iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2015

Abstract: Aim: To assess the salivary and plaque pH after consumption of the oral rehydration solution by different methods. Methods: Most widely used and most frequently prescribed brand of ORS was taken as the test drink in the study. Thirty six healthy subjects aged 20-26 years who satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected and were divided into three groups (Group A - rinsing, Group B - glass, Group C - straw) by lottery method. Saliva and dental plaque were collected after consuming the drink in one, five, ten, twenty, and thirty minute intervals. The salivary and plaque pH was assessed by digital pH meter. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis using SPSS 20.0 version.

[1] Utreja D, Tewari A, Chawla HS. A study of influence of sugars on the modulations of dental plaque pH in children with rampant caries, moderate caries and no caries. J Indian Soc of Pedod Prev Dent. 2010; 28(4): 278-281.
[2] Lingstrom P, von Houte J, Kashket S. Food starches and dental caries. Crit Rev Oral Bio Med. 2000; 11(3): 366-380.
[3] Gustafsson BE, Quensel CE, Swenander Lanke L, Lundqvist C, Grahnén H et al. The Vipeholm Dental Caries Study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1954; 11: 232–364.
[4] Scheinin A, Makinen KK, Ylitalo K. Turku sugar studies. 5. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontol Scand. 1976; 34: 179–216.
[5] Harris R. Biology of the children of Hopewood House, Bowral, Australia. 4. Observations on dental-caries experience extending over five years (1957–1961). J Dent Res. 1963; 42: 1387– 1399.
[6] Zero D.T. Sugars – The arch criminal? Caries Res.2004; 38: 277-285.
[7] Kumar A, Hedge R, Dixit U. Role of plaque in the clearance of salivary sucrose and its influence on salivary pH. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2011; 29: 310-314.

Abstract: Introduction: Episiotomy wound haematoma extending into paravaginal soft tissue is a serious and not uncommon obstetric complication. It is a formidable contributor to puerperal morbidity with delayed convalescence. Aims and Objectives: 1. Early recognition and usage of corrugated rubber drain in the management of episiotomy wound haematoma. 2.To assess the healing of episiotomy wound haematoma thus treated by REEDA(Redness, Odema, Ecchymosis, Discharge,Approximation) scale in postpartum period

[1]. Cunningham, Leveno, Bloom, Sponge, Dashe, Hoffman, Casey, Sheffield, Williams Obstetrics, 24th edition, (Mc Graw Hill Education, 2014) 27, 550
[2]. Michael W. Varner. Episiotomy: Techniques and Indications. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 29, No. 2, June 1986
[3]. Graham ID, Carroli G, Davies C, Medves JM. Episiotomy rates around the world: an update. Birth. 2005; 3(23): 219-223
[4]. Dudding TC, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA (2008). Obstetric anal sphincter injury; risk factors, and management. Annals of Surgery 247(2): 224-37
[5]. Easton E, Labrecque M, Wells G, et al. (2000) Preventing perineal trauma during childbirth:a systematic review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 95: 464- 471
[6]. Renfrew MJ, Hannah W, Albers L, et al. (1998) Practices that Minimize Trauma to the Genital Tract in Childbirth: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Birth 25: 143-60

Abstract: We present a case of 21yrs male presented to opd for defective vision left eye. On examination, pulsatile swelling noted over lateral aspect of right eye with esotropia, left eye normal. The swelling was ignored since birth, pulsatile with defect over the temporal bone right side. Vision in right eye – no perception of light, left eye 6/18 ,no improvement with pin hole. Ultrasound, colour Doppler, CT & CECT findings have confirmed the presence of periocular AV malformation present over the lateral aspect of right eye with normal left eye. The case was diagnosed as unilateral periocular AV malformation causing esotropia in the right eye

Keywords: Pulsatile swelling, Esotropia, Ultrasound, Color Doppler, AV malformation, CECT

[1]. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

[2]. Arteriovenous Malformation Information Page at NINDS

[3]. Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca RR et al. (May 2006). "Predictors of hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation". Neurology 66 (9): 1350–5.

[4]. Choi JH, Mast H, Hartmann A et al. (December 2009). "Clinical and morphological determinants of focal neurological deficits in patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation". J. Neurol. Sci. 287 (1-2)

[5]. Goodenberger DM (2008). "Chapter 84 Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations".Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (4th ed.)

[6]. Agrawal A, Whitehouse R, Johnson RW, Augustine T (December 2006). "Giant splenic artery aneurysm associated with arteriovenous malformation". J. Vasc. Surg. 44 (6): 1345–9

Abstract: This study is taken up to compare the results of DHS and PFN in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of hip. To determine the rate of union, complications, operative risks and functional outcomes in intertrochanteric fractures treated with DHS and PFN.To determine the effectiveness of PFN in comparison to DHS in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of hip. All fifty consecutive patients were randomized control study into two treatment of Group A for Dynamic hip Screw fixation and Group B for Proximal femoral nailing. According to Boyd and Griffin classification, type I is 6, type II is 27, type III is 9, type IV is 8. Mean timing of Surgery after the fracture is 8.92 days in dynamic hip screw and 6.68 days in proximal femoral nail.

[1]. Al-yassari G, Langstaff RJ, Jones JW, Al Lami M. The AO/ ASIF proximal femoral nail (PFN) for the treatment of unstable trochanteric fracture. Injury. 2002; 16:386-93
[2]. Hardy DC, Descamps PY, Krallis P, Fabeck L, Smets P, Bertens CL, Delince PE. Use of an intramedullary hip-screw compared with a compression hip-screw with a plate for intertrochanteric femoral fractures. A prospective, randomized study of one hundred patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:618-30.
[3]. Baumgaertner MR, Curtin SL, Lindskog DM. Intramedullary versus extramedullary fixation for the treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures.Clin Orthop. 1998;348:87-94.
[4]. Moein CM, Verhofstad MH, Bleys RL, van der Werken C. Soft tissue injury related to choice of entry point in antegrade femoral nailing: piriform fossa or greater trochanter tip. Injury 2005; 36:1337-42.
[5]. J. Pajarinen et al pertrochanteric femoral fracture treated with dynamic hip screw or a proximal femoral nail, JBJS 2005; 87-B: 76-81.

Abstract: This research aimed at evaluating the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract of Vernonia ambigua in CCl4 induced liver damage in albino rat. A total of 25 wistar albino rats were randomly divided into control and experimental four groups designated as group A-E. Group A serves as the control and were given only distilled water for ten days. Group B, C, D and E were treated with distilled water, silymarin (100mg/kg), 250mg and 500mg/kg of ethanol extract of V. ambigua for nine days. Group B-E also received 3ml/kg of CCl4 on the 10th day of treatment. After 24 hours, the blood samples were collected through the jugular vein for biochemical analyses. The result showed that albino rats treated with CCl4 had significant (P<0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP, total bilirubin, cholesterol and triacylglycerols levels and significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of total proteins and albumin. Pretreatment with ethanol leaf extract of V. ambigua significantly (P<0.05) decreased the liver marker enzymes, bilirubin, total cholesterol and triacylglycerols. The effect of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia ambigua (V. ambigua) on CCl4-treated rats albino rats was observed to be dose-dependent. The present investigation suggests that ethanol leaf extract of V. ambigua has a potent hepatoprotective action against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats.

Keywords: carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective. Vernonia ambigua, silymarin

[1]. Akah, P., Njoku, O., Nwanguma, A., and Akunyili, D. (2004). Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on blood glucose and triglyceride levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Rattus rattus). Animal Research International, 1: 90-94.
[2]. Alawa, I., Adamu, M., Gefu, O., Ajanusi, J., Abdu, A., Chiezey. P., Alawa, N. and Bowman, D. (2003). In vitro screening of two Nigerianmedicinal plants (Vernonia amygdalina and Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity. Parasitolology, 113: 73-81.
[3]. Amole, O., Izegbu, C., Onakoya, A. and Dada, O. (2006). Toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina. Biomedical Research, 17: 39-40.
[4]. Ekpo, A., Eseyin, A., Ikpeme, O., and Edoho, J. (2007). Studies on some biochemical effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats. Journal of Biochemistry, 2: 193-197.
[5]. Erasto, P., Griersoon, S., and Afolayan, J. (2006). Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106: 117-120.
[6]. Fadhel, A., and Amran, S. (2002). Effects of black tea extract on carbon tetrachlorideinduced lipid peroxidation in liver, kidneys, and testes of rats. Phytotherapy Research, 16:S28–S32.
[7]. Huffman, M.A., Seifu, M. (2012) Observations of the illness and composition of a medicinal plant vernonia ambigua by wild chimpanzee in the mohale mountains, Tanzania primates. Biology 13(4): 214-219.
[8]. Izerbige, E.B. (2003). Discovery of water soluble anticancer agents (edo tides) from a vegetable found in Benin city, Nigeria Exp. Biol. Mal 228: 293-298.

Abstract: Water-borne parasitic infections have become a source of concern in recent times due to the contamination of various drinking water sources. A survey on the parasitic contamination of drinking water sources was carried out in Ezza North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, South East Nigeria. This is to evaluate the extent of contamination of these water sources and their public health implication. A total of 63 water samples were investigated from five major water sources within the study area. The samples were collected from ponds, wells, streams, boreholes and rainwater and examined using Calcium Carbonate Floatation and Simple Microscopic methods. Among the water sources, pond water had the highest occurrence of parasites 35.9% followed by stream 28.1%, well 21.9%, borehole 9.4% while rainwater had the least 4.7%. Each of the sample sources harboured at least one parasite. Three parasites- Gardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum were observed in their cystic and oocystic forms. Among these parasites, Entamoeba histolystica had the highest prevalence of 29(45.3%), Gardia lamblia 22(34.4%) and Cryptosporidium parvum 13(20.3%).

[1]. Oyedeji, O., Olutiola, P.O. and Mononuola, M. A. (2010). Microbiological quality of packaged drinking water brands marketed in Ibadan metropolis and Ile-Ile city in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(1): 96 - 102.

[2]. Okonko, I.O., Ogunjobi, A.A., Adejoye, O.D., Ogunnusi, T.A. and Olashogba, M.C. (2008b). Comparative studies and Microbial risk assessment of different water samples used for processing sea-foods in Ijora-olodipa, Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology,7(16); 2902-2907.

[3]. Okonko, I.O., Ogun, A.A., Adejoye, O.D., Ogunjobi, A.A., Nkang, A.O. and Adebayo- Tayo, B.C. (2009b). Hazards analysis critical control points (HACCP) and microbiology qualities of sea-foods as affected by Handler's Hygiene in Ibadan and Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Sciences, 3(1): 35-50.

