iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2015

Abstract: Taking care of patients admitted in hospital has usually been as much a responsibility of family caregivers as that of hospital staff in India. Quality of life (QOL) of caregivers of admitted patients has hardly been explored. Providing long term care to the disabled patients is exhausting. Associated physical, emotional, societal and financial stressors can influence the caregivers' QOL. The aim of this study was to compare QOL of the caregivers of patients from general wards and psychiatric ward. The objectives were to study the psychosocial and demographic variables of patient and caregivers, to assess and compare the QOL of caregivers of patient from general wards and psychiatric ward, and to find out the association between QOL and selected demographic variables of these caregivers.

[1] S. Saxena, J. Orley on behalf of the WHOQOL Group. Quality of life assessment The World Health organization perspective, European Psychiatry 1997, Vol.12:263s,doi:10.1016/SO924-9338
[2] Marieke Van Puymbroeck, Maude R. Rittman, Quality-of-life predictors for caregivers at 1 and 6 months poststroke: Results of path analyses ,Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 2005,Volume 42, Number 6, Pages 747–760
[3] Brinda et al. BMC Health Services Research 2014, 14:207 Page 5 of 9 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/14/207
[4] Han B, Haley WE. Family care giving for patients with stroke. Review and analysis. Stroke. 1999; 30(7):1478–85
[5] International Journal of Caring Sciences 2012 September-December Vol 5 Issue 349
www.inernationaljournalofcaringsciences.org
[6] Mathers C, Loncar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease, 2002-2030: data sources, methods and results. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.

Keywords: Schizophrenia is a disabling group of brain disorders characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized communication, poor planning, reduced motivation and blunted affect The incidence of Schizophrenia has been reported to vary with race and ethnicity. The prevalence of Schizophrenia was said to be lower in developing countries compared to developed countries but a better outcome of Schizophrenia has been recorded in developed countries and the incidence of Schizophrenia in urban areas has been found to be higher than rural areas. This study, a retrospective one that was conducted to assess the prevalence of schizophrenia among patients admitted into Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Rumuigbo, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria between January 2005 and December 2009.

[1]. McGrath, R.G. & Kelly, C. Patients with Schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2000; 176: 59-97.
[2]. Bhugra, D. The Global Prevalence of Schizophrenia. Plus Medicine. 2006; 2(5); 372-373.
[3]. Boydell, J. Van, O.S. & McKenzie, K. The Incidence of Schizophrenia in Ethnic Minorities in London: Ecological study into Interactions with Environment. BMJ. 2001;323: 1336-1338
[4]. American Psychiatry Association. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia. 2nd Ed. New York: Williams and Wilkins.1994
[5]. Boydell, J. Van, O.S. & McKenzie, K. The Incidence of Schizophrenia in Ethnic Minorities in London: Ecological study into Interactions with Environment. BMJ. 2001;323: 1336-1338

Abstract: A 63 year-old right-handed man was referred to the emergency unit of a hospital in Calabar, Nigeria, with symptoms of sudden weakness of the left lower limb of 6 days duration, right lower limb weakness of 5 days duration, and loss of consciousness during the last 3 days. His problems started with sudden severe numbness and weakness of the left lower limb on waking in the morning. There was no preceding headache, vomiting or seizures. A day later, the patient noticed similar symptoms on the right lower limb though symptoms remained worse on the left limb. There was no other relevant past medical history. The patient was diagnosed with hypertension seven years prior to the current presentation, and was treated with Ramipril and Amlodipine; however, he was not compliant with follow-up hospital visits.

[1]. Orlandi G, Moretti P, Fioretti C, Puglioli M, Collavoli P, Murri L. Bilateral medial frontal infarction in a case of azygous anterior cerebral artery stenosis. Ital J Neurol Sci 1998;19:106–8
[2]. Gacs G, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ, et al. Occurrence and mechanisms of occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery. Stroke 1983;14:952–9
[3]. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Anterior cerebral artery territory infarction in the Lausanne Stroke Registry. Clinical and etiologic patterns. Arch Neurol. 1990; 47:144–150.
[4]. Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Evyapan D, Yunten N: Spectrum of anterior cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical and MRI findings. Eur J Neurol 2002, 9: 615-624.
[5]. Kobayashi S, Maki T, Kunimoto M. Clinical symptoms of bilateral anterior cerebral artery territory infarction. J Clin Neurosci. 2011; 18(2):218-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn
[6]. Krishnan M, Kumar S, Ali S, Iyer RS. Sudden bilateral anterior cerebral infarction: unusual stroke associated with unusual vascular anomalies. Postgraduate medical journal. 2013;89:120-1.

Abstract: This study was conducted on 60 adult patients of either sex, 20-60 years of age group belonging to ASA I and II scheduled for lower abdomen and lower limbs surgeries were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each to receive 200 microgram of fentanyl dissolved in 10 ml of normal saline (Group I) or 600 microgram of buprenorphine dissolved in 10 ml of normal saline (Group II). When patient complaint of pain, they were given the drugs through the epidural cannula and then the cannula was removed.

[1]. Cleland J G I: Continuous peridural and caudal analgesia in surgery and early ambulation. North West Med J, 1949; 48:26.
[2]. Cousins M J, Mather L E: Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids.Anaesthesiology, 1984, 61: 276-310.
[3]. Cuschieri R J, Morran C G, Howie J C et al: Post operative pain and pulmonary complications. Comparison of three analgesic regimes.Br J Surg, 1985, 72: 495.
[4]. Behar M, Magora F, Olshwang D, Davidson J T: Epidural morphine in treatment of pain. Lancet, 1979, 1:527-528.
[5]. Decastro J, Parmentier P: Utilization of buprenorphine in analgesic anaesthesia. Sixth World Congress of Anaesthesiology, Section Subsection 5,P.103,Mexico city,April,24-30,1976.
[6]. Lanze Simkog, Thesis D, Cloocke M H: Epidural buprenorphine- A double blind study of post operative analgesia and side effects. Anaesthesia Analgesia 1984; 61:276-310.

Abstract: Background: Awareness of various aspects of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is essential for the prevention, management and control of the disease. However, several studies have consistently shown that awareness of DM is low in the general population. Aims And Objectives: To study the awareness of diabetes mellitus among the college going students. To study on awareness of diabetic symptoms, its complications, and recommended treatment and follow ups among the college going students.

[1]. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicrce R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes, Estimate for the year 2000 and projections for 2030, Diabetes care 2004; 27: 1047- 53.
[2]. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Shetty AS, Nanditha A. Trends in prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries. World J Diabetes 2012; 3: 110-17.
[3]. Nakagami T, Qiao Q, Carstensen B, Hansen CN, Hu G,Tuomilehto J, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K; The DECODEDECODAStudy Group. Age, body mass index and Type2 diabetes-associations modified by ethnicity. Diabetologia2003;46:1063-70.
[4]. Murugesan N, Snehalatha C, Shobhana R, Roglic G b, A. Ramachandran A. Awareness about diabetes and its complications in the general and diabetic population in a city in southern India. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2007; 77: 433- 37.
[5]. Mohan D, Raj D, Shanthirani CS, Dutta M, Onwin NC, Kapur A, Mohan V; Awareness and Knowledge of Diabetes in Chennai -The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study[CURES - 9]; J Assoc Physician India 2005: 53: 283- 87.

Abstract: Background: Alopecia Areata is a chronic inflammatory, non-scarring organ specific, auto immune disease, probably mediated by auto-reactive T-cells which affects hair follicles and sometimes nails. Alopecia areata is a common cause of non- cicatricial Alopecia, usually affecting scalp but can affect the rest of the body as well. Aims: To study the etiological aspects of Alopecia areata, To know the various morphological patterns of Alopecia areata. Material and Method: A total of 50 patients with Alopecia areata attending DVL OP SVRR Govt. Gen. Hospital, Tirupati (A.P) are studied.

[1]. Jain S, Marfatia YS, Alopecia areata – pattern in industrial city of Baroda.Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2003;69:81-2.
[2]. Bastos Araujo.A., Poiares Baptista. A. Algunas consideracions Sobre 300 casos De pelada; Trab Soc Portuguese Dermatol Venereal, 1973; 15:135-139.
[3]. Thomas EA, Kadyan RS. Alopecia areata and autoimmunity: A clinical study. Indian J Dermatol [serial online] 2008;53:70-4.
[4]. Manzoor S, Masood C. Alopecia areata in Kashmir : A study of 200 patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol (serial online ) 2001
[5]. Dawber RPR, FJG Ebling and FT Wojnarowska: Disorders of hair; Rook text book of Dermatology, 5th edition.

