iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2015

Abstract: Anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders, characterised by changes in mood, behaviour, somatic function, and cognition. Benzodiazepines and SSRIs are most commonly employed drugs for the treatment of anxiety. Synthetic drugs available for treatment of anxiety have various adverse effects. Drugs obtained from natural sources are known to cause fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs despite of same ability to cure disease. Methanol extract of Aegle marmelos (AM, 70mg/kg, 140mg/kg and 210mg/kg), 2% of gum acacia, diazepam 2mg/kg are administered orally to randomly divided albino rats of either sex. Anxiolytic activity is assessed by Elevated plus maze (EPM) and Actophotometer (locomotor activity) models.

[1]. Laurence L. Brunton, John S. Lazo, Keith L. Parker. Drug therapy of depression and anxiety disorders: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. P. 430, 680.
[2]. HL Sharma, KK Sharma. Anxiolytics and Hypnotics: Principles of Pharmacology. 2nd ed. Hyderabad: Paras medical publisher; 2007. P. 442.
[3]. Saroj Kothari, Manish Minda, S. D. Tonpay, Jain SS. Anxiolytic and antidressant activities of methanol extract of aegle marmelos leaves in mice. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010; 54(4): p. 318- 328.
[4]. Sandeep Dhankar, S. Ruhil. Aegle Marmelos(Linn.) Correa: Apotential source of Phytomedicine. Journal of Medicinal plants research. 2011; 5(9): p. 1497-1507.
[5]. Himani bagga , Pratap shankar , R. C. Verma , Sharad leve , Amod sachan and R. K.Dixit. The effects of Aegle marmeloson anxiety in wistar rats amd it's comparison with

Abstract: Primary papillary serous carcinoma of peritoneum (PPSCP) is a rare type of primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma which is clinically and histologically similar to primary ovarian papillary carcinoma which displays multicentric peritoneal and omentalinvolvement.Diagnostic criteria to distinguish it from primary ovarian cancer include normal sized ovaries, extraovarian site involvement greater than surface involvement of the ovary, the ovarian component less than 5×5 mm within the ovary and otherwise confined to the surface of the ovary, and the histological characteristics must be predominantly of the serous type. The treatment of a PPSCP is essentially based on cytoreductive surgery and platinum based chemotherapy.

[1]. Álvarez JV, Gómez MM, Prats MDG, Agorreta MA, Cajal JMR, López JIL, Goyanes JPR. Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma. A case report. Rev EspPatol 2007; 40: 47-52. [2]. Morita H, Aokil J, Taketomi A, Sato N, Endo K. Serous surface papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum: clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings in 11 patients. Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:923–8.
[3]. Swerdlow M. Mesothelioma of the pelvic peritoneum resembling papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary: Case report. Am J ObstetGynecol 1959; 77: 197-200.
[4]. Bloss JD, Liao SY, Buller RE, et al. extraovarian peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma: a case-control retrospective comparison to papillary adenocarcinoma of ovary. GynecolOncol 1993;50:347–51.
[5]. vonRiedenauer WB, Janjua SA, Kwon DS,Zhang Z and Velanovich V. Immunohistochemicalidentification of primary peritoneal serouscystadenocarcinoma mimicking advancedcolorectal carcinoma: a case report. J MedCase Reports 2007; 1: 150.
[6]. Cross SN, Cocco E, Bellone S, AnagnostouVK,Brower SL, Richter CE, Siegel ER, Schwartz PE,Rutherford TJ and Santin AD. Differential sensitivityto platinum-based chemotherapy in primaryuterine serous papillary carcinoma celllines with high vs low HER-2/neu expression invitro. Am J ObstetGynecol 2010; 203: 161-168.

Abstract: Eperisone hydrochloride is a newly introduced muscle relaxant used for treatment of backache associated with muscle contracture, supposed to be better in adverse effect profile. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of eperisone in patients of acute lower back pain associated with muscle spasm. Methods: Hundred patients between age of 18 to 55 years having low back pain of ≤ 7 days duration were prescribed eperisone orally twice a day for 7 days. Severity of pain at rest and on movement was recorded using Visual Analogue Scale. Muscle spasm was evaluated by hand-to-floor distance using a simple graduated bar (0 value at floor) and Lasegue's manoeuvre.

[1]. Gautschi OP, Hildebrandt G, Cadosch D. Acute low backpain: assessment and management. Praxis 2008;97:58-68.
[2]. Andersson GB. The epidemiology of spinal disorders. In: Frymoyer JW, Editor. The adult Spine: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed.NewYork, NY: Raven Press; 1997:p93-143.
[3]. Van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Biuter LM. A cost of illness study of backpain in The netherlands. Pain 1995:62:233-240.
[4]. Chou R, Huffman LH, American pain society, American college of physicians. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:505-514.
[5]. Górska J. Effects of back pain treatment with tizanidine. Orthop Traumatol Rehabil 2005; 7: 306- 309.
[6]. Malanga GA, Dennis RL. Use of medications in the treatment of acute low back pain. Clin Occup Environ Med 2006; 5: 643-653

Abstract: Aim:To analyze therapeutic efficacy and safety dimension of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) in treating primary and recurrent Early Gastric Cancer (EGC)in comparison with Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR). Methods: Computerized literaturesearch was made on databases which included the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, EMBASE and Science Citation Index. Primary outcome measures were en bloc resection rate and histologically curative resection rate, and secondary outcome measures were total procedural time, procedure related bleeding, post-procedure perforation, and local recurrence. While comparing the involved studies, sub group analysis was done and the bias was removed by performing fixed-effectand random-effect model.

1. Saragoni L, Morgagni P, Gardini A, Marfisi C, Vittimberga G, et al. (2013) Early gastric cancer: diagnosis, staging, and clinical impact. Evaluation of 530 patients. New elements for an updated definition and classification. Gastric Cancer 16: 549-554.

2. (2011) Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd English edition. Gastric Cancer 14: 101-112.
3. Borie F, Millat B, Fingerhut A, Hay JM, Fagniez PL, et al. (2000) Lymphatic involvement in early gastric cancer: prevalence and prognosis in France. Arch Surg 135: 1218-1223.
4. Ohta H, Noguchi Y, Takagi K, Nishi M, Kajitani T, et al. (1987) Early gastric carcinoma with special reference to macroscopic classification. Cancer 60: 1099-1106.
5. Ranaldi R, Santinelli A, Verdolini R, Rezai B, Mannello B, et al. (1995) Long-term follow-up in early gastric cancer: evaluation of prognostic factors. J Pathol 177: 343-351.
6. Tada M, Murakami A, Karita M, Yanai H, Okita K (1993) Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Endoscopy 25: 445-450.

Abstract: Background: Dengue viral infections are one of the most important mosquito borne diseases with around 100 million cases annually worldwide. The collection of blood samples is difficult during epidemics hence we attempted to find out the feasibility of saliva as an alternative, noninvasive, diagnostic test.
Aim: Detection of salivary NS1 and IgM/IgG antibody using rapid kit test for early diagnosis and comparing the feasibility and efficacy as an alternative to serum for early diagnosis of dengue infection. Settings and Design: This is a evaluation of diagnostic test done in Niloufer Hospital For Women and Children, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad,Telangana.

[1]. Pinheiro FP, Corber SJ. Global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever and its emergence in the Americas. World Health Stat Q1997;50:161–8.
[2]. World Health Organisation. Prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: comprehensive guidelines. WHO Regional publication, SEARO, No 29, 1999.
[3]. Narayanan M, Aravind MA, Thilothammal N, et al. Dengue fever epidemicin Chennai—a study of clinical profile and outcome. Indian Pediatr2002;39:
[4]. Kabra SK, Jain Y, Pandey RM, et al. Dengue haemorrhagic fever in children in the 1996 Delhi epidemic. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999;93:294–8.
[5]. Mandel ID. The diagnostic uses of saliva. J Oral Pathol Med 1990;19(3):119-25

Abstract: Objective: Sickle cell Anemia(SCA) is an inherited disorder that affects red blood cells. In this study we retrospectively analyzed 104 patients, who presented to the medicine OPD at CIMS, Chhattisgarh, India. Clinical parameters and manifestation were studied in order to know pathophysiological complication going on in SCA. Material methods: Retrospective analysis of data was done in patients of sickle cell disease referred to CIMS Bilaspur Chhattisgarh for a period of 6 months in the year 2010.

[1]. A.V. Shrikhande, A.A. Dani. J.R. Tijare, A.K.Agrawal Indian journal of hematology blood transfusion
[2]. Ohene-Frempong K, Steinberg MH (2001) Clinical Aspects of Sickle Cell Anemia in Adults and Children. In: Steinberg MH, Forget BG Higgs DR, Nagel RL (Eds.). Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, pp: 611-670.
[3]. Steinberg MH (2005) Predicting clinical severity in sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol 129: 465-481.
[4]. PAULING L, ITANO HA, et al. (1949) Sickle cell anemia a molecular disease. Science 110: 543-548.

Abstract: Background: Epidural analgesia is used for many surgeries for effective pain relief post operatively in normal as well as high risk patients such as those with decreased cardiopulmonary reserve. Aim: To compare the efficacy of two regional anaesthetic drugs in providing post operative analgesia and in maintaining hemodynamic stability. Setting and Design: Randomized prospective cohort study

[1]. R.Whiteside, D.Jones, S.Bignell, C.Lang and S.K.Lo. Epidural ropivacaine with fentanyl following major gynecological surgery: the effect of volume and concentration on pain relief and motor impairment. Br. J. Anaesth 2000; 84:720-4.
[2]. Breen TW, Shapiro T, Glass B, Foster-Payne D, Oriol NE. Epidural anesthesia for labor in an ambulatory patient. Anesth Analg 1993;77:919-24.
[3]. A.Kotze, W.Hinton, D.C.G. Crabbe, B.J Carrigan Audit of epidural analgesia in children undergoing thoracotomy for decortication of empyema.Br. J. Anaesth 2007;92:662-6.
[4]. C.Jayr, M.Beaussier, U.Gustafsson, Y.Leteurnier,N.Nathan, B.Plaud, G.Tran, C.Varlet and J.Marty. Continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine for post-operative analgesia after major abdominal surgeries : comparative study with i.v. PCA morphine. British Journal Of Anaesthesia 1998; 81:887-892.
[5]. J.G.Forster and P.H.Rosenberg. Small dose of clonidine mixed with low dose ropivacaine and fentanyl for epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Br. J. Anaesth 2004;93:670-7.

Abstract: Background: Regional anaesthesia is used for lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries. Many adjutants can be added to local anaesthetics to increase efficacy and duration of subarachnoid blockade .Preservative free ketamine and fentanyl can be added to Bupivacaine to increase the quality of block. Aim: To compare the cardiorespiratory stability and side effects between ketamine and fentanyl added to bupivacaine heavy. Maximum level of sensory blockade, Maximum intensity of motor blockade Duration of analgesia(four segment regression time). Haemodynamic changes.

[1]. Hunt CO, Naulty JS, Bader AM, et al. Perioperative analgesia with Subarachnoid fentanyl-bupivacaine for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1989;71:355-540
[2]. Kathirvel S, Sadhasivam S, Saxena A Kannan TR, and Ganjoop: Effects of Intrathecal Ketamine added to Bupivacaine for Spinal Anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2000; 899:904.
[3]. Bhattacharya D, Banerjee A: A Comparative study of Clinical Effects of Intrathecal Hyperbaric Bupivacaine and Ketamine in Hyperbaric Solution. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;48:116-120.
[4]. Bion J.F: Intrathecal Ketamine for war surgery . Anesthesia 1984; 39:1023- 1028.
[5]. Sabine H, Marcel D: Ketamine for perioperative Pain Management. Anaesthesiology 2005; 102:211-220.
[6]. BansalS.K., Bhatia V.K.Bhatnagr N.S. et al: Evaluation of Intrathecal Ketamine in emergency surgery, Indian journal of Anesthesia 1994; 42:32-36.

Abstract: Aim: Aim of the study was to find out the serum lipoprotein(a) in healthy and essential hypertensive subjects along with the lipid levels in them to assess that lipoprotein(a) measurement could help in risk stratification in these newly diagnosed essential hypertensive group. Material &Method: Eighty newly diagnosed essential hypertensive patients and seventy healthy subjects were included in the study. Sera were collected from them and lipid levels and serum Lipoprotein(a)were estimated in both groups. Result: It was observed that mean level of total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol were significantly elevated in hypertensive subjects as compared to controls.

[1] Pradeepa R , Mohan V. Hypertension & pre-hypertension in developing countries. Indian J Med Res 2008;128:688-90.
[2] Harvey JM, Beevers DG, ―Biomedical investigation of hypertension‖. Annals of Clinical Bio-chemistