iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2015

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of menstrual cycle on the cardiac autonomic function in young healthy women by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and to determine the correlation between estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropins and HRV in different phases of menstrual cycle. The study included 27 premenopausal women and they were assessed in both proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual cycle.

[1]. Longo A,Ferreira D &Correia MJ. Variabilidade da frequencia cardiac. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, 14, 1995, 241-262.
[2]. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, 93, 1996, 1043-1065.
[3]. Rajendra Acharya U, Paul Joseph K, Kannathal N, Lim CM, Suri JS. Heart rate variability: a review. Med Biol Eng Comput, 44, 2006, 1031- 1051.
[4]. Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL. On the nature of heart rate variability in humans: effects of data length and beta- adrenergic blockade. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 266, 1994, R40-R49.

Keywords: Introduction: Immunization is one of the eight elements of primary health care. Government of India is providing immunization services through Universal Immunization Programme to protect children from some important diseases of childhood. Knowledge of mothers of beneficial children regarding immunization will influence the utilization of services. Objectives: The present study was conducted 1) To assess the immunization coverage in the children of 12-23 months of age. 2) To assess the knowledge of mothers of these children regarding immunization.

[1]. Department of Health and Family Welfare. The data refers to number of full Immunisation (children aged 12-23 months) by residence % (National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and District Level Household and Facility Survey(DLHS) and Coverage Evaluation Survey- UNICEF (CES). New Delhi: Department of Health and Family Welfare; 2014.
[2]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. MoHFW- 2011: Year of Initiatives. New Delhi: Press Information Bureau; [Internet]. 2011 [cited 9 June 2015]. Available from: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79191
[3]. Prime Minister's Office. THREE NEW VACCINES INCLUDING INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED ROTAVIRUS VACCINE TO BE PROVIDED TO ALL INDIAN CHILDREN. New Delhi: Press Information Bureau; [Internet]. 2014 [cited 9 June 2015]. Available from: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106055
[4]. Commissioner of Family Welfare, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh Progress in immunization performance. Hyderabad: PATH; 2006.

Abstract: Introduction: Frontal bone is one of the unpaired bones of the skull. This bone develops in two halves and presents a metopic suture between the two in foetal life. However the suture disappears completely before or shortly after birth. It is essential to know about metopic suture, failing which; it can be easily misunderstood as fracture of frontal bone. It is also important for paleodemography and forensic medicine. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted at Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai among the 100 human adult dry skulls.

[1]. Ajmani M.C, Mittal R.K & Jain S.P. Incidence Of The Metopic Suture In Adult Nigerian Skulls. Journal Of Anatomy: 1983, Aug, 137.
[2]. Anjoo Yadav, Vinod Kumar, R.K.Srivastava. Study Of Metopic Suture In Adult Human Skulls Of North India. Journal Of Anatomical Society Of India: 2010, 59(2), P 232-236.
[3]. Bilodi A.K, Agraval B.K, Mane S & Kumar A Study Of Metopic Suture In Human Skulls. Kathmandu University Medical Journal: 2004, Vol2, No2 Issue 6.P 96-99.
[4]. Das A.C, Saxena R & Beg M.A.Q Incidence Of Metopic Suture In Up Subjects. Journal Of Anatomical Society Of India: 1973 Vol 3 (122) P 140-44.
[5]. Dixit C.S & Shukula P.L Metopic Suture In Human Crania. Journal Of Anatomical Society Of India: 1968 Vol 17 P 47.
[6]. Frazer's Anatomy Of Human Skeleton Edited By Breathuach A.S 6th Edition J.A Churchill Limited, London: 1965 P 182-185.

Abstract: Intestinal tuberculosis (IT) and Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic granulomatous disorders that pose diagnostic challenge as they show an overlap in their histological features. Aim : To evaluate distinctive clinical and histological parameters in colonic biopsy specimens for their ability to distinguish between CD and IT. Methods: Thirty colonoscopic biopsies were studied, of which twenty cases were diagnosed as CD and ten cases were IT. Clinical history and colonoscopic findings were assessed in association with evaluation of histomorphology of biopsies.