[4]. Anon. (1997). World Health Report. World Health Forum, 97: 181 - 188. [5]. World Health Organisation (1996). Catalogue on health indicators. Geneva. Available: http//www.Northampton.ac.uk/ner/who/indicators/wbd.s.html.

[6]. Hogue, B.A., Hallman, K., Levy, J., Bouis, H.,Ali, N., Khan, F., Khanan, S., Kabir, M., Hossain, S. and Alam, M.S. (2006). Rural drinking water at supply and household levels: Quality and management. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 209: 451 - 460

Abstract: Background And Objectives: The geriatric patients with limited reserved organs are very prone to develop cardiovascular instability during surgical procedures. Various anaesthetic techniques are advocated for the above purpose. Spinal anaesthesia is one of them and very useful in lower limb surgeries although it is frequently complicated with hemodynamic instability. Unilateral spinal anaesthesia on the surgical side through the dorsal foramen of the sacrum with local hypobaric anaesthetic contributes the hemodynamic stability. METHODS: 100 patients with physical status ASA II and III were submitted to sacral spinal anesthesia in the lateral position with the surgical side uppermost. They were administered 3ml of 0.25% of injection bupivacaine through the 2nd dorsal sacral foramen and maintained the same position for another 15 minutes.

[1]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria A, Paria B, Das G. Sacral spinal anesthesia. Indian J Anesth. 2014; 58(1) : 80-2
[2]. Volka, J,D,. Hadzic,A,. Drobnik, l,.Ernest,A,.Reiss,W,. Thys,D,M. Anatomical landmarks for femoral nerve block: A comparison of four needle insertion sites. Anesth. Analg. 89;1467:1999.
[3]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Das G, Paria A. Combination of Fascia iliaca Compartment Block on the surgical side with sacral spinal anesthesia for Hip to Knee surgery IOSR- JDMS 2014; 13(12) 46-49.
[4]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Das G, Paria A. Combination of Sacral Spinal Anesthesia and Popliteal Fossa Block on Surgical Side for Below Knee Surgery IOSR- JDMS 2014; 13(10) 50-53.
[5]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Paria A. Sacral Saddle Block IOSR-JDMS 2014; 13(4) 39-40.
[6]. Paria R, Surroy S, Majumder M, Paria B, Sengupta S, Paria A. Sacral Epidural Anesthesia IOSR-JD MS 2014; 13(5) 10-11
[7]. Paria R, Combined Sacral Spinal Epidural Anesthesia. IOSR- JDMS 2014; 13(11):40-43.

Abstract: The steroid 11β-hydroxylase (11βHSD) deficiency is frequently revealed by a hyperandrogenism during childhood. However, a arterial hypertension (AHT) and / or a hypokalemia are often revealing in an advancedage. The hypertension is often resistant to conventional medical treatment, sometimes requiring a bilateral adrenalectomy. The incidentaloma bilateral adrenalis a rare circumstance discovery of deficiency at 11βHSD. We report the case of a patient of 59 years, with antecedent of hypertension considered essential treated and well controlled by amlodipine 10 mg/day, admitted in our service by his neurologist for assessment etiologic and treatment of a bilateral adrenal mass of fortuitous discovery, during a checkup for suspicion of a paraneoplastic syndrome.

[1]. Zachmann M, Tassinari A, Prader A. clinical and biochemical variability of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A study of 25 patients. J clin endocrinol Metab 1983;56:222-229.
[2]. Kacem M, Moussa A, KhochtaliI, bilateral adrenalectomy for severe hypertension in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β hydroxylase deficiency: Long term follow-up. annales d'Endocrinologie 70 (2009) 113–118
[3]. Zhu YS, Cordero JJ, Can S, Cai LQ, You X, Herrera C, et al. Mutations in CYP11B1 gene: phenotype-genotype correlations. Am J Med Genet 2003;122:193–200 (part A)
[4]. Nimkarn S, New MI. Steroid 11beta- hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2008;19(3):96-9
[5]. Rosatti Júnior R, Silva de Souza H, Tosatti A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11- hydroxylase deficiency. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2005;85(6):421-4.
[6]. Hague WM, Honour JW. Malignant hypertension in congenital adrenalhyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. ClinEndocrinol1983;18:505–10.

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the radio-protective effect of the crude methanolic leaf extract of Terminalia catappa. Twenty five (25) male albino wistar rats were used for the study, they were placed into five groups (n=5). Group A served as the positive control (radiation only) while group E served as the negative control and received 5 ml/kg of 0.25N of Na2CO3 (vehicle).Group B,C and D received 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively for Six (6) consecutive days prior to irradiation. The rats (except group E) were exposed to a constant dose of irradiation (x-rays) of 90 Kv and 200 mA at duration of 0.40 s twice. Blood samples were collected aseptically 48 hours after irradiation from the retro-orbital plexus of all animals into appropriately labelled plain and EDTA bottles for biochemical and haematological assays respectively.

[1]. Abraham, Sk, Sarmal, Kesavan, P.C (1993). protective effects of chlorogenic acid, curcumin and beta-carotene against gamma radiation induced involve chromosomal damage. Mutation Resource 303:109-112
[2]. Agarwal ,O.P, Nagaratnam, A. (1981). Radioprotective property of flavonoid in Mice Toxicology 19:201-204
[3]. Ahmad, I, Mehmood, Z, Mohammed, F. (1998). Screening of some India Medicinal plant for their Antimicrobial properties. Journal of Ethnophamacology 62:183- 193.
[4]. Akita ,Y, Yang, Y. Kawai, T, et al .(1998). New assay method for surveying antiemetic compounds from natural sources. Natural Production Sciences 72- 77
[5]. Arora, R,Goel H,(2000). Herbal radioprotectors. In proceeding of the international Conference on Radiation Biology Radio biology 2000.Cancer Research Institute Thiruvanathapuram, India, 87.
[6]. Bump, EA, Malakar, K (eds).(1998). Raidioprotectors Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspective CRC press, Boca Raton FL, 431
[7]. Burghart, WB, Hunt ,WA. (1985). characterization of radiation- induced performance decrease using a two-level shock-aviodance task. Radiation Resource 103: 149-151

Abstract: Metals have been using for reinforcing acrylic denture since long times. Metal due to high malleability and higher strength can scaffold the acrylic materials withstanding flexural fatigue and stress concentrationthere by reinforcing the denture.Metal can be added in form of wires, bars, mesh or plates.Metal strengthener had a beneficial effect on the fracture resistance of the polymethylmethacrylate. Keywords: Metal Reinforcement, Metal Inserts, Single complete denture

[1]. Prosthodontic treatment of edentulous patient- Boucher 12th edition

[2]. P. K. VALLITTU, V. P. LASSILA Reinforcement of acrylic resin denture base material with metal or fibrestrengtheners Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 225–230, May 1992
[3]. Robert L. Schneider, Diagnosing functional complete denture fractures.JPDVolume 54, Issue 6, December 1985, Pages 809–814 [4]. F. Teraoka, M. Nakagawa and J. TakahashAdaptation of acrylic dentures reinforced with metal wire Journal of Oral RehabilitationVolume 28, Issue 10, pages 937–942, October 2001

[5]. J F McCord &A,A Grant British Dental Journal 188, 484 - 492 (2000) Published online: 13 May 2000doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800516Effe1ct of some properties of metal strengtheners on the fracture resistance of acrylic denture base material construction

[6]. P.K. VALLITTU Effect of some properties of metal strengtheners on the fracture resistance of acrylic denture base material construction; Journal of Oral RehabilitationVolume 20, Issue 3, pages 241–248, May 1993

Abstract: A rare case of orbital schwannoma arising from one of the inferior orbital peripheral nerve is presented. An excision biopsy after complete removal of the mass was performed. A definitive diagnosis of schwannoma of nerve was made on histopathological examination. Most schwannomas arise from branches of either the supraorbital or supratrochlear nerves. Here we present a rare case of orbital schwanama arising one of the inferior orbital nerve .

Keywords: orbital, schwannoma, Infraorbital,

[1]. M Brucoli,M.Giarda,F.ArcuriA.Benech. A Benign isolated schwannoma of the orbit. 2011;22(6):2372–4. [PubMed]

[2]. Rootman J, Goldberg C, Robertson W. Primary orbital schwannomas. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982;66:194–204. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[3]. Konrad EA, Thiel HJ. Ophthalmolgica. Basel: 1988. Schwannoma of the Orbit; pp. 118–27. [PubMed]

[4]. U. Schick, J. Bleyen, and W. Hassler, ―Treatment of orbital schwannomas and neurofibromas,‖ British Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 541–545, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar ·View at Scopus

[5]. S. Sudhir,S. Subodh, G. Divyesh, S. Sumit.Case Report of Isolated Schwannoma— A Rare Eyelid Tumor,2014;7(2):143-5

[6]. Emerick CW. Neurilemmoma of the infraorbital nerve. Laryngoscope. 1965;75:820–2. [PubMed]

Abstract: Background: Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million deaths (7% of the world's total death) yearly. Objectives: This study was performed to understand the mode of presentation, its clinical features, bacteriological and radiological features for the early detection of disease, the causative agent and to study its complications. Patients And Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in MGM Medical College and Hospital, NaviMumbai, Maharashtra, of 60 patients with the diagnosis of Community Acquired Pneumonia over a period of 2 years. All patients above the age of 14 years who presented with acute onset of fever, cough with expectoration, chest pain and dyspnoea were included in the study and were clinically examined and investigated.

[1]. Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, et al. Viral pneumonia. Lancet 377 (9773): 1264–75.
[2]. Kabra SK; Lodha R, Pandey RM, et al. "Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children". 2010. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (3).
[3]. International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea Progress Report 2014. Retrieved from http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/ivac/resources/IVAC-2014-Pneumonia-Diarrhea-Progress-Report.pdf
[4]. Marrie TJ, Durrant H, Yastes L. Community acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: A five year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:586–99.
[5]. Shah BA, Singh G, Naik MA, et al. Bacteriological and Clinical profile of Community Acquired Pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Lung India. 2010 Apr-Jun; 27(2): 54-57.

Abstract: Schwannomas are benign,slowly growing, encapsulated peripheral nerve tumors. Schwannomas are homogenous tumors and consist of only Schwann cells. They develop outside of the nerve, but may push it aside or against adjacent structure causing damage to the nerve. Most schwannomas occur as solitary lesions. Presence of multiple schwannomas in a single patient suggeststumorogenesis and a possible association with one of the syndromes such as neurofibromatosis 2 or with Schwannomatosis. Schwannomatosis is diagnosed in the presence of multiple pathologically proven schwannomas in the absence of neurofibromatosis2 (NF2). We report a very rare case of multiple schwannomasin the absence of typical signs and symptoms of NF1 and NF2.

Key word: Multiple schwannomas, Schwannomatosis,Schwannoma, Neurofibromatosis

[1]. Landi A,Dugoni DE, Marotta N, Mancrella C, Delfini R. Spinal Schwannomatosis in the absence of neurofibromatosis: A very rare condition. Int j surg case report.2011;2(3): 36-39
[2]. Nimura M Neurofibromatosis. Rinsho Derma 1973;15:653-663
[3]. Murray AJ, Hughes TA, Neal JW, Howard E, Evans DGR, Harper PS. A case of multiple cutaneous schwannomas; Schwannomatosis or neurofibromatosis type 2?. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry 2006:77:269-271
[4]. Hingway SR. Multiple schwannomas, including a plexiform variant, in a patient in the absence of neurofibromatosisI or II. J SciSoc 2015;42:37-41
[5]. Ferner RE, Huson SM, Evans DG. Neurofibromatosis in clinical practice. 1st ed. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited,2011:1-46
[6]. Jacoby LB, Jones D, Davis K, Kronn D, Short MP, Gussella J. Molecular analysis of the NF2 tumor-suppressor gene in Schwannomatosis. Am j Hum Genet. 1997;61:1293-1302

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate oral health attitudes and behavior among a group of dental students in Sulaimani, Iraq and to compare the oral health attitudes of students of different years of dental school.
Methods: A self-administered questionnaire based on a modified version of the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) was administered to 150 dental students.
Results: No significant differences were observed by year of study for having brushing their teeth twice per day (Q1), My gums tend to bleed when I brush my teeth (Q5), worry about having bad breath (Q6), had been to a dentist office before (Q7) put off going to the dentist until I have toothache (Q8). Strongly significant differences (P<.001) were observed between by year of study for worrying about change my tooth brush every 3 months (Q2), using tooth floss on regular basis (Q3) and do use mouthwash on regular basis (Q4)..

[1]. Khami MR, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Prevention-oriented practice of Iranian senior dental students. Eur J Dent Educ.
2007; 11: 48-53.
[2]. Gallagher EB, Moody PM. Dentists and the oral health behavior of patients: a sociological perspective. J Behav Med. 1981; 4: 283-
295.
[3]. Frazier PJ. Public health education and promotion for caries prevention: the role of dental schools. J Public Health Dent. 1983; 43:
28-42.
[4]. Cortes FJ, Nevot C, Ramon JM, Cuenca E. The evolution of dental health in dental students at the University of Barcelona. J D ent
Educ. 2002; 66: 1203-1208.
[5]. Brusokaite J, Januleviciute I, Kukleris A, Zekonis G. Evaluation of dental health of dental students at Kaunas University of
Medicine. Stomatologija, Baltic Dent Maxillofac J. 2003; 5: 133-136.
[6]. Umsan S, Bhat SS, Sargod SS. Oral health knowledge and behaviour of clinical medical, dental and paramedical students in
Mangolore. J Oral Health Comm Dent. 2007; 1: 46-48.

Abstract: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome is a group of disorder with neoplasms in two or more different hormonal tissues often presenting in several members of a family. The association of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, and a marfanoid habitus is designated MEN2B. Pheochromocytoma occurs in more than half of MEN2B patients. The mucosal neuromas and marfanoid body habitus are the most distinctive features and are recognizable in childhood.

[1]. Jameson JL et al. Endocrinology and Metabolism: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 15th edn. :2187-2189
[2]. Brandii ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5658-5671
[3]. Schuman H, Laufer L, Barki Y et al. Ganglioneuroma an 'incidentaloma' of childhood. Eur Radiol 1998; 8: 582-584
[4]. Utiger RD. Medullary thyroid carcinoma,genes, and the prevention of cancer. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 870-871
[5]. Skinner MA, De Benedetti MK, Moley JF et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children with multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B. J Pediatric Surg 1996; 31: 177-181
[6]. Sippl J.H. The association of pheochromocytoma with carcinoma of thyroid gland. Am J Med 1961; 31: 163-166
[7]. Marini F, Falchetti A, Del Monte F et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2006; 1: 1172-1186
[8]. Jacob S, Hawes M: From eyelid bumps to thyroid lumps: report of a MEN type II b family and review of literature. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 17: 195-201

Abstract: Hepatic dysfunction in the cancer Dept has a significant impact on patient outcomes. The therapeutic application of Anthracycline antibiotics is limited by side-effects mainly chronic Cardiotoxicity, Myelosuppression, and Hepatotoxicity. Aim: To Analyse the risk of Hepatotoxicity in Breast cancer patients receiving Inj. Doxorubicin. Subjects and Methods: The investigation was a prospective study that was conducted in cancer patients receiving Inj. Doxorubicin doses of 50 mg/m2, and 75 mg/m2 at a South Indian tertiary care hospital. Sample collection was done from pre-chemotherapy to 4th cycle. SGPT, SGOT,

[1]. Superfin D, Lannucci AA, Davies AM. Commentary: Oncologic drugs in patients with organ dysfunction: a summary. Oncologist 2007;12(9):1070-83.
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[4]. Fornari FA, Randolph JK, Yalowich JC, Ritke MK, Gewirtz DA. Interference by Doxorubicin with DNA Unwinding in MCF-7 Breast Tumor Cells. Mol Pharmacol 1994;45:649-56.
[5]. Momparler RL, Karon M, Siegel SE, Avila F. Effect of adriamycin on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in cell-free systems and intact cells. Cancer Res 1976;36:2891-5. [PubMed]

Abstract: Introduction: Local reactive focal overgrowths are frequently found in the oral cavities. Different types of localized reactive lesions may occur on the gingiva, including focal fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma and peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF). The causative etiology for this lesion can be attributed to the local irritants like plaque, calculus, overhanging margins, trauma, and dental appliances. Case Report: The case presented here is of a 32 years old female patient who reported to the department of periodontics with chief complaint of nodular mass in inner side of left back region of mouth. It was a focal fibrous hyperplasia of gingival which was excised with BP blade no. 15. Follow up lasted for 1 month.

[1]. Daley T, Wysocki G, Wysocki P, Wysocki D. The major epulides: clinicopathological correlations. J Can Dent Assoc 1990;56(7):627-30.
[2]. Praetorius-Clausen F. Rare oral viral disorders molluscum contagiosum, localized keratoacanthoma, verrucae, condyloma acuminatum, and focal epithelial hyperplasia. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol 1972;34(4):604-18.
[3]. Cooke B.E.D. The fibrous epulis & the fibro epithelial polyp: Their histogenesis & natural history". Br Dent J 1952;93:305-9.
[4]. Burket L, Greenberg M, Glick M, Ship J. Chapter 7 Benign Tumours of Oral Cavity. Burket's oral medicine: Pmph USA Ltd; 2008. p. 658.
[5]. Saraswathi T. Shafer's textbook of oral pathology. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology2009;13(1):46.

Abstract: Orthodontists use study models to motivate and explain the patient for orthodontic treatment. These models are widely used for patient education and are essential part of any clinical practice. At present available study models are simple, made of fibre glass and are expensive to buy without any added advantage. We, therefore, developed colourful handmade patient education models which are easy to fabricate, more attractive and very cost effective for the clinician.
Keywords: colourful orthodontic cast, Orthokal (orthodontic stone class III) acrylic colours, patient education aids.

[1]. Telma Martins De Araujo, Lilian Martins Fonseca, Luciana Duarte Caldas. Prepration& evaluation of orthodontic setup. Dental Press J Orthod; 2012 May-June;17(3)146-65.
[2]. Han, U. Consistency of orthodontic treatment decisions relative to diagnostic records. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop; 1991.100:212-219.
[3]. ShrutiShastry; Jae Hyun Park. Evaluation of the use of digital study models in postgraduate orthodontic programs in United States & Canada. Angle Orthodontist, Vol84, No1,2014.

Abstract: Approximately 1.5 million patients are diagnosed with pleural effusion each year in the United States. Clinical manifestations of pleural effusion include dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, fever, fever, chills and weight loss and depending on the underlying disease. Diagnostic tools include chest radiograph, ultrasound, and computed tomography {CT).Ultrasound guided pigtail catheters as the initial draining method is strongly suggested. Light and Rodriguez treatment for pleural effusion and empyema is useful. The American College of Chest Physicians panel grouped management of pleural effusion into six categories: no drainage, therapeutic thoracentesis, tube thoracostomy be, fibrinolytic therapy, video- assisted thorcoscopy (VATS) and open surgery. Uncomplicated effusions (category1or 2) generally resolve with antibiotics alone. Drainage is recommended for management of patients in category 3 or 4.Therapeutic thoracentesis and tube thoracotomy is insufficient for managing patients in category 3 or 4.Fibrinolytic drugs, VATS, and surgery are better choices in these patients. High mortality inpleural effusions is due to mismanagement. Antibiotics of choice in pleural effusions are penicillin's, cephalosporins, clindamycin, metronidazole, vancomycin, and quinolones. Aminoglycosides have poor penetration in the pleural space, and should not be used alone to treat gram-negative empyema's.

Keywords: Pleural effusion, Empyema, Thoracentesis, and Treatment

[1]. HyeonYu.Management of Pleural Effusion,Empyema,and Lung abscess.SeminInterventRadiol.2011;29{1):75-86.
[2]. Light RW.Pleural Diseases.4thed.Philadelphia:Lippincott William & Wilkins;2001.
[3]. Light RW.Parapnrumonic Effusions and Empyema.Proccedings of Am Thorac Soc.2006;3(1):75-80.
[4]. Light RW.Parapneumonic effusions and empyema.In Light RW,ed.Pleural Diseases.3rded..Baltimore:Williams& Wilkins;1995;129-153.

Abstract: Introduction: Toothbrush is regarded as a principal tool for controlling dental plaque. It is the most widely used device for keeping good oral hygiene. Meticulous oral hygiene performance through proper plaque removal can be achieved via using an appropriate toothbrush and toothbrushing method accomplished by interdental aids of cleaning, which primarily reduces periodontal diseases and dental caries. Aim and objective: To determine the efficiency of toothbrushing maneuver on gingival health status among patients attended Periodontal Department Clinics at School of Dentistry/ University of Sulaimani during the academic year 2014-2015.

