANI results in an enhancement of microwave absorption with an added advantage of industrial waste utilization. The PANI-FA compositeswere prepared with different concentration of flyash to aniline ratio (50:50,60:40,70:30,80:20).AC and DC conductivity studies were carried out for the blends using Four probe technique for various temperature.
Keywords: - PANI, FLYASH, Four probe technique

[1] S C RAGHAVENDRA, SYED KHASIM, M REVANASIDDAPPA,M V N AMBIKA PRASAD AND A B KULKARNI, Synthesis, characterization and low frequency a.c. conduction of polyaniline/fly ash composites, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 26, No. 7, December 2003, pp. 733–739. © Indian Academy of Sciences.
[2] Raju Khan, Puja Khare, Bimala Prasad Baruah, Ajit Kumar Hazarika, Nibaran Chandra DeySpectroscopic, Kinetic Studies of Polyaniline-Flyash Composite, Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 2011, 1, 37-44
[3] Avanish Pratap Singh,1,2 Anoop Kumar S.,1 Amita Chandra,2 and S. K.Dhawan1, Conduction mechanism in Polyaniline-flyash composite material for shielding against electromagnetic radiation in
[4] X-band & Ku band, AIP ADVANCES 1, 23 June 2011.

Abstract: The Simulated antenna is one of the best antenna structures, due to its low cost and compact design .In the paper, we present a new research approach to improve the radiation effectiveness and the performance of antennas by miniaturization of the size. We have studied the performance of microstip patch antenna which consists of a fish shaped patch.This study was made for the wide frequency ranging from 5.3GHz to 9.1GHz and the geometory of the antenna and the results are obtained using the simulation software HFSS.The detailed design and the results are shown and disussed in this paper.
Key Words: Broadband , Microstrip , Patch Antenna , Planar, Ultra Wide Band

[1] Christophe DELAVEAUD, "Antennas compacts pour les systèmes de communication Ultra Large Bande", Institut de
Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique, France, 2009.
[2] Mohammed Younssi, Achraf Jaoujal, M. H. Diallo Yaccoub, Ahmed El Moussaoui, and Noura Aknin, "Study of a Microstrip
Antenna with and Without Superstrate for Terahertz Frequency," International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 2,
no. 4, pp. 369–371, April 2013.
[3] Tajeswita Gupta and P. K. Singhal, "Ultra Wideband Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Downlink and Uplink Satellite
Application in C band," International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 680–684, July 2013.
[4] U.S.47 C.F.R. Part15 Subpart F 15.503d Ultra-Wideband Operation (October 1, 2003 edition).
[5] M. I. Hasan and M. A. Motin, "New slotting technique of making compact octagonal patch for four band applications,"
International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 221–227, May 2013.