[1]. R Kirsch, M Pentecost, P de M Hall et al. Role of colonoscopic biopsy in distinguishing between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis. J Clin Pathol. 2006; 59(8): 840–844.
[2]. U Navaneethan, JV Cherian, R Prabhu J Venkataraman.Distinguishing tuberculosis and Crohn's disease in developing countries: how certain can you be of the diagnosis? Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(2):142-4.
[3]. A.B Pulimood, B.S Ramakrishna, G.Kurian et al. Endoscopic mucosal biopsies are useful in distinguishing granulomatous colitis due to Crohn's disease from tuberculosis. Gut.1999 Oct;45(4):537-41.
[4]. A K Dutta, M K Sahu, S K Gangadharan, A Chacko. Distinguishing Crohn's disease from intestinal tuberculosis – a prospective study. Trop Gastroenterol. 2011; 32(3):204-9.
[5]. DN Amarapurkar, ND Patel, PS Rane. Diagnosis of Crohn's disease in India where tuberculosis is widely prevalent. World J Gastroenterol.2008; 14(5):741-6.

Abstract: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness throughout the world. A 1996 study estimated the prevalence of glaucoma in the world by the year 2000 to be 66.8 million, with 6.7 million suffering from bilateral blindness.[1] Glaucoma is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their respective axons, which comprise the retinal nerve fibre layer (NFL), on pathologic examination

[1]. Quigley HA. Number of people with glaucoma worldwide. British Journal of ophthalmology. 1996; 80:389.
[2]. Quigley HA, Miller NR, George T. Clinical evaluation of nerve fiber layer atrophy as an indicator of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980; 98:1564–1571.
[3]. Sommer A, Miller NR, Pollack I. The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1977; 95: 2149–2156.
[4]. Sommer A, Quigley HA, Robin AL. Evaluation of nerve fiber layer assessment. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1984; 102:1766–1771.
[5]. Pederson JE, Anderson DR. The mode of progressive disc cupping in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980;98:490–495.

Abstract: Traumatic injuries resulting in fracture of dental hard tissues are unforeseen events that can produce major psychological impact on patients. Immediate management which restores the teeth to aesthetics and function is the norm whenever feasible. In anterior teeth, complicated crown-root fractures extending subgingivally usually require tooth extraction. This case report is of a young female patient with complicated crown root fracture in the mesio-distal plane which was managed by re-attachment of the fractured segments by intraradicular stabilization with fiber reinforced composite post in a single visit.

Keywords – Biological width, crown-root fracture, monoblock effect, re-attachment, vertical root fracture.

[1]. Vishwas Chaugule, Chetan Bhat, Vishwas Patil, Sajjad H Mithiborwala Reattachment of vertical complicated subgingival crown root fracture is a 10 year old child –A case report. International Journal of clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Sept-Dec; 2(3), 2009, 53-59.
[2]. David A Hall, Sergio A M Qurique, Guilherme H Itikawa. Brazilian dental journal Jan-Feb, 2004. p 10-15. [3]. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Crown-Root Fractures. In: Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L, (eds.). Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth (4th ed.) Oxford, Blackwell 2007. pp. 314-336.
[4]. Kapil Loomba, Anju Loomba, Rhythm Bains and Vivek K. Bains. A proposal for classification of tooth fractures based on treatment need, Journal of Oral Science, vol 52, No.4, 517-529, 2010. [5]. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Monoblocks in root canals: a hypothetical or a tangible goal. J Endod. 33, 2007, 391–8.
[6]. Heda CB, Heda AA, Kulkarni SS A multidiciplinary approach in the management of a traumatised tooth with complicated crown-root fracture: a case report, J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 24, 2006, 197-200.

Abstract: Background- Maternal anemia in pregnancy has several deleterious effects on the health of the mother and the fetus. Aims and Objectives:To study the significant correlation between degree of maternal anemia and birth weight of the newborn and to assess the effect of maternal anemia on fetal cord blood haemoglobin. Materials and Methods: The present study was prospectively conducted in 50 pregnant mothers who where in labour and their newborn after birth in the pediatric department,Yenepoya Medical College,Mangalore from November 2014 to April 2015.

[1]. T. Thangaleela, P. Vijayalakshmi, Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy,Indian J Nutr Diet, 31, 1994, 26-32.

[2]. K. Kalaivani. Prevalence & consequences of anemia in pregnancy, Indian J Med Res, 130, 2009, 627-633.

[3]. R. V. Viveki, A.B. Halappanavar, P.R. Viveki, S.B. Halki, V.S. Maled, P.S. Deshpande, Prevalence of Anaemia and Its Epidemiological Determinants in Pregnant Women, Al Ameen J Med S ci, 5 (3 ), 2012, 2 1 6 -2 2 3.

[4]. N. Milman,Prepartum anaemia: prevention and treatment,Annals of Haematology, 2008, 87, 949-59. [5]. S. Akhter, M. A. Momen, M. M. Rahman, T. Parveen, R. K. Karim, Effect of maternal anemia on fetal outcome. Mymensingh Med J, 2010, 19(3), 391-8.

Abstract:A prospective study of management of fracture distal radius by external fixator using the principle of ligamentotaxis was conducted from August 2012 to October2014 at our institute to evaluate the clinical efficacy of external fixator with ligamentotaxis in distal radius fracture reduction, fracture healing, functional recovery after surgery.

[1]. Swiontkowski MF. Increasing rates of forearm fractures in children. JAMA 2003; 24; 290(24):3193
[2]. Solgaard S, Petersen VS. Epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1985; 56(5):391"393.
[3]. Mensforth RP, Latimer BM. Hamann-Todd Collection aging studies: osteoporosis fracture syndrome. Am J Phys Anthropology 1989;80(4):461"479.
[4]. Nguyen TV, Center JR, Sambrook PN, et al. Risk factors for proximal humerus, forearm, and wrist fractures in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Am J Epidemiology 2001;153(6):587"595.
[5]. Vidal, Fischbach, Brahin Act Orthop Belgium 43: 781-789,1977

Abstract: The pineal gland has inspired novel avenues of research due to its unique nature and its discrete association with the sympathetic nervous system The pineal gland is very important human endocrine gland because of its location and size. The aim of study was to find out the morphometric parameters of pineal gland and their variations in the different age groups. For this 100 cases were scaned by 3D CT Scan out of which 73 are males & 27 are females from mp region. All the measurements were taken in sagittal, coronal and axial view by CT scan & measurement done directly on computer on DICOM images using the DICOM viewer software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL)& using statistical tools like mean, SD, t-test, diagrams, one way ANOVA analysis of variance for comparing different paramete

[1]. Britt Ketter.The Pineal Gland a link to our third eye,Brain World Sept.9 2012
[2]. Reyes PF. Age related histologic changes in the human pineal gland. Prog Clin Biol Res.1992;253–61.
[3]. Keller SS, Roberts N., Measurement of brain volume using MRI: software, techniques, choices and prerequisites, Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2009;87:127–51.
[4]. Tapp E and Huxley M. "The weight and degree of calcification of the pineal gland". Journal of Pathology. 1971;105:31–39.
[5]. Tapp E and Huxley M. "The histological appearance of the human pineal gland from puberty to old age". Journal of Pathology. 1972; 108:137–44.

Abstract: A prospective study was conducted, which studied 155 consecutive postmortem cases of hanging victims at Indira Gandhi Government General hospital, Pondicherry, over a period between September 2011 - March 2013. The prime objective of the study was to project the magnitude of problem within the area of study and to determine the relevant factors associated with hanging cases. In the study, the nature of hanging in all the cases were suicide. Males constituted 70.3% of the cases. Age wise ,55.48 % of cases fell within 20-40 years. Family disputes were the most common factor cited as the reason for the act in 52.2% of cases. Most of the subjects were married (76.7%) and with relation to studies,55.2% were educated. With regards to occupation,41.93 % cases constituted daily wagers.

[1]. Ahmad M, Hossain M. Hanging as a Method of Suicide: Retrospective Analysis of Postmortem Cases. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh. 2011 Mar 14;6(2):37-9.
[2]. Meera T, Singh MBK. Pattern of Neck Findings in Suicidal Hanging A Study in Manipur. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 2011 Oct;33(4):350–2.
[3]. Patel AP, Bansal A, Shah JV, Shah KA. Study of Hanging Cases in Ahmedabad Region. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 2012;34(4):342–5.
[4]. Vijayakumari N. Suicidal hanging: A prospective study. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine.2011 Oct;33(4):353-4.

Abstract: Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare inherited oculocutaneous syndrome affecting the eyes, skin, hair and hearing . It exhibits both clinically and genetically heterogenous characterstics. We present a 2-year old male with WS1, one of the four clinical types of WS.

Keywords: oculocutaneous, congenital hearing loss, white forelock, Waardenberg index

[1]. Ghosh SK, Bandyopadhyay D, Ghosh A, Biswas SK, Mandal RK. Waardenburg syndrome: A report of three cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010 Sep-Oct;76(5):550-2.
[2]. http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2010;volume=76;issue=5;spage=550;epage=552;aulast=Ghosh.

[3]. Daksha Dixit. ( Waardenburg Syndrome Type I – A Concise Diagnostic Study ) BIOMIRROR : 1-3/ bm-0829100211.

[4]. Waardenburg syndrome type 1 ,Ali Karaman MD1, Cihangir Aliagaoglu, MD2 ,Dermatology Online Journal 12 (3): 21

[5]. Dourmishev AL, Dourmishev LA, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Waardenburg syndrome. International Journal of Dermatology 1999;38:656-63

Abstract:Traditionally, clinical decisions in dentistry have been based on the experience of the clinical dentist. If a given treatment seemed to work, it was utilized again; if the results were disappointing, the procedure was deserted. Evaluating clinical treatment in this fashion is difficult because it is hard to know which factors are important for success and which ones contribute to failure. This came with the concept of evidence based approach which facilitates conclusions for clinical practice based on sound research studies. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how evidence based approach can both inform on and benefit healthcare in periodontology

[1]. Sackett DA, Strauss SE, Richardson WS. Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. London: Churchill Livingstone;2000.
[2]. Reza Pourabbas. Evidence-based Periodontology: From Knowledge and Attitude to Practice. J Periodontol Implant Dent 2012;4(1):1
[3]. Newman M, Caton J, Gunsolly J. Evidence-based periodontology. Ann Periodontol 2003;8:1.
[4]. Ian Needleman, David R. Moles & Helen Worthington. Evidence-based periodontology, systematic reviews and research quality. Periodontology 2000, vol. 37, 2005, 12–28.
[5]. Muir Gray JA. Evidence-based, locally owned, patient-centred guideline development. Br J Surg; 1997;84(12):1636-7

Abstract: Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections are one of the most common bacterial infections in developing countries, ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria to severe urosepsis. It is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections contributing approximately 35% of all nosocomial infections in many hospitals. Predominant uropathogens are gram negative bacteria and Escherichia coli is accounting for the highest prevalence in most instances. Widespread use of antimicrobial agents has lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens; also there is increase demand for new effective drugs.

[1]. Noor N, Ajaz M., Rasool SA., Pirzada ZA. Urinary tract infections associated with multidrug resistant enteric bacilli, characterization and genetical studies. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2004;17: 115-123.
[2]. Razak SK, Gurushantappa V. Bacteriology of Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in tertiary Care Hospital in South India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2012;1(2):109-112.
[3]. Foxman B. Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections: Incidence, morbidity and economic costs. Dis. Mon. 2003;49:53-70.
[4]. Gul N, Mujahid TY, Ahmad S. Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Indigenous Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infection patients. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2004;7(12): 2051-2054.
[5]. Shahina Z, Islam MJ, Abedin J, Chowdhury I, Arifuzzaman M. A study of Antibacterial Susceptibility and Resistance pattern of E.coli Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011;4(7): 548-555.

Abstract: Context:-Tuberculosis is a disease of global public health concern. Knowledge about Cause, Mode of transmission, Duration of treatment among TB/MDR-TB patient is utmost important. It is also important to assess the treatment seeking behaviour among patients which ultimately affect the outcome of RNTCP. Aim:-Assessment of Knowledge and Treatment seeking Behaviour among Study patients. Setting and Design:-An Unmatched Case Control Study, Purposively Recruited 68 MDR-TB Patients (Cases) and 136 non MDR-TB Patients (Control) in Surat District (Rural and Urban). Methods and Material:-A pre-tested standardized semi-structured questionnaire was used. Data was collected and extrapolated in tables and graphs.

[1]. Tuberculosis India 2010, RNTCP status report. http://www.tbcindia.nic.in/. Accessed on 2/5/09.
[2]. Pilheu JA. Tuberculosis 2000: problems and solutions. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 696-703.
[3]. Khuwaja AK, Mobeen N. Knowledge about Tuberculosis among Patients attending Family Practice Clinics in Karachi. JLUMHS 2005; 4: 44-47.
[4]. White GL, Henthorne BH, Barnes SE et al. Tuberculosis: A health education imperative returns. J Community Health 1995; 20: 29-57.
[5]. 5.Muayad A. Merza, Parissa Farnia, Payam Tabarsi, Mehdi Khazampour, Mohammad Reza Masjedi, Ali Akbar Velayati. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance and associated risk factors in a tertiary level TB centre in Iran: a retrospective analysis. J Infect Developing Countries 2011; 5(7) : 511-519.

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, pattern of tooth loss and different prosthetic rehabilitations among Sulaimani adults population. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective community-based study conducted among patients attending to Dental School, Faculty of Medical Sciences/University of Sulaimani from January 2015 to May 2015, a sample of 891 patients, age group of 18 years and above is considered. The subjects were interviewed with a structured questionnaire regarding age, sex and dental visiting patterns and then clinically examined by a single examiner for number and type of missing teeth with presence or absence of any prosthesis. Data were collected through specialized proforma and analysis is carried out and those variables which show statistical significance association between loss of teeth and selected variables are studied using Chi square test.

[1]. Kashif M, Mehmood K, Ayub T, Aslam M. Reasons and Patterns of Tooth Extraction in a Tertiary Care Hospital- A Cross Sectional Prospective Survey. J LiaquatUni Med Health Sci. 2014; 13(03):125-9.
[2]. Shigli K, Hebbal M and Angadi GS. Attitudes towards replacement of teeth among patients at the Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, India. J Dent Educ. 2007 Nov; 71(11):1467-75.
[3]. Khazaei S, Keshteli AH, Feizi A, Savabi O and Adibi P. Epidemiology and risk factors of tooth loss among Iranian adults: findings from a large community-based study. BioMed Research International. 2013; 2013: 8.
[4]. Al-Quranet F, Al-Ghalayini R and Al-Zu'bi B. Single-tooth replacement: factors affecting different prosthetic treatment modalities. BMC Oral Health2011; 11:34.
[5]. Shinawi LA. Partial edentulism: a five year survey on the prevalence and pattern of tooth loss in a sample of patients attending King AbdulAziz University - Faculty of Dentistry. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(4).

Abstract: Amongstcommonest problems patients complain about when they visit their dermatologist is hair loss. Depression, distress and serious psychological disturbances are commonly related to it. Hair loss may last over both short and long time span. A great number of examinations have to be done in order to confirm the diagnosis, which includes laboratory testing, clinical tests, scalp biopsy and physical examination. The overall view of the main typical causes of loss of hair will be presented in this article together with up-to-date explanation about the advance therapies for these problems.

