iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2015

Abstract: Background: In present study a retrospective analysis is done from the cancer cases reported to Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC) Raipur during study period from 2006 to 2010 for the number of children between age group 1-14 years, who were having cancers in head & neck region. Aim: To study Pattern of cancers in Head & Neck region in age group 1-14 years during study period of five years from 2006 to 2010 in the state of Chhattisgarh.

[1]. R S Arora, TOB Eden, G Kapoor. Epidemiology of childhood cancer in India. Indian Journal of Cancer. Oct-Dec2009; Vol. 46, issue 4.
[2]. PV Dickson, AM Davidoff. Malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. Semin Pediatr Surg 2006; 15, 92-8.
[3]. S Jabeen, M Haque, MJ Islam, MH Talukder. Profile of paediatric malignancies: a five Year study. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2010; 19(1), 33-38.
[4]. National Cancer Registry Programme, India 1996-1997, Indian Council of medical Research, New Delhi.
[5]. A.K Rathi, S.Kumar, A. Ashu, K.Singh, A.K Bahadur. Epidemiology of pediatric tumors at a tertiary centre. IJMPO 2007; 28(2), 33-5. [6]. S Sengupta, R.Pal, S.Saha, SP Bera, I Pal, IP Tuli, Spectrum of head and neck cancer in children. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. Oct.14, 2009; (4), 200-3.
[7]. GD Josephson, D Wohl. Malignant tumours of the head and neck in children. Current opinion in Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.1999; 7, 61.

Keywords: A thorough knowledge of the thyroid anatomy and its associated anatomical variations is very important for the clinicians. The variations in the course of the vessels and nerves in the vicinity of the thyroid may prove to be a nightmare for surgeons. Therefore a detailed study on it equips the surgeon with vital information in the event of any such encounter.

[1]. Archuri V ,Fotaa I,Peco ppet al (1990):A rare thyroid vascular anomaly,a unique thyroid artery arising from the R.carotid bifurcation.Minerva chir 15;45(7)503-4
[2]. Armstrong,W.G and HintonJ.W(1951) Multiple divisions of recurrent laryngeal nerve;an anatomical study.AMA arch surg 62;532 1951
[3]. Berlin DD & Lahey FH(1929) Dissections of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves.The relation of recurrent Laryngeal nerve to the inferior Thyroid.a and relation of superior thyroid a to adductor paralysis.Surg.Gynec and Obs 49;102
[4]. Bohutova J and Markova H (1990): Anomalous branching of the Inferior Thyroid .a from the Left Vertebral.a Cesk Radiol 44(4):263 -7
[5]. Issing PR ,Kempf HG and Lenarz T(1994 Oct.): A clinically relevant variation of the superior thyroid a. Loaryngorhino otology 73(10);536-7

Abstract: Introduction : Nutritional status of any community is influenced by interplay of various factors including beliefs, customs, food availability in the region. Children from tribal groups are particularly under privileged. They have higher rates of morbidity and are known to receive less than desired nutritional intake. The present study was conducted with the objectives to study the feeding practices of Tribal Children aged 6 months to 5 years and to assess the nutritional status of these children.

[1]. Varadarajan A, Prasad S, Regional variations in Nutritional Status among tribals of Andhrapradesh, Stud Tribes Tribals. 2009;7(2): p137-141.
[2]. Ministry of Tribal affairs. Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India [internet]. Availablefrom:ttp://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf
[3]. Ministry of Women and Child development. Scheduled Tribe Women and Children: Issues and challenges for development. New Delhi; Ministry of Women and Child development. 2011.Available from: http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=72382
[4]. Integrated management of neonatal And childhood illness (imnci) Modules 1 to 9. New delhi. Ministry of health and family welfare. Government of india.2009.p356.
[5]. Mondal TK, Sarkar AP, Shivam S, Thakur RP. Assessment of infant and young child feeding practice among tribal women in Bhatkar block of Burdwan district in West Bengal, India. Int J Med Sci Public Health.2014;3;324-326

Abstract: Urothelial neoplasia as occupational hazard among furniture workers in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria was investigated using urine cytology (Papanicolaou and May Grunwald-Giemsa staining techniques). Combi-9 strips were used for preliminary screening for haematuria. A total of 40 urine samples from male furniture workers (mean age 40 years) were examined. Urine samples were also collected from 10 non furniture workers and these served as control. These samples were randomly voided urine samples. Haematuria was observed in 6(15%) of the subjects. The cytology results were classified into four groups; normal urothelial cells, mild cellular atypia (probably benign), moderate cellular atypia (indeterminate for malignancy), severe cellular atypia ("suspicious" of malignancy).

[1]. Pesch, B., Hearting, J., Ranft, U., Klimpel, A., Oelschlagel, B. & Schill, W. (1995). Occupational risk factors for urothelial carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. Multicentre Urothelial and Renal Cancer, MURC study Group. US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health PMID: 10817119 [PubMed].
[2]. Inyang, I. J., Eyo, A. O. & Essien, A. W. (2013). Histochemical Localization of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Evaluation of Two Staining Techniques in a Tertiary Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(4): 196-201.
[3]. loeg, M., Aben, K. K. & Kiemeney, L. A. (2009). The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world. World Journal of Urology 27, 289.
[4]. Inyang, I. J., Eyo, A. O., Olajide, M. T. & Essien, A. W. (2014). Effects of Ethanolic extract of Brassica juncea (Mustard seeds) on Brain and Kidney Tissues of Albino Wistar Rats. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(22):75-88.

Abstract: 34 year old male was admitted with history of palpitations, easy fatiguability, high grade fever with on and off episodes, abdominal pain, loss of weight and appetite and history of multiple blood transfusions. Physical examination showed gross anemia, moderate hepatomegaly, and massive spleenomegaly. Laboratory workup showed low hemoglobin, smear showed microcytic hypochromic anemia, biochemical values of iron showed low Serum iron, low TIBC, low percentage of saturation, normal Ferritin, low MCV and Coombs test was negative.

[1]. Journal of clinical oncology, by American Society of Clinical Oncology, April 20, 2010. Doi 10.1200/JCO 2009.27.6873 JCO May 20, 2010 Vol. 28, No. 152538-2543.
[2]. Brauninger A, Schmitz R, Bechtel D, et al. : Molecular biology of Hodgkin's and Reed/Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma, Int J Cancer 118 (8): 1853-61, 2006.
[3]. Mathas S: The pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma – A model for B-cell plasticity, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 21 (5): 787-804, 2007.
[4]. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology.
[5]. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease.

Abstract: Frontal sinus fractures represent about 5% of all facial fractures, and one-third of those isolated to the anterior table. Frontal sinus fractures are typically associated with a significant force and usually involve other intracranial or facial injuries. Bicoronal, open-sky, or gull-wing approaches allow for proper reduction and reconstruction under direct visualization. Fractures that are complex or require detailed reduction and fixation techniques to gain stability should be repaired with open techniques.

[1]. Fred Pedroletti,Brad S. Johnson,Joseph P. McCain, Endoscopic Techniques in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Oral & maxillofacial clinics of North America 22 (2010) Pg 169.

[2]. E.B. Strong, G.M. Buchalter, T.H. Moulthrop Endoscopic repair of isolated anterior table frontal sinus fractures Arch Facial Plast Surg, 5 (6) (2003), pp. 514–521

[3]. S. Manolidis Frontal sinus injuries: associated injuries and surgical management of 93 patients J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 62 (7) (2004), pp. 882–891 [4]. R.B. Bell Management of frontal sinus fractures Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 21 (2) (2009), pp. 227–242

[5]. G. Gerbino, F. Roccia, A. Benech et al. Analysis of 158 frontal sinus fractures: current surgical management and complications J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 28 (3) (2000), pp. 133–139

[6]. H.D. Graham 3rd, P. Spring Endoscopic repair of frontal sinus fracture: case report J Craniomaxillofac Trauma, 2 (4) (1996), pp. 52–55

Abstract: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology .It was first described by Wilson in 1869 and is thought to affect0.5–1% of the world's population.It appear clinicallyas a persistent red, white or a mixed lesion. Though the precise pathogenesis is unidentified,evidences available at present strongly suggest that cell mediated immunity plays a major rolein the initiation and evolution of this disease. The mast cell, the major immuno effector cellof the connective tissue is thought to be mediating this synchronized cellular orchestra, the symphony of which results in the various clinical manifestations of oral lichen planus.

[1]. Dockrell H M, Greenspan .J.S:Histochemical identification of T cells in orallichen planus. Oral surgb.48, 42-46, 1979.
[2]. Walker DM: The inflammatory infiltrate inlichen planus lesions. An auto radiographicand ultra structural study. J Oral Pathol-5:277-286, 1976.
[3]. Sugerman et al. The pathogenesis of orallichen planus. Critical Reviews in OralBiology & Medicine, Vol. 13 (4) 350-365(2002).
[4]. WHO Collaborating Centre for OralPrecancerous Lesions. Definition ofLeukoplakia and related Lesions an aid tostudies on Oral Precancer. Oral surg oralMed oral Pathol.1978; 46:518-39.
[5]. Lab Procedures:http:www.bris.ac.ul/Depts/Path andMicro/CPL/abs

Abstract: Background: Rapidly changing diets and lifestyles are fueling the global obesity epidemic. Although physical activity and exercise are considered to be of paramount importance for prevention and treatment of obesity, many obese adults are not able to participate in regular physical activity due to dyspnea on exertion. The present study was planned to assess the effect of sub maximal exercise on pulmonary functions in obese young individuals.

[1]. James O. Hill* and John C. Peters; Environmental Contributions to the Obesity Epidemic, Regulation of Body Weight Articles; vol-280,1998.
[2]. Mohan Reddy N, Kalyana Kumar Ch, Jamil K (2012) New World Syndrome (Obesity) in South India. 1:567
[3]. Babb TG, Wyrick BL, DeLorey DS, Chase PJ, Feng MY (2008). Fat distribution and end expiratory lung volume in lean and obese men and women. Chest 134: 704-711.
[4]. D. S. DeLorey, B. L. Wyrick, and T. G. Babb, "Mild-tomoderate obesity: implications for respiratory mechanics at rest and during exercise in young men," International Journal of Obesity, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1039–1047, 2005.
[5]. Naimark A, Cherniack RM. Compliance of the respiratory system and its components in health and obesity. J Appl Physiol 1960;15:377-82.

Abstract: This study was undertaken to compare I-gel, Proseal LMA with standard endotracheal tube for the number of attempts taken for insertion, hemodynamic changes and postoperative complications during general anaesthesia in healthy adult patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries. One hundred twenty patients of either sex in the age group of 20-50 years divided into three groups of 40 patients each. Group E (n=40) receiving endotracheal tube, Group P (n=40) receiving Proseal LMA and Group I (n=40) receiving I-gel for airway maintenance.

[1]. Bamgbade O A, Macnab W R, Khalaf W M. Evaluation of the I-gel airway in 300 patients. Eur J Anesthesiol 2008; 25: 865-66
[2]. Levitan RM, Kinkle WC. Initial anatomic investigations of the I-gel airway: a novel supraglottic airway without inflatable cuff. Anaesthesia 2005; 60: 1022-26
[3]. Brain AIJ. The Laryngeal mask - A new concept in airway management. Br J Anaesth 1983; 55: 801-05
[4]. Rabey PG, Smith G. Anesthetic factors contributing to postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anesth 1992; 69: 40-45
[5]. Owens TM, Robertson P, Twomey C. The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux with the laryngeal mask: a comparison with the face mask using oesophageal lumen pH electrodes. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 980-84

Abstract: Vitiligo is a common acquired pigmentary disorder affecting the skin of all ages and both sexes around the world. Presents as localised milky white patches of depigmentation which tend to progress in due course. It affects about 1% of the world population and the incidence is higher in India ranging from 3% to 8% approximately. There is psychological morbidity due to cosmetic disfigurement and no definite treatment is available. So there is a need to find better drug. The aim of our study is to compare the efficacy and safety of a new drug, Basic fibroblast growth factor {b FGF} 0.1% solution with the standard Betamethasone valerate (BV)0.1% ointment in patients with clinically diagnosed vitiligo.