[1] Riley, Philip, and Thomas Lamont. "Triclosan/copolymer containing toothpastes for oral health." The Cochrane Library (2013). [2] Yaacob, Munirah, Helen V. Worthington, Scott A. Deacon, Chris Deery, A. Damien Walmsley, Peter G. Robinson, and Anne‐Marie Glenny. "Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6 (2014). [3] Sambunjak, Dario, Jason W. Nickerson, Tina Poklepovic, Trevor M. Johnson, Pauline Imai, Peter Tugwell, and Helen V. Worthington. "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults." The Cochrane Library (2011). [4] Poklepovic, Tina, Helen V. Worthington, Trevor M. Johnson, Dario Sambunjak, Pauline Imai, Jan E. Clarkson, and Peter Tugwell. "Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults." The Cochrane Library (2013). [5] James, Patrice, Carmel Parnell, Mairead Harding, Helen Whelton, Helen V. Worthington, and Paul V. Beirne. "Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health." The Cochrane Library (2010).
[6] The American Academy of Periodontology. Parameters of Care Supplement. . J Periodontol 2000;71:851-852. [7] Marsh, P. D., and D. J. Bradshaw. "Dental plaque as a biofilm." Journal of industrial microbiology 15, no. 3 (1995): 169-175.

Abstract: Introduction: Frenum appears as a fold of mucous membrane extending from the mucous lining of the labial mucous membrane towards the crest of the residual ridge on the labial surface. Labial frenum is a dynamic and often unstable structure and it will be changed in shape, size, and position during the different stages of growth and development. Midline diastemia is a distinctive space usually of about 0.5 mm between mesial surfaces of two teeth. It is more frequently seen between upper maxillary incisors causing esthetic and phonetic problems Aims and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of high frenal attachment and maxillary median diastemia in Sulaimani population. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 279 patients (132 male and 147 female) who visited Oral Diagnosis Department of School of Dentistry University of Sulaimani for different purposes of dental treatments. The ages of the patients were divided into two groups (10 to 20) and (20-30) years. Examination was done on the dental chair;the frenum morphology was determined by using the direct visual method under dental unit light.

1] Popovich, F., G. W. Thompson, and P. A. Main. "The maxillary interincisaldiastema and its relationship to the superior labial frenum and intermaxillary suture." The Angle Orthodontist 47, no. 4 (1977): 265-271. [2] Ambalavanan, N., Pamela Emmadi, M. Priyanka, T. Ramakrishnan, and R. Sruthi. "An overview of frenal attachments." Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 17, no. 1 (2013): 12-15. [3] Mohan, Ranjana, Pankaj Kumar Soni, MunagalaKarthik Krishna, and Mohan Gundappa. "Proposed classification of medial maxillary labial frenum based on morphology." Dental Hypotheses 5, no. 1 (2014): 16. [4] Nagaveni, N. B., and K. V. Umashankara. "Morphology of maxillary labial frenum in primary, mixed, and permanent dentition of Indian children." Journal of Cranio-Maxillary Diseases 3, no. 1 (2014): 5. [5] Mirko, Placek, SkachMiroslav, and MrklasLubor. "Significance of the labial frenum attachment in periodontal disease in man. Part I. Classification and epidemiology of the labial frenum attachment." Journal of periodontology 45 (1975): 891-4. [6] Nangia, Tanu, GulsheenKaurKochhar, and ShardaYadav. "Midline Diastema: Crossroad of Treatment Planning." [7] Govila, Vivek; Govila, Smita .Cosmetic Creations - Through Diastema Closure.Indian Journal of Dental Sciences.3 no. 4(2012) 74-77.

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of tooth extraction in permanent dentition and to establish their relation with age and gender among patients attending Dental school of university of sulaimania in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Material And Methods: This study was carried out in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), of Dentistry /University of Sulaimani from 2014to March 2015. In this cross sectional study total 1368 patients were selected through non-probability convenience sampling and data was collected by trained clinician using predesigned questionnaire after informed verbal consent. The reasons and pattern of tooth loss was recorded and data was computed on SPSS. Version 16.00.

[1]. JanjuaOM, HasanSH, AzadAA, IbrahimMW, LuqmanU, QureshiSM. Reasons and patterns of first molar extraction- A study. Pakistan oral and dental journal. 2011; 31(1):51.
[2]. George B, John J, Saravanan S, Arumugham IM. Prevalence of permanent tooth loss among children and adults in a suburban area of Chennai. Archives of Oral Sciences and Research 2011;1 (2):72-8.
[3]. Oginni FO. Tooth loss in a sub-urban Nigerian population: causes and pattern of mortality revisited. Int Dent J. 2005; 55:17-23.
[4]. Afridi SH, Rehman B, Din QU. Causes of tooth extraction in oral surgery. An analysis of 400 patients reporting to Khyber College of Dentistry. J Pak Dent Assoc. 2010;19(2):110-14.
[5]. Adeyemo WL, Oderinu HO, Oloseye SB, Taiwo OA, Akinwande JA. Indications for extraction of permanent teeth in Nigerian teaching hospital: 16 year follow up study. Niq QJ Hosp Med 2008;18 (3):128-32.
[6]. Chestnut I. Reasons for tooth extraction in Scot- 20. Naeem S. Pattern of tooth loss in maxillary arch- A land. J of Dent. 1984;28(4):295-7.
[7]. Haseeb M, Ali K, Munir MF. Causes of tooth extraction at a tertiary care centre in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. August 2012; 62(8):812-15.

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of root fillings using radiographs of teeth treated by undergraduate dental students at a dental teaching center in School of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani. Methods and Materials: A random sample of records of patients who had received endodontic treatment by 5th year undergraduate students at the School of Dentistry, Sulaimani University during the period of 2014to 2015 were evaluated by two investigators (and in case of disagreement by a third investigator) regarding the presence or absence of short fillings, over fillings and perforations. For each tooth, preoperative, working and postoperative radiographs were checked. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS 12.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered as significant.

[1]. Daly RM, Elsner RJ, Allen PF, Burke FM. Associations between self-reported dental status and diet. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30:964–70. [PubMed]
[2]. Legan JJ, Brown CE.Jr Instrumentation enhances today's endodontic care. J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1998;77:30–4. [PubMed]
[3]. Jokinen MA, Kotilainen R, Poikkeus P, Poikkeus R, Sarkki L. Clinical and radiographic study of pulpectomy and root canal therapy. Scand J Dent Res. 1978;86:366–73. [PubMed]
[4]. Lazarski MP, Walker WA, 3rd, Flores CM, Schindler WG, Hargreaves KM. Epidemiological evaluation of the outcomes of nonsurgical root canal treatment in a large cohort of insured dental patients. J Endod. 2001;27:791–6. [PubMed]
[5]. de Moor RJ, Hommez GM, De Boever JG, Delme KI, Martens GE. Periapical health related to the quality of root canal treatment in a Belgian population. IntEndod J. 2000;33:113–120. [PubMed]
[6]. Saunders WP, Saunders EM, Sadiq J, Cruickshank E. Technical standard of root canal treatment in an adult Scottish sub-population. Br Dent J. 1997;24:382–386. [PubMed]

Abstract: Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus frequently present with foot infections as a complication, which are up to 20% of hospital admissions. On treatment of the wounds with low level laser therapy (LLLT) major changes (Increased granulation tissue, fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, early epithelialization and enhanced neovascularisation) can be seen. The objective of study was to assess anti-infective property of LLLT in diabetic infections. Methodology: The present randomized controlled trial was conducted in Department of Surgery, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum on 60 patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers for the duration of one year.

[1]. Fauci AS, Kasper DS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine 17th ed. (United States; McGraw Hill: 2008).
[2]. Anandi C, Alaguraja D, Natarajan V, Ramanathan M, Subramaniam CS, Thulasiram M, et al. Bacteriology of diabetic foot lesions. Ind J Med Microbiol 2004; 22 (3): 175-8.
[3]. World Health Organisation. Diabetes: Factor sheet No. 312. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2009.
[4]. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global Prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care 2004; 27(5): 1047-53.
[5]. WHO fact sheet. World Health Organisation. Prevalence of diabetes in the WHO South-East Asia Region. New Delhi: WHO South-East Asia Region; 2009.

Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmias in clinical practice. AF is found in 0.4% adults below 60 years. Incidence of AF appears to double with each decade beginning with the seventh. In the 9th decade the incidence is thought to be as high as 8-10% 1. It is principally an acquired disease but rarely familial forms too have been described. This was an observational study conducted in the medicine unit of a tertiary care hospital over a period of 24 months. 75 patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) lasting more than one week were studied to determine the pattern of underlying heart disease , the risk of embolism, relation with site of embolism and left atrial size. Rheumatic heart disease was the commonest cause of AF. Mitral valve was the most commonly involved valve.

[[1]. Kannel WB, Abbot RD, Savage DD, McNemara PM. Epidemiologic features of chronic AF. The Framingham Heart study. N Engl J Med, 1982; 307:1018-1022
[2]. Sanjiv M Narayanan, Micheal E Cairns, Joseph M Smith. Atrial Fibrillation. Lancet, 1977; 350:943-950
[3]. Mark E, Josephson, Peterzemet Baurn, Alfred E Buxton. Tachyarrythmias. Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw Hill; pg1264-1265
[4]. Hinton RC, Kistler JP, Pallon JT, Friendlich AL et al. Influence of AF on incidence of systemic embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40: 509-513.
[5]. John M Dent. Role of echocardiography in evaluation and management of AF. Cardiovasc clin. 1993;22: 543-551.

Abstract: HIV in pregnancy can be described as a bio-psychosocial phenomenon, as its impact is not only limited to the immune system, but also on the psychological functioning, culture and religion of individuals. Pregnant women with HIV who lack psychosocial support may experience stress, anxiety and depression that could possibly affect fetal wellbeing. This study was done to identify and measure specific psychosocial outcomes of pregnancy in 20 pregnant women with HIV in Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu over a period of six months, using a self developed instrument with 55 items named PROMO-HIV (Pregnancy outcome of mothers with HIV).

[1]. HIV and Infant Feeding - Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding Jointly Issued by UNICEF, UNAIDS and WHO Guidelines - Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (UNAIDS, 1998, 26 p.)
[2]. National AIDS Control Organisation .Updated Guidelines for Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) of HIV using Multi Drug Antiretroviral Regimen in India, December 2013
[3]. Swati P. Ahir, V. Chavan, S. Kerkar, P. Samant-Mavani , R. Nanavati, P.R. Mehta "et al",Antiretroviral treatment, viral load of mothers & perinatal HIV transmission in Mumbai, India Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2013;138(8),pp 201-208
[4]. AnbarasiSubramaniyan, SonaliSarkar, Gautam Roy, SubithaLakshminarayanan, Status of prevention of parent to child transmission services among HIV-positive mothers from rural South India Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS 2014 , 35(2) : 104-108
[5]. Kevin R O‟Reilly, Caitlin E Kennedy, Virginia A Fonner and Michael D Sweat,Family Planning counseling for women living with HIV: a systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness on contraceptive uptake and pregnancy incidence, 1990 to 2011,BMC Public Health 2013, 13:935 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-935