[1]. U, Blume-Peytavi. "Skin academy: hair, skin, hormones and menopause - current status/knowledge on the management of hair disorders in menopausal women." Pubmed, 2012: 44-54.
[2]. M.et.al, Geyfman. "Resting no more: re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle." PubMed, 2014: 11-43.
[3]. Mesinkovska, Atanaskova. "Hair: what is new in diagnosis and management? Female pattern hair loss update: diagnosis and treatment." Dermatol Clin, 2013: 11-4.
[4]. Piérard-Franchimont.et.al. "Alterations in hair follicle dynamics in women." Biomed Res Int, 2013: 11-32.
[5]. R.et.al, Sinclair. "Hair loss in women: medical and cosmetic approaches to increase scalp hair fullness." British Association of Dermatologists., 2011: 33-89.

Abstract: Soft tissue tumors are defined as Nonepithelial Extraskeletal tissue of the body exclusive of the reticuloendothelial system, glia, and supporting tissue of various parenchymal organs.Even in these days of brown revolution with the advent of Immunohistochemistry, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Stain examination is still an important diagnostic procedure to evaluate the soft tissue tumors.The exactness of the diagnosis is then compared by using immunohistochemistry where necessary.The study has once again proved that careful and thorough study of H&E Sections is still a most important step in the evaluation of soft tissue tumors.

Key words: Soft tissue tumor(STT),Hematoxylin&Eosin stain(H&E stain),Immunohistochemistry(IHC)

[1]. A.E.Rosenberg,―Bones,joints,andsoft-tissue tumors,‖ in Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease,V.Kumar,A. K.Abbas,N.Fausto,andJ.C.Aster,Eds.,pp.235–249,Saunders, Philadelphia,Pa,USA,8thedition,2010.
[2]. Fletcher C D M ,Unni K, Mertens K eds.WHO classification of tumors,pathology and genetics.Tumours of soft tissue and Bone.Lyon:IARC Press;2002
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Abstract: To study the age and the sex distribution among the primary and secondarily acquired Nasolacrimal duct obstruction . Methods: we conducted a prospective observational study among randomly selected 100 patients presented with epiphora to ENT department during 2year period ie; from march 2013-march 2015. After confirming presence of Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) by opthalmologicalexamination ,theyare takenup for Endo nasalDacryocystorhinostomy and intraoperative lacrimal sac wall biopsy is taken for histopathology to identify the etiology of NLDO. Age and sex distribution among primary and secondarily acquired types of NLDO was studied .

[1]. MyronYanoff, Jay S.Duker (2009). Ophthalmology (3rded ).Mosby Elsevier.pp.1482-1487. ISBN 9780323043328.
[2]. LinbergJvetal 'primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.Aclinicopathological report and biopsy technique ' Ophthalmology.1986 Aug;93(8):1055-63 .PMID 3763155
[3]. Bartley GB (1992)Acquired Lacrimal Drainage obstruction: an etiological classification system,case reports ,and a review of literature .part – 1 .OpthalplastReconstrSurg 8:237-242[cross ref ][Medline]
[4]. Traquair HM (1941)chronic Dacryocystitis.Its causation and treatment.ArchOpthalmol 26:165-180.
[5]. Linberg JV (1983) Disorders of lower excretary system in the lacrimal system.eds Milder B ,Weil BA(Appleton –Century – Crofts, New York),pp 1-134 search Google scholor
[6]. Arden RL et al , Flap reconstruction techniques in conjunctivorhinostomy,Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery,1990 Feb;102(2):150-5.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the role of contrast enhanced MRI in local staging of bladder cancer and to determine organ confined versus non organ confined disease. Patients and methods: During the study period; from January, 2012 to March, 2014., a total number of 59 cases of histopathology proved urinary bladder cancer were referred from urology department of Al- Hussein University Hospital, for MRI scanning aiming for T-staging of bladder cancer. Both T1 and T2-wieghtedturbo spin echo images were obtained, followed by non-contrast enhanced T1- spoiled gradient weighted image, then fast dynamic gadolinium enhanced T1- spoiled gradient weighted imaging. Contrast enhanced studies were performed with intravenous administration of gadopentetatedimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) (Magnevist) (0.1mmol/kg) followed immediately by 20 ml of IV saline flush injection. Enhanced images were initiated 10 seconds after the start of contrast injection and images were repeatedly acquired four times each 16 seconds at the same sections.

