iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract:Images with high resolution give better results for image processing applications. Image resolution enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so that resultant image is more suitable for specific application such as medical, agricultural, satellite image processing. This paper is based on image resolution enhancement by combination of SWT & DWT .In DWT main loss is on high frequency components. The edge loss in high frequency components of DWT is minimized by adding it with high frequency components of SWT which is transition invariant transform. The interpolated high frequency sub-bands of DWT are added with high frequency sub bands of SWT. Then the added high frequency sub-bands (of SWT & DWT) as well as the input image are interpolated by factor of α/2to enlarge the input image by factor of α. Afterwards all these images have been combined using IDWT to generate a super resolved image. Algorithm considering Haar function is developed for DWT & inverse IDWT instead of using db9/7. This obtained image is compared with original high resolution image. This technique has been tested on standard bench mark images. The quantitative (Peak signal to noise ratio) and visual results are superior over conventional image resolution enhancement techniques.
Keywords: Bi-cubic interpolation, discrete wavelet transform, image resolution enhancement, stationary wavelet transform

[1]. H. Demirel, G. Anbarjafari, and S. Izadpanahi, "Improved motion-based localized super resolution technique using discrete wavelet transform for low resolution video enhancement," in Proc. 17th Eur. Signal Process. Conf., Glasgow, Scotland, Aug. 2009, pp. 1097–1101.
[2]. Robert G. Keys," cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing", IEEE transactions on acoustics, speech and signal processing, vol-29, no.6, December 1981
[3]. H.Demirel and G. Anbarjafari, "Satellite image resolution enhancement using complex wavelet transform," IEEE Geo- science and Remote Sensing Letter , vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 123–126, Jan. 2010.
[4]. C. B. Atkins, C. A. Bouman, and J. P. Allebach, "Optimal image scaling using pixel classification," in Proc. Int. Conf. Image Process Oct. 7–10, 2001, vol. 3, pp. 864–867.
[5]. W. K. Carey, D. B. Chuang, and S. S. Hemami, "Regularity-preserving image interpolation," IEEE Trans. Image Process. , vol. 8, no. 9, pp.1295–1297, Sep. 1999

Abstract: During a few recent lunar missions, a possibility of water ice existing in the permanently shadowed regions on the moon has come forward. The content of water ice on the moon is an open question in the current moon study. It is known that the existence of ice mixed with regolith can affect permittivity of the lunar surface material and consequently to the microwave brightness temperature of the lunar surface. In this paper, we have considered the measured permittivity of the lunar soil simulant JSC-1A and the pure ice. A few dielectric mixing models have been discussed and Odelevsky model has been used to derive the effective permittivity of the mixture. The microwave brightness temperature has been simulated using two layer lunar regolith model. The relationship between the microwave brightness temperature and the water ice content has been arrived at using the derived effective permittivity. The microwave brightness temperature of the lunar surface obtained by Changé-1 has been used. From the study, it has been found that there is a possibility of upper regolith layer with about 9cm can have the volume water ice content of about 2.943%.
Key Words: Brightness Temperature, Microwave, Moon, Permittivity, Regolith, Water Ice

[1]. Arnold J R., "Ice in the lunar polar regions", J Geophys Res, 1979, 84:5659–5668.
[2]. Watson K, Murray B C, Brown H. "The behavior of volatiles on the lunar surface" J Geophys Res, 1961, 66: 3033–3045.
[3]. Nozette S, Lichtenberg C L, Spudis P, et al. "The Clementine bistatic radar experiment" Science, 1996, 274: 1495–1498.
[4]. Spudis, P., Ice on the Moon, The Space Review, November 6, 2006.
[5]. Feldman W C, Maurice S, Binder A B, et al. "Fluxes of fast and epithermal neutrons from lunar prospector: Evidence for water ice at the lunar Poles " Science, 1998, 281: 1496–1500.

Abstract: Electricity as a vital tool in national development is receiving increasing attention from various regimes of Government in the third world countries particularly Nigeria. Obviously, there is great deal of potentials for investors in the country; this is the idea behind the reform in the industry. The recent total deregulation in Nigerian power sector industry is veritable pointer to this argument. This unavoidable fact has led to the proffered solutions herein stated in this work for other developing economy. On this note, the success of privatization in the telecommunication industry in Nigeria has informed the recent implementation of restructuring of the electric power sector in the country. Finally, it is necessary to look closely at deregulation and what to be expected by the country from it. This work will be a useful tools and reference material for other developing economics.
Keywords: challenges, deregulation, power sector, unbundling, econometric

[1]. Loi Lei Lai "Energy generation under the new development; Power System Restructing and Deregulation- Trading, Performance and information Technology, edited by Loi Lei Lai, John Wiley, Chicester, 2002 pp 1 – 49.
[2]. T.O Akinbulire, P.O Oluseyi and COAS Awosope; "Application of Optimization technique to electricity market in an emerging deregulated environment. Proc of Int. Conf. & Exhib. On power systems. University of Lagos, July 2007 pp 67-73
[3]. T. Mc Govern and C. Hicks, "Deregulation and restricting of the global electricity supply industry and its impact power plant suppliers" International Journal of Production, Economic Vol 89, Issue 3.18 June 2004, page 321-337
[4]. EIA 2002 International Energy. Outlook 2002, Energy information Administration, Washing DC.
[5]. Steven Stoft, Power System economics: designing markets for electricity, wiley inter-science NY2002.
[6]. Naija technology guide july 22 2011 and july 2 2013, pp 7 and pp 12 respectively

Abstract: Availability Of Electric Power Has Been The Most Powerful Vehicle For Facilitating Economic, Industrial And Social Developments Of Any Nation. Electric Power In Nigeria Is Transmitted By Means Of Transmission Lines Which Deliver Bulk Power From Generating Stations To Load Centres And Consumers. For Electric Power To Get To The Final Consumers In Proper Form And Good Quality, Losses Along The Lines Must Be Reduced To The Barest Minimum. In This Research Work Capacitor Was Used To Generate Capacitive Power To Cancel The Inductive Reactance Of The System As Such Compensating For Power Losses Along Transmission Line Such That Power Generated From The Source Could Get To The End Users With Minimized Or No Loss.
Key Words: Minimization, Power Losses, Transmission Line, Reactive Load, Capacitor

[1]. Zakariya (2010): Comparison Between The Corona Power Loss Associated With HVDC Transmission Lines And The Ohmic Power Loss.
[2]. Abdullah Et Al (2010): Transmission Loss Minimization And Power Installation Cost Using Evolutionary Computation For Improvement Of Voltage Stability.
[3]. Onohaebi And Odiase (2010): The Relationship Between Distance And Loadings On Power Losses.
[4]. Moghadam And Berahmandpour (2010): Calculation Of Transmission Power Losses Base On Exact Modelling Of Ohmic Loss.
[5]. Thabendra Et Al (2009): Multi-Objective Optimization Methods For Power Loss Minimization And Voltage Stability

Abstract: The inability to put enabling facilities and technology in place which will enhance the exploitation of available resources (natural gas and hydro potentials) for power generation, transmission and distribution network are due to short-lived plan, age-long corruption, availability of faulty and insufficient components like transformers, bad management, negligence of vital issues, and low electricity tariff. These led to the incessant epileptic power supply in Nigeria. Efforts to maintain a substantial power generation capacity with stable transmission and distribution over a long period in Nigeria led to the deregulation of Nigeria power sector in November 31, 2013, with the idea to allow private organizations to take over some aspects under public private partnership (PPP) agreement. The electricity tariff was increased in the process in order to make the sector attractive to the intended investors prior to the privatization and set platform of realizing every investment made by assuring constant power supply. This is part of the effort towards achievement of the Vision 20/2020 of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The increased tariff has negative impact on the end-users since there is no significant increase in amount of power supply as promised to compliment the situation rather the existing capacity dropped drastically by more than half of what it used to be and resulted to frequent nationwide load shedding. This paper highlights the negative impact of the increased tariff to consumers and statistically analyzes the electric tariff in general.
Keywords: Negative impact, electricity tariff, price, gas flaring, climate change.

[1]. A.S. Sambo, B. Garba, I. H. Zarma and M. M. Gaji: Electricity Generation and the Present Challenges in the Nigerian Power Sector Energy Commission of Nigeria, Abuja-Nigeria
[2]. E. Alike: How the Energy Sector Fared: THISDAY newspaper published, 12.15.2008 pages 34-35
[3]. S. L. Bello: Evaluating the Methodology of Setting Electricity Prices in Nigeria; Journal of International Association of Energy Economics
[4]. G. N. Ofoegbu and S. E. Emengini. : Recovery of Cost of Electricity Supply in the Nigerian Power Sector; University 0f Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
[5]. A. Iwayemi: Investment in Electricity Generation and Transmission in Nigeria: Issues and Options Journal of International association of Energy economics

Abstract: The limitation of the conventional energy supply in Nigeria has heightened the need for researches in renewable energy alternatives. This paper, therefore, proposes solar energy as an effective option with particular focus on industrial and communication sectors. A detailed investigation of the cost effectiveness and energy efficiency of the systems were undertaken. The results confirmed solar energy as a veritable option for sustainable national development.
Keywords: Solar Energy, Photovoltaic Cell, Efficiency, Grid System, industry

[1]. Osakwe E. N. C., Energy revolution for Africa: Perspectives, prospects and issues in Nigeria, in solar and renewable Energy Company (Nig.) Ltd, meeting R and D challenge, Ucheakonam Foundation Nigeria Limited,Abuja, 2009, p.55.
[2]. Akuru U. B., Alternative means of energy sector investment in Nigeria, in solar and Renewable Energy Company (Nig) Limited meeting R and D Commercialization challenge, Ucheakonam Foundation Nigeria Limited,Abuja, 2009, p. 184.
[3]. Bala E. J. Overview of the potential of renewable energy and energy efficiency, market development and incentives in Nigeria, a paper presented at the workshop on strengthening Advocacy for use of alternatives sources of energy for sustainable development by women in leadership position, 27th – 28th, October 2009 UDU Sokoto, p.19.
[4]. Juliet D and Mike B., The European Renewable Energy study the world Directory of Renewable Energy Supplies and Services, James and James Limited,UK 1996, p.31.
[5]. Taylor R. H. Alternative Energy sources for centralized generation of electricity, Adam Hilger Limited, Bristol, 1983, p.49.

Abstract: This paper presents how to thin an concentric circular ring array antenna optimally using evolutionary algorithms. In order to obtain lower Sidelobe level (SLL) form a large antenna array in different azimuth planes, various types of optimization algorithms have been used. A pattern synthesis method based on thinning is presented to generate a pencil beam pattern from a concentric ring array of isotropic antennas. It is obtained by finding out optimum sets of elements state using GA, PSO and DE in four azimuth planes . Results clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Keywords: concentric circular ring array, genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution Algorithm (DE), particle swarm optimization Algorithm (PSO), peak sidelobe level (peak SLL), thinned array

[1]. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. Wiley-IEEE Press, 1997.
[2]. R. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2003.
[3]. R. L. Haupt, ―Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms,‖ Antennas and Propagation IEEE Transactions, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 993–999, Jul. 1994.
[4]. E. Quevedo-Teruel, O.; Rajo-Iglesias, ―Ant Colony Optimization in Thinned Array Synthesis With Minimum Sidelobe Level,‖ Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 349–352, Dec. 2006.
[5]. G. K. Mahanti, N. N. Pathak, and M. P. K., ―Synthesis of thinned linear antenna arrays with fixed sidelobe level using real-coded genetic algorithm,‖ Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 75, pp. 319–328, 2007

Abstract: Nowadays multimedia using video has entered in many applications such as medical, electronic industrial, Electronic Patient Recording, business applications, video conferencing, smart phones, video telephony, digital cameras, and tablets. In multimedia there is a practical need to store, retrieve and transmit for vast amount of digital data; this need can be accomplished by using the terminology called compression. This system is trying to provide a better balance between quality and compression ratios by the visual perception of the decoded video quality remains satisfactory. A video is comprised of series of frames; there will be redundancy between the adjacent frames known as temporal redundancy, to achieve the video compression this redundancy can be exploited by using motion estimation and compensation technique. MPEG-4 has some limitation for compression ratio whereas proposed system has more compression ratio than MPEG-4.
Keywords: Arithmetic Coding, DCT, Discrete Wavelet Transform, motion vectors, PSNR.

[1] Mozammil, S. M. Zakariya and M. Inamullah, Analysis of Video Compression Algorithms on Different Video Files, IEEE transaction on fourth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, 2012.
[2] Suchitra Shrestha and Khan Wahid, Hybrid DWT-DCT Algorithm for Biomedical image and Video compression Applications, IEEE transaction on tenth International Conference on Signal processing, 2010.
[3] Vanshree Verma, and Sr. Asst. Prof. Ravi Mishra, A novel Adaptive Rood Pattern search Algorithm, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Volume 4(4), 2013, pp. 14-18.
[4] Jafari, A. and Rezvan, M. and Shahbahrami, A Comparison between Arithmetic and Huffman Coding Algorithms, IEEE sixth Iranian Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference, October 2010, pp. 248-254.
[5] Jaemoon Kim, Jungsoo Kim and Chong-Min Kyung, A Lossless embedded compression algorithm for High Definition video coding, ninth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2009

Abstract: Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor (PMLSM) is a multivariable system of nonlinear and strong coupling. It is sensitive to external disturbance and parameter variations, so the anti-jammingcapability of the control system has higher requirements. This article based on the mathematical model of PMLSM, in combination traditional active disturbance rejection control (ADRC)with feedback control ， proposed an improved ADRC control algorithm for the PMLSM speed control system. A model of PMLSM speed control system is established in the Matlab/simulink simulation environment. The simulation result shows that compared with classical PID and traditional ADRC controller， this method has good performance of disturbance rejection.
Key words:PMLSM；The modified ADRC；PID；Traditional ADRC; Speed control

[1]. Ying Shrieking. Design and Implementation of a High Performance PMLSM Drives Using DSP Chip. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, 2008, 55 (3):1341-1351.
[2]. Lim K C, Woo J K, KangG H. Detent force minimization techniques in Permanent magnet linear Synchronous motors.IEEE
Transactions on Magnetizes, 2002, 38(2): 1157 一1160.
[3]. Zhu Y W, Lee S G, Chung K S, et al. Investigation of auxiliary Poles design criteria on reduction of end effect of detent force for
PMLSM. IEEE Transactions on Magnetizes, 2009,45(6):2863—2866.
Zhao S, GAO Z Q. An Active Disturbance Rejection Based approach to Vibration Suppression in two-Inertia Systems. Proceedings of
the Armenian Control Conferenee,Baltimore,2010,PP.1520—1525.

Abstract: A Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2-DOF) Nonlinear PID (NPID) controller is designed for a conical tank level process. The process is modeled using black box identification method as a First Order Process with Dead Time (FOPDT) model. Two nonlinear first order tracking differentiators are designed for the nonlinear PID controller. The closed loop control is implemented for a wide operating range of the process with the designed controller. The implementation and simulation is carried out using Mat-lab Simulink software. The online implementation of proposed controller shows that 2-DOF NPID is better than 1-DOF NPID.
Index Terms: Two-Degree-of-Freedom, First order process with dead time, Nonlinear PID, Nonlinear tracking differentiator

[1]. Li Congying, et al, "Anti-windup Nonlinear PID Controller Design and its Application to Winged Missile Control System", Proceedings of the 27th Chinese Control Conference,
[2]. Ma Shuhua, and Li Wei, "Nonlinear PID Control method with feed forward in smart car", Chinese Control and Decision Conference, pp.462-465, 2009
[3]. Araki, and Hidefumi Taguchi, "Tutorial Paper Two Degree of Freedom PID Controllers, "International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, Vol.1, No.4, pp.401-411, 2003
[4]. C.Shreesha, and R.D.Gudi, "Control relevant identification for two degrees of freedom control", Trans. IChemE, Vol 81,Part A.pp.679-688, 2003
[5]. M.Araki, and H.Taguchi, "Tutorial Paper, Two Degree of Freedom PID Controllers". International Journal of control, Automation and Systems Vol.1, No.4, pp.401-411, 2003

Abstract: Robotics plays an integral role in all aspects of manufacturing, medicine, industries, home basic and more and it will take on even greater importance in the future. Controlling Robot through SMS discussed a kind of design of robot based on ARM. All the motions of the robot are controlled by the SMS. The ARM7is used as a controlling unit combining with the GSM TC35i modules. Using GSM networks, a control system has been proposed that will act as an embedded system which can monitor and control appliances and other devices locally using built-in input and output peripherals through the long distances. So we can eliminate the need of being physically present in any location for tasks involving operation of appliances.
Keywords: Driver IC and DC motor, GSM modem, LPC2148 (ARM7), PIR sensor.

[1]. Nan Li, Shugen Ma," An Online Stair-Climbing Control Method for a Transformable Tracked Robot," Senior Member, IEEE , Bin Li, Minghui Wang, and Yuechao Wang, 2012.
[2]. Zhang Wen and Jiang Meng, "Design of Vehicle positioning System Based on ARM", 978-1-61284-109-0/11/©2011 IEEE
[3]. A R.Manshty, A.Rajabzadeh, Z.Forootan jahromi, " A Scenario-Based Mobile Application for Robot-assisted Smart Digital Homes" (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 8, No. 5, August 2010
[4]. Zhang Wen, "Research on embedded positioning system of vehicle, Manufacturing Automation" Vol 32, pp.152-154, July 2010.
[5]. Liu Lei, Jin Zhigang, Tao Chunhua, "Survey of virtualization technology research and realization, Geospatial information", Vol 1, pp.175-177, January 2009.
[6]. Xiang Shuaiqiu, Zhan Shaobin, Jiang Tao, On the main technological schemes and algorithm for "Vehicle location system, Geospatial information", Vol 6, pp.87-90, June 2008.