[1]. Valia RG, Valia AR: Pigmentary disorders, Vitiligo. IADVL The Text book and atlas of Dermatology, 2001; 2nd Ed.Vol I; pg, 518-533.
[2]. Tony Burns.Wilkinson. Eglings. Rooks - Text book of Dermatology. (7 th Ed); 825-840.
[3]. Issar pharmaceuticals,Basic active fragment of Fibroblast Growth Factor, Product monograph, 2005.
[4]. Yu H, Chang K, Yu C, Li H, Wu M, Wu C, et al. Alterations in IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ release by peripheral mononuclear cells in patients with active vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108: 527–529 Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef

Abstract:The "supraolecranonprocess"so named because of its location and morphology, is a bony spur (enthesophyte) projected from the posterosuperiorpart of the olecranonof ulna at theinsetionsite(enthesis) of triceps brachiiat the posterior part of the superior surface. We present an adult dry bone of right ulna bearing an extra process projected from the posterosuperior part of olecranon at the enthesis of triceps brachii measuring 1.2cm in length. In view of its development, functional and clinical importance, the detailed anatomical knowledge is required which will help theorthopaedicians, radiologists and in sport medicine during management of symptomatic olecranon spur and its fracture.
Keywords: Supraolecranon process,enthesis,enthesophyte, olecranon spur, traction spur, traction epiphysis, triceps brachii.

1]. Soames RW. Skeletal system.Gray‟s Anatomy. 38thEdition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:425-736.
[2]. PatriciaC.Embryology and development. Gray‟sAnatomy 38thEdition. Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:91-341.
[3]. Benzamin M, Toumi H, Suzuki D, Hayashi K, McGonagle D: Evidence for a distinctive pattern of bone formation in enthesophytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1003-1010.
[4]. HSU SH, Moen TC, Levine WN, Ahmad CS. Physical examination of the athlet‟s elbow. Am J. Sports Med. 2012;40:699-708.
[5]. Benjamin M, ToumiH,Ralph JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S. Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites("entheses‟) in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. J Anat.2006;208: 471-490.
[6]. Villotte S, Castex D, Couallier V, Dutour O, Knusel CJ, Henry-Gambier D: Enthesopathies as occupational stress markers: evidence from the upper limb. Am J Phys Anthropol.2010;142(2):224-234.

Abstract: Background:Diabetic Nephropathy is a microvascular complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is an important cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). The importance of YKL 40 in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy is undertaken in this study. Aim:The aim of our Study is to assess usefulness of YKL 40 in early diagnosis of nephropathyintype2 diabetic patients

[1]. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas (2013). (6th ed.). Brussels: IDF.
[2]. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care .2014;37(1): s81-s90
[3]. Carrera Boada CA, Martínez-Moreno JM. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type 2:beyond the duo "insulin resistance-secretion
deficit". Nutr Hosp. 2013 ;28(2):78-87
[4]. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, MaserRE,Sosenko JM, Ziegler D: Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care.2005; 28:956–962
[5]. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414:813–820.

Abstract: Pachyonychiacongenita is a rare genodermatoses transmitted as an autosomal dominant triat with only 450 cases reported since 1906. It is of four types. Pachyonychiacongenita type 1 is called as JadassohnLewandowsky syndrome.The syndrome results from mutations in the gene encoding epidermal keratins. The patients present with classical nail hypertrophy, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and follicular keratotic papules on the body. The case has been reported for its rarity and its rare association with metabolic syndrome.

Keywords: pachyonychiacongenita, nail hypertrophy, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis

[1]. Muller C. On the causes of congenital onychogryphosis. Mcn Med Wochenschr. 1904;49:2180-2
[2]. Jadassohn J, Lewandowsky F. Pachyonychiacongenita. Keratosis disseminatacircumscripta. Tylomata. Leukokeratosis linguae. In: Jacob's IkonographiaDermatologica 1 Berlin: Urban und Schwarzenberg; 1906:29-30
[3]. Agarwal P, Chhaperwal MK, Singh A et al.Pachyonychiacongenita. A rare genodermatoses. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4:225-7
[4]. Agarwal SN, Kulkarni YA, Jane SD, et al.Pachyonychiacongenita type 1 (JadassohnLewandowsky syndrome). Indian J Paediatr Dermatol.2014:15:137-9
[5]. Paller AS, Moore JA, Scher R. Pachyonychiacongenitatarda. A late onset from of pachyonychiacongenita. Arch Dermatol.1991;127:701-3

Abstract: An omphalocele represents an embryological defect of the umbilical ring and medial segments of the two lateral abdominal folds during fetal growth and can be divided into two groups depending on the size of the hernial defect. A major or giant omphalocoele is classified as a 5 cm or larger defect. The incidence is nearly 2.5 cases per 10,000 live births. The hernial sac may contain small and large bowel, stomach, liver, spleen, urinary bladder, gonads. A combination of defects including omphalocele, exostrophy of cloaca, imperforate anus, spinal defects is known as OEIS complex, affecting 1 in 2,00,000 to 4,00,000 pregnancies. During routine dissection in the Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Imphal, a 26 weeks gestational aged foetus of giant omphalocele with OEIS complex in was observed, with short umbilical cord, adherent to membrane was found with right sided scoliosis.

[1] D'Andrea F, Brongo S, Grella E, Grella R, Nicoletti G. Hepatic omphalocele in an adult: a case report. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2004;38:236-9.
[2] Sadler TW. Langman's medical embryology. 11th ed. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
[3] van Eijck FC, Hoogeveen YL, van Weel C, Rieu PN, Winjen RM. Minor and giant omphalocele: long term outcomes and quality of life. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44:1355-9.
[4] Carey JC, Greenbaum B, Hall BD. The OEIS complex (omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal defects). Birth Defects 1978;14:253-63.
[5] Klein MD, Heatzler JH. Congenital defects of the abdominal wall. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;152:805-8.

Abstract: Objective: To report prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients attending oral diagnosis clinic at school of dentistry for seeking dental treatment. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among patients (n=1325) who were visiting the Department of Oral Diagnosis at School of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani; of which; 650 (49.05%) were male and 675 (50.94%) were female aged from 10-79 years with mean age= 44.5±12.64 years, demographic information (age, sex) were obtained as well as clinical examination including features of the lesion, anatomical location, extension were also collected from patients. The lesions that could not be diagnosed by clinical examinations alone were analyzed histopathologically. Chi square test was used to analyze the data.

[1]. Triantos Dimitris. Intra-oral findings and general health conditions among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly in Greece. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34 (10): 577 – 82.
[2]. Reichart PA . Oral mucosal lesions in a representative cross-sectional study of aging Germans. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000; 28(5): 390-8.
[3]. Campisi G, Margiotta V . Oral mucosal lesions and risk habits among men in an Italian study population. J Oral Pathol Med.2001; 30(1): 22-8.
[4]. Martinez AI, Garcia-Pola MJ. Epidemiological study of oral mucosal pathology in patients of the Oviedo School of Stomatology. Med Oral 2002; 7(1): 4-16.
[5]. Dorey JL, Blasberg B, MacEntee MI, Conklin RJ. Oral mucosal disorders in denture weares. J Prosthet Dent 1985; 53: 210-3.
[6]. Gaphor SM., Abdullah MJ. Prevalence, sex distribution of oral lesions in patients attending an oral diagnosis clinic in Sulaimani University J Bagh College Dentistry 2011;23(3),:67-73.

Abstract: The presence of flabby and displaceable denture-bearing tissues often presents a difficulty while making complete dentures. Unless managed appropriately, such 'flabby ridges' adversely affect the retention, stability and support of complete dentures. 'Fibrous' or 'flabby' alveolar ridges poses significant problems for the provision of retentive and stable dental prostheses for affected individuals. In particular, problems arise during impression making, when forces cause the mobile denture bearing tissues to become distorted. Many impression techniques have been proposed to overcome this difficulty. While these vary in approach, similar in their complexity and are often quite time-consuming to perform. This clinical report describes the Prosthodontic management of a patient with flabby ridge

[1]. Allen P F, McCarthy S. Complete dentures: from planning to problem solving London: Quintessence, 2003, pp 48-51.
[2]. Osborne J. Two impression methods for mobile fibrous ridges. Br Dent J1964; 117: 392-394.
[3]. Devlin H. A method for recording an impression for a patient with a fibrous maxillary alveolar ridge. Quint Int 1985; 6: 395-397.
[4]. Lamb D J. Problems and solutions in complete denture prosthodontics. London: Quintessence,1999, pp 57-60.
[5]. Craw Carlsson GE. Clinical morbidity and sequelae of treatment with complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998; 79: 17–23.
[6]. Xie Q, Nähri TO, Nevalainen JM et al. Oral status and prosthetic factors related to residual ridge resorption in elderly subjects. Int J Prosthodont 1997; 55: 306–313

Abstract: An amputation is the surgical removal of part of the body, such as an arm or leg. Leg amputations can be major or minor. Of the minor amputations, one of the most commonly performed is the partial foot amputation.PFA affects about 2 per 1000 head of population in industrialized countries making it the most common type of amputation surgery1. Toe amputations are a very common level of amputation in patients with peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus and post trauma. Apart from the psychological impact, toe amputation affects the gait and stance of the patient. Therefore, attempts must be made to0 maintain function and reduce force loading along the residual foot stump in order to reduce further skin breakdown and subsequent secondary limb loss in these patients. This goal can be attained by means of proper rehabilitation.

[1]. Partial Foot Amputation: Aetiology, Incidence, Complications, Prosthetic Intervention and a Characterisation of Gait. Michael P Dillon, B. P&O (Hons); Ph.D. National Centre for Prosthetic and Orthotics Musculoskeletal Research Centre La Trobe University. Melbourne, Australia.
[2]. A Guide To Digital Amputations In Patients With DiabetesAlexanderReyzelman, DPM, and Jamie Kim, DPM .Podiatry Today Volume 24 - Issue 9 - September 2011
[3]. Hughes J, Clark P, Klenerman L. The importance of the toes in walking. J Bone J Surg. 1990; 72(2)245-251.
[4]. Lower-limb Prosthetics and Orthotics: Clinical Concepts : Joan E. Edelstein, Alex Moroz p 79.
[5]. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007; 9(4): 303–308.PMCID: PMC2018851. Reactions to Amputation: Recognition and Treatment Chaya G. Bhuvaneswar, M.D., Lucy A. Epstein, M.D., and Theodore A. Stern, M.D.

Abstract: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), a chronic and intractable orofacial pain syndrome is characterized by the presence of burning sensation of the oral mucosa in the absence of specific oral lesion. In addition to burning sensation, patient with BMS also complains of oral mucosal pain, altered taste sensation, and dry mouth. It is observed principally in middle-aged patients and postmenopausal women. Its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated and involves peripheral and central neuropathic pathways.

[1]. Netto FO, Diniz IM, Grossmann SM, de Abreu MH, do Carmo MA, Aguiar MC. Risk factors in burning mouth syndrome: a case control study based on patient records. Clin Oral Investig. 2011;15 (4):571-5. [2]. Aravindhan R1, Vidyalakshmi S2, Kumar MS3, Satheesh C4, Balasubramanium AM5, Prasad VS2. Burning mouth syndrome: A review on its diagnostic and therapeutic approach. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014 Jul;6(Suppl 1):S21-5.
[3]. ItoM, Kurita K, ItoT, AraoM. Pain threshold and pain recovery after experimental stimulation in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;56(2):161–168
[4]. Albuquerque RJ, de Leeuw R, Carlson CR, Okeson JP, Miller CS, Andersen AH. Cerebral activation during thermal stimulation of patients who have burning mouth disorder: an fMRI study. Pain 2006;122(3):223–234
[5]. Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Update on burning mouth syndrome: overview and patient management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003;14(4):275–291

Abstract: Introduction: Antibiotics are given for patients posted for surgery as a precautionary measure. They may cause resistance in the hospital microbial flora leading to resistant nosocomial infections. Aim: This study is aimed at finding the relation between the antimicrobials used in a hospital and the resistance patterns observed in the organisms isolated

[1]. World Health Organization. Interventions and strategies to improve the use of antimicrobials in developing countries: A review. Available from: http://www.whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/who_CDS_CSR_DRS_2001.9.pdf
[2]. Livermore DM, Woodford N, "Carbapenemases , A problem in waiting" ; Current Opinion on Microbiology; 2002; 3 : 489 – 95.
[3]. Behera B, Mathur P. High levels of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary trauma care centre of India. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011;133:143–5
[4]. Raghunath D. Emerging antibiotic resistance in bacteria with special reference to India. Journal of Biosciences. 2008;33:593–603
[5]. Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) - India Working Group; " Rationalizing antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India" Indian Journal of Medical Research; 134, Sept 2011; pp281- 294.
[6]. Po-RenHsueh, Wen-Hwei Chen, Kwen-TayLuh, Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 1991–2003 at a university hospital in Taiwan,International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Vol 26, Issue 6,Dec 2005,Pg 463–472