Abstract: Women and girls are reported to be the largest group in the global disability population, and they have been historically subject to discrimination both on grounds of their disability and gender. Discrimination on the basis of gender and disability is a fact, officially recognised by Article 6 of the 2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The Convention calls for state measures which will safeguard women's full enjoyment of all their rights and freedoms, such as equal rights to services, education, employment, health care and a personal life, free of torture, exploitation and violence. While issues pertaining to disabled women are multiple, this paper will look into the violence that women with disabilities encounter and seek to formulate an intersectional approach to gender and disability.

[1]. Towards a Theory of Disability and Gender, Thomas J. Gerschick, JSTOR, Chicago Journals, Vol. 25, No. 4, Summer 2000
[2]. A Multi State Socio Economic Study of Women With Disabilities in India, Report, (UNDP-Government of India-SMRC Study) 2007
[3]. Protecting Women with Disabilities from Violence, infochangeindia.org
[4]. CLRA Policy Brief for Parliamentarians, Indian Disability Laws - an obsolete picture, Centre for Legislative Research and Advocacy
[5]. Study on Gender Equality, European Parliament, Directorate General For Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs
[6]. Women with Disabilities, thenationaltrust.co.in

Abstract: Dexmedetomidine a highly selective α-2 agonist has been shown to provide good perioperative haemodynamic stability and analgesia. It may provide neuroprotection and hence may be considered to be a suitable adjuvant during neurosurgical anaesthesia. This prospective randomized double-blind control study was designed to assess the perioperative effects of infusion of dexmedetomidine in patients with intracranial surgeries and laminectomies done under general anaesthesia. Sixty ASA grade I /II patients between 18-50 years of age were divided randomly into 2 groups of thirty each. Group A: Inj. Dexmedetomidine was given as a bolus dose of 1 mcg/kg by slow iv infusion over 20 minutes just before induction of anaesthesia followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.4 mcg/kg/hr.

[1]. Kamibayashi T, Maze M. Clinical uses of alpha2-adrenergic agonists. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(11)1:57-69
[2]. Farber NE,Samso E, Staunton M, Schwabe D, Schmeling WT. Dexmedetomidine modulates cardiovascular responses to stimulation of central nervous system pressor sites. Anesth Analg 1999;889( 4 ):617-24
[3]. Basar H, Akpinar S, Doganci N, et al. The effects of preanesthetic, single-dose Dexmedetomidine on induction, hemodynamic and cardiovascular parameters. J ClinAnesth. 2008;20(6):431-436.
[4]. Kallio A, Scheinin M, Koulu M, et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha 2adrenoceptor agonist, on hemodynamic control mechanisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;46(6):3342.
[5]. Bloor BC, Ward DS, Belleville JP, Maze M. Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine in humans. II. Hemodynamic changes. Anesthesiology 1992;77(6):1134-42.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to correlate the optic disc changes with visual field defects in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma(POAG). It was undertaken in 100 patients who attended the Ophthalmology OPD, GGH, Guntur. All the patients underwent a comprehensive ocular examination i.e. Visual acuity recording, Slit lamp examination, Gonioscopy, IOP with Goldmann Applanation Tonometry, Fundus examination with +78D, +90D lens, recording of visual fields on Humphrey's Automated Field Analyser and diagnosed as having POAG in one or both eyes. And the correlation between the optic disc changes and the visual field defects was studied .

Keywords: POAG, Optic cup/disc ratio, Neuro-retinal rim (NRR),NRR width, Arcuate scotomas, Field defects.

[1]. American Academy Of Ophthalmology(2012-2013)-Glaucoma
[2]. Parson's Diseases Of The Eye-20th Edition-Ramanjith Sihota, Radhika Tandon.
[3]. Shields Text Book Of Glaucoma,5th Edition-R.Rand Allingluam,Karim Damj,Sharon Freedman,Sayoko Moroi,George Shafranov.
[4]. Zeyen TG.Caprioli.J.Progression Of Disc & Field Damage In Early Glaucoma.Arch Ophthalmol 1993:111:82
[5]. Kerrigan –Baumrinel LA, Quiglg HA.Pease ME.Et.Al- No Of Ganglion Cells In Glaucoma Eyes Compared With Threshold VF Tests In The Same Persons, Invest Ophthalmology Vis Sci 20004;41:741
[6]. Hitchings RA .Anderson S.Identification Of Glaucoma VFD From Examination Of Monocular Photogra OD.British Journal Ophthalmology 1983;67:822.

Abstract: Background: Inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome or its components such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine has been shown to be associated with increased future risk of vascular complications. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of IL-6 levels in hypertensive patients compared with controls and to determine the association of IL-6 with lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde) and serum lipids.

[1]. Montezano AC, Dulak-Lis M, Tsiropoulou S, Harvey A, Briones AM, Touyz RM. Oxidative Stress and Human Hypertension: Vascular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapies. Can J Cardiol. 2015; 31(5):631-641.
[2]. Harvey A, Montezano AC, Touyz RM Vascular biology of ageing-Implications in hypertension.J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2015; 83:112-121.
[3]. Savoia C, Schiffrin EL. Inflammation in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006; 15(2):152-8. [4]. M. P. Keane and R. M. Strieter. "Chemokine signaling in inflammation". Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 28 (4): N13-N26 [5]. A. J. Lusis. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000; 407 (6801): 233-241 [6]. Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T: IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol.2003; 149:1–38

Abstract: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world. The relationship between lifestyle pattern and colorectal cancer has been extensively studied over past two decades. Several lifestyle factors affect colorectal cancer carcinogenesis in a complex way. Comorbidities during cancer also play a very important role in cancer survival. The aim of the present study is to understand the lifestyle, eating behaviors, complications and comorbidities faced by the cancer patients while undergoing standard cancer treatment

[1] T.D.Berg, Pocket guide to colorectal cancer (Canada, Jones and Bartlett publishers, 2003). [2] J Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram , M. Ervik , R. Dikshit , S.Eser , C.Mathers , M.Rebelo , D.M.Parkin , D.Forman , F.Bray, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: GLOBOCAN 2012, International Agency for Research on Cancer,1(0), 2012. [3] M.P.Curado , B. Edwards ,H.R. Shin, et al. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, IARC Scientific Publication , IX(160),2007. [4] M.M.Canobbin, Mosby's hand book of patient teaching (United States of America, Elsevier, 2006). [5] M.Ezzati, A.D.Lopez, A.Rodgers, S.Vander Hoorn , C.J.Murray, Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease, Lancet ,360,2002,1347 – 1360

Abstract: World is slowly getting into the monstrous grip of HIV/AIDS. It is alarming to know that the number of adolescents attending the sexually transmitted diseases and HIV clinics are increasing day-by-day. So urgent need is to create awareness and safeguard them from this dreaded disease. As a first step, their present knowledge on HIV should be assessed. The present work is designed accordingly. 203 male and female students studying in 11th and 12th standard participated in this study. Prepared questionnaire with 30 items on various aspects of HIV/AIDS were provided to them and were instructed to answer them. The results reveal that basic knowledge about HIV was better with 54.83% of correct answers

[1]. Wallace/Maxcy- Rosenau-Last. Text book of public health and preventive medicine. 15th ed. Mc Graw Hill. Chapter 11, The Epidemiology and Prevention of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).p.189.
[2]. Jaiswal S, Magar BS, Thakali K, Pradhan A, Gurubacharya DL. HIV/AIDS and STI related knowledge, attitude and practice among high school students in Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2005;3:69–75. [PubMed] [3]. E.Taher and R. Abdelhai, "Nurses' Knowledge, Percep- tions, and Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS: Effects of a Health Education Intervention on Two Nursing Groups in Cairo University," Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011, pp. 144-154

Abstract: Dentistry has always come up with wonders when different specialities works hand in hand.Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics or popularly Wilckodontics is one such wonderful treatment modality which helps in reducing the treatment time by relieving patients of their tedious orthodontic appointments.The technique combines buccal and lingual flap decortications of the bone together with particulate bone grafting and fixed orthodontic treatment.The desired result is obtained within about one third the time needed for conventional technique.The chances of root resorption and relapse has also been found to be reduced with this novel technique.

[1]. Wilcko WM, Wilcko T, BissadaNF, An evidence based analysis of periodontally accelerated orthodontic and osteogenictechniques: A synthesis of scientific perspectives. SeminOrthod2008; 14: 305-16
[2]. Wilcko WM, Wilcko MT, Bouquot JE Ferguson DJ. Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2001; 21 :9-19
[3]. H. Nowzari, F.K. Yorita and H.C. Chang. Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics combined with autogenous bone grafting. CompendContinEduc Dent, 29(4), 2008, 200-206
[4]. H. Kole. Surgical operations on the Alveolar Ridge to Correct Occlusal Abnormalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path, 12(5), 1959, 515-529

Abstract: Background: Case fatality of eclampsia remains high in our environment, probably from the impact of factors in the individual patient and sociocultural or institutional factors. Objective: We sought to examine the influence of some identifiable factors on maternal and perinatal outcome. Method: The case records of patients managed for eclampsia in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria from June 2012 to May 2013 were retrospectively studied. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical management and outcome were extracted and analyzed.

[1]. Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. ObstetGynecol 2003, 102: 181–92.
[2]. Report of the National Blood Pressure Education Programme Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J ObstetGynecol 2000; 183:S1–22.
[3]. Omo-Aghoja LO, Aisien OA, Akuse JT, Bergstrom S, Okonofua FE. Maternal mortality and emergency obstetric care in Benin City, South-south Nigeria. J Clin Med Res 2010; 2(4): 55–60.
[4]. Kullima AA, Kawuwa MB, Audu BM, Usman H, Geidam AD. A 5-year review of maternal mortality associated with eclampsia in a tertiary institution in northern Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2009; 8: 81–4.
[5]. Onyiriuka A.N, Okolo A.A. Perinatal outcome in patients with preeclampsia in Benin City, Nigeria. Trop J ObstetGynaecol 2004; 21:148–152.
[6]. Onuh S.O, Aisien A.O. Maternal and fetal outcome in eclamptic patients in Benin City, Nigeria. J ObstetGynaecol 2004; 24(7): 765–768.

Abstract: White spot lesions (WSLs) are considered one of the most common adverse effects of orthodontic treatment. They present an esthetic problem that could progress into cavitation. The increased incidence of WSLs exposes the orthodontist to the risk of malpractice and litigation. This article represents a chart that gives a stepwise approach for WSLs control before, during and after orthodontic treatment that is based on the most recent scientific data. If the orthodontist can follow the checklist step by step, the high risk patients for WSLs can be identified before treatment and the orthodontists will be able to take the necessary measures to control WSLs. The inclusion of this checklist in the orthodontic practice could add peace of mind to orthodontists.

Keywords–Litigation, orthodontic treatment, prescription, prevention,white spot lesions (WSL)

[1] Fejerskov ONB, Kidd E, Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. 2nd ed. (Copenhagen: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003)
[2] Chen H, Liu X, Dai J, Jiang Z, Guo T and Ding Y.Effect of remineralizing agents on white spot lesions after orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop.143(3), 2013, 376-382.e3
[3] Chambers C, Stewart S, Su B, Sandy J, Ireland A. Prevention and treatment of demineralization during fixed appliance therapy: a review of current methods and future applications. Br Dent J., 215(10), 2013, 505-11.
[4] Jobes DA, Berman AL. Suicide and Malpractice liability: Assessing and revising policies, procedures and practice in outpatient settings. Prof Psych Res Pract., 24, 1993, 91-99
[5] Chapman JA, Roberts WE, Eckert GJ, Kula KS, González-Cabezas C Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop., 138(2), 2010, 188-94

Abstract: Background: Leprosy is a chronic, non-fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It can cause cutaneous lesions, peripheral nerve lesions and orofacial manifestations, including destruction of the alveolar premaxillary process associated with loss of the maxillary incisors. Objective: The aims of this study were to highlight theorofacial manifestations of disease in published papers in pubmed. Method: Computerized search of published papers (2004 - 2015) in pubmed data base, using specific words such as orofacial features of leprosy, in English language.

[1]. Horta-Baas G1, Hernández-Cabrera MF2, Barile-Fabris LA3, Del S Romero-Figueroa M4, Arenas-Guzmán R5.Multibacillary leprosy mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and literature review. Lupus. 2015 Mar 10. pii: 0961203315574557. [Epub ahead of print]
[2]. Dhillon M1, Mohan RS, Raju SM, Krishnamoorthy B, Lakhanpal M. Hansen's disease; Leprosy; mimicking; misdiagnosis; systemic lupus erythematosus. Lepr Rev. 2013 Jun;84(2):151-7.
[3]. de Abreu MA, Michalany NS, Weckx LL, Neto Pimentel DR, Hirata CH, de AvelarAlchorne MM. The oral mucosa in leprosy: a clinical and histopathological study. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;72:312–6. [PubMed].
[4]. Motta AC, Komesu MC, Silva CH, Arruda D, Simão JC, Zenha EM. Leprosy-specific oral lesions: a report of three cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13:E479–82. [PubMed]

Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections more common in patients with neutropenia, cystic fibrosis, burns and those on ventilators. Not only the Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also other members of genus Pseudomonas have also been implicated in hospital-acquired infections. In the light of this it was decided to identify and characterize the various Pseudomonas species from distinct clinical samples along with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. A total of 12,591 samples were received, from these samples 5,369 bacterial isolates were obtained. Out of 5,369 isolates 400 were identified as Pseudomonas species.Out of thispredominant numbers were that of P. aeruginosa (84.25%),

[1]. B.A. Forbes, D.F. Sham, and A.S. Weissfld, Nonfermentative gram negative bacilli and coccobacilli,Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 8th edition(Mosby, Inc.,St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 1990) 386-406.
[2]. R. Cruickshank, J.P. Duguid, B.P. Marmion, and R.H. Swain, Pseudomonas: Loefflerella, Medical Microbiology,12th edition-I (ELBS and Churchill Livingstone, UK, 1973) 341-344.
[3]. E.W. Koneman, S.D. Allen, W.M. Janda, W.C. Winn, G.W. Procop, P.C. Schreckenberger, and G.L. Woods, The nonfermentive gram negative bacilli, Color Atlas And Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 6thedition, (J.B.Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 2006) 316-328.
[4]. J.G. Collee, J.P. Duguid, A.G. Fraser,and B.P. Marmion, Tests for identification of bacteria, Practical Medical Microbiology,13th edition (2) (Churchill Livingstone, UK, 1989) 141-160.

Abstract: Preserved human amniotic membrane (AM) is currently being used for a wide spectrum of ocular surface disorders. Country like India, were there is shortage of cornea and people are below poverty line to buy commercially available AM, hence used as cost effective procedure in our study. AM has a basement membrane, which promotes epithelial cell migration and adhesion, presence of a unique avascular stromal matrix reduces inflammation, neovascularization and fibrosis. The basic tenets of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) are to promote re-epithelialization, to reconstruct the ocular surface and to provide symptomatic relief from surface aberrations. However, remarkable improvements have resulted from use of AMT alone or concurrently with limbal stem cell transplantation(LSCT).

[1]. Sangwan VS, Tseng SCG. New Perspectives in ocular surface disorders. An integrated approach for diagnosis and management. Indian J Ophthalmol 2001; 49:153-68.
[2]. Dua Harmindar S, Blanco Azuasa Augusto.Autologus limbal transplantation in patients with unilateral corneal stem cell deficiency. Br.J.Ophthalmol, 2000;84:273-8.
[3]. Pellegrini G, Traverso CE, Franzi At ,et al. Long term restoration of damaged corneal surface with autologus cultivated corneal epithelium. Lancet. 1997;349:990-3.
[4]. Azuara-Blanco A, Pillai CT, Dua HS. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999; 83:300-402.

Abstract: Fractures of the proximal humerus represent approximately 4% of all fractures and 26% of humerus fractures [1]. These are the second most common upper- extremity fracture and the third most common fracture, after hip and distal radial fractures. The fractures can occur at any age, but the incidence rapidly increases with age. The risk factors for proximal humeral fractures are primarily associated with low bone mineral density and an increased risk of falls. The most common mechanism of injury in proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients is a fall from standing height onto an outstretched upper extremity. In patients aged less than 50 years, the mechanism is often related to high-energy trauma.

[1]. Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen M, et al. The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 2001 ; 72 : 365-371.
[2]. Terry Canale‟s Campbell‟s Operative Orthopaedics , Vol-3: 9th edition, 1998 Mosby Publishers, USA Pg 2286-2296
[3]. Bucholz and Hecman‟ s Rockwood and Green Fractures in Adults V ol-1: 5th Ed 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Company, USA Pg 10055-1107
[4]. Neer C.S: Displaced Proximal humeral fractures Part –I Classification and Evaluation JBJS (am) 1970:52:1077-1089
[5]. G. Tytherleigh strong, "The Epidemiology of Humeral shaft fracture" JBJS 1998; March Vol. 80B, No. 2.

Abstract: Introduction: Over decades, infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli have become a major problem all around the world. This situation is of concern because there are limited antimicrobial options to treat patients infected with these pathogens, and also because this kind of resistance can spread to a wide variety of Gram-negative bacilli. Our objectives are thus to evaluate among in-patients at a tertiary-care hospital with documented infection due to E.coli, which were the risk factors and the clinical impact associated with an ESBL-producing strain in a prospective case control design.

[1]. 1.Medeiros AA. Evolution and dissemination of β -lactamase accelerated by generations of β -lactam antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 1997. 1997;24:19-45. [2]. 2.Chaudhary U, Aggarwal R. Extended spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) - An emerging threat to clinical therapeutics. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2004;22(2):75-80.
[3]. Kanafani ZA et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing organisms: A case control study at a tertiary care center in Lebanon. Am J Infect Control .2005; 33: 326-332.
[4]. Paterson DL et al. International prospective study of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: implications of extended spectrum beta-lactamase production in nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med .2004;140: 26-32.
[5]. Bellissimo-Rodrigues F et al. Clinical outcome and risk factors related to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. infection among hospitalized patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.2006;101: 415-21.

Abstract: Halitosis or bad breath is one of the widely reported patient complaints in the Periodontics Outpatient Department.This condition has physical,social,psychological and professional relevance.Many of the professionals are feeling lack of confidence as a result of this condition.The commonly identified cause is due to poor oral hygiene.There are an umpteen number of other etiological factors too.Different treatment modalities are available for the management of halitosis.This paper reviews thehistory,etiology, pathophysiology of halitosis and the various methods to detect halitosis and the management modalities including modern treatment as well as herbal agents.

Keywords: Bad breath,ElectronicNose,Organoleptic scoring scale,Gaschromatography,Volatile Sulphur Compounds.

[1]. Bosy A, Kulkarni GV, Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in
discrete subpopulations. Journal of Periodontology 1994; 65(1): 37–46.
[2]. Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. Journal of Periodontology
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Abstract: We are presenting 2 cases of vid one in 7 days old male baby and the other in 2 months old male baby,dealt with early surgery and discharged uneventfully on 7th post operative day.

KeyWords: prolapse, umbilical cord hernia,Vitello Intestinal Duct (VID)

[[1]. Cilley RE. Disorders of the umbilicus. In: Grosfelf JL, O' Neill JA Jr, Coran AG, Fonkalsrud EW, (ed). Pediatric Surgery, 6th edn. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. 2006:ppl 143-56.
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Abstract: Increase in blood viscosity is associated with certain clinical outcome in pregnancy ranging from pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) to cardiovascular complications and hyper viscosity syndrome, which on long run may directly or indirectly affect the foetus in utero. In this study,50 women (30 pregnant and 20 nulliparous controls), and aged between 28 – 38 years were selected from Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati, Assam. The viscosity of the blood samples were indirectly measured using 1ml syringe to note the time taken to dispense.

[1]. Ezechukwu US, Nwovu AI, Akingbade OA, Nwanze JC. Blood viscosity among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Researcher. 2014; 6(8):18-21. [2]. Pushpa Larsen, ND. Blood viscosity. NDNR Editorial. October 08,2012. [3]. Huisman A. Hemorrheological modifications during normal pregnancy. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1991 Feb 25;86(2 Pt 2):143-7. [4]. Kwaan HC. Role of plasma proteins in whole blood viscosity: a brief clinical review. Clin Hemorrheol Microcirc.2010;44(3):167-76. [5]. Huisman A, Aarnoudse JG, Krans M, Huisjes HJ, Fider V, Zijlstra WG. Red cell aggregation during normal pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 1988 Jan;68(1):121-4.

Abstract: Exposure to blood borne pathogens poses a serious risk to health care workers(HCWs).The first case of documented seroconversion after occupational exposure to HIV was reported in 1984.The average risk of HIV transmission after percutaneous exposure to HIV- infected blood is approximately 0.3%,however the risk believed to be higher for exposures involving and increased volume of blood or high viral load. Occupationally acquired HIV infection is usually classified as 'definite' or 'possible'. A 'definitive' is the one with documented evidence of HIV seroconversion.The 'possible' case implies where a health care worker (HCW) was found to be HIV infected but investigations revealed no risk factor other than occupational exposure Nosocomial HIV transmission have been reported frequently, involved breaches in proper infection-control practices and disinfectionprocedures.Post exposure chemoprophylaxis is recommended for HCWs who being exposed to HIV.The CDC recommends for treatment after occupationally HIV exposure with two drugs zidovudine,lamivudine and a protease inhibitor.

[1]. Leibowitz S,GreenwaldL,CohenJ,et al.Serum hepatitis in a blood bank worker.JAMA.1949;140:1331-33.
[2]. Henderson DK,GerbendingJI.Healthcare worker issues, including occupational and nonoccupational post-exposure management, In Dolin R,MasurH,SaagMS,eds.AIDS Therapy.2nded.New York Churchill Livingstone:2002;327-46.
[3]. Bell DM. Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview. Am J Med.1997;102(5B):9-15.
[4]. Evans BG,Abiteboul D.A summary of occupationally acquired HIV infections described in published reports to December 1997.Eurosurveillance,Eur Communi DisBullt.1999;4:29-32.
[5]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Occupational HIV Transmission and PreventionAmong Health Care Workers.Biblography(hiv/risk/other/bibliography.html) January 2014.
[6]. Joyce PM,DavidKuhar,John T B.Notes from the Field:Occupationally Acquired HIV Infection Among Health Care Workers-United States,1985-2013.MMWR. January 2015.63(53);1245-46.

Abstract: Clear cell changes may be observed in virtually any benign or malignant tumor of epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic and hematopoietic derivation not be attributed to variable etiologies. They are attributable to various factors including artifactual changes, improper cellular preservation and hydropic degeneration of organelles, or due to the accumulation of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipid, mucin, or phagocytized foreign body material in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. This review will selectively discuss the causes of clearing of cells and the pathological features of tumors with clear cell changes, which, at times, may pose a diagnostic challenge and dilemma.

Keywords: Clear cell tumors, Head and neck region.

[[1]. Bancroft .Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. Sixth Edition.UK: Elsevier Publication; 2008.p 121-123.
[2]. Batsakis, J.G. Tumorsofthe Head and Neck: Clinical and Pathological Considerations. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins Publication;. 1979 .p 47-49.
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[4]. Baskar. Orban's Oral Histology and Embroyology. Eleventh Edition. California: Elsevier Publication; 2004. P295-300.
[5]. BerkovitzB,Holland G.R and MoxhamB.J.Color Atlas and Histology and Embroyology.SecondEdition.London:Wolfe Publication.p200-204.

Abstract: Development of brachial arches is a complex process. Any aberration in the development will give rise to various anomalies. Among all brachial arch anomalies second (II) brachial arch anomalies are most common. Fourth (IV) brachial arch anomalies are rarely seen, usual modes of presentation of fourth (IV) brachial arch are neck mass, bronchial cleft cyst with recurrent infections, recurrent episodes of fever and thyroiditis. Appropriate diagnosis is a must to avoid complications. Hence we are presenting a case of left IV brachial arch anomaly with brachial cleft cyst having an intra-thyroid course, which is a rarity.

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