[1] Burger, M.; Catto, J.W.; Dalbagni, G.; Grossman, H.B.; Herr, H.; Karakiewicz, P.; Kassouf, WKiemeney, L.A.; La Vecchia, C.; Shariat, S.; et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelialbladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 2013, 63, 234–241.
[2] El-Mawla NG, El-Bolkainy MN and Khaled HM. Bladder cancer in Africa: update. SeminOncol, 2001; 28:174–178.
[3] Tobias Maurer , Thomas Horn Matthias Heck Jürgen E. Gschwend , Matthias Eiber and Ambros J. Beer.Current Staging Procedures in Urinary Bladder Cancer. Diagnostics 2013, 3, 315-324;
[4] Stenzl, A.; Witjes, J.A.; Cowan, N.C.; De Santis, M.; Kuczyk, M.; Lebret, T.; Merseburger, A.S.; Ribal, M.J.; Sherif, A. Guidelines on Bladder Cancer Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic. Available online:http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/07_%20Bladder%20Cancer.pdf (accessed on 17 May 2013).
[5] Shariat, S.F.; Ehdaie, B.; Rink, M.; Cha, E.K.; Svatek, R.S.; Chromecki, T.F.; Fajkovic, H.; Novara, G.; David, S.G.; Daneshmand, S.; et al. Clinical nodal staging scores for bladder cancer: A proposal for preoperative risk assessment. Eur. Urol. 2012, 61, 237–242.
[6] Grossman, H.B.; Natale, R.B.; Tangen, C.M.; Speights, V.O.; Vogelzang, N.J.; Trump, D.L ;.deVere White, R.W.; Sarosdy, M.F.; Wood, D.P., Jr.; Raghavan, D.; et al. Neoadjuvantchemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladdercancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349, 859–866.

Abstract: Aims & Objectives: To compare the efficacy of phenylephrine & ephedrine for prevention of hypotension after subarachnoid block in cesarean sections and to determine the effect on APGAR scores. Method of study: This is a prospective randomized comparative study conducted during one year period in Department of anesthesia, Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences, BG Nagara. 60 parturients undergoing cesarean section were allocated in to two groups. Group P (n=30) received 100 mcg phenylephrine and Group E (n=30) received 6mg ephedrine prophylactically immediately after subarachnoid block. A fall in blood pressure more than 20% of baseline was considered as significant hypotension and was treated with 6mg mephentermine. Incidence of hypotension, bradycardia and APGAR scores were measured.

[1]. Sara S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96:95-99.
[2]. Hall P. A, Bennett A, Wilkes M. P and Lewis M: Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section: Comparision of infusions of Phenylephrine and Ephedrine. British journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73:471-474.
[3]. Balki M, Carvalho JC. Intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under regional anesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005;14:230-41.
[4]. Lee A, Warwick D, Kee N, Gin T. Trails of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesth Analg 2002;94:920-6.
[5]. Moran DH, Perillo M, Laporta RF, Bader AM, Datta S: Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal clinical anesthesia 1991 July-August;3(4):302-5.

Abstract: Aims and objectives: To evaluate the Feto-maternal outcome of trial of labour after previous one caesarean section (TOLAC). Materials and methods: A trial of vaginal delivery was carried out on 100 patients with previous one caesarean section in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMC Srinagar. Selection criteria were subjects with normal pregnancy, adequate maternal pelvic dimensions, and vertex presentation with previous one uncomplicated Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). Patients with classical caesarean section, medical complications, multiple pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation and placenta previa were excluded from the study. Written informed consent was taken from all patients. Trial of scar was given with vigilance. Maternal and fetal outcome was studied.

[1]. Cragin EB. Conservatism in Obstetrics. NY Med J.1916;104:1-3.
[2]. Pickrell K. An inquiry into the history of caesarean section. Bull Soc Med Hist(Chicago)1935;4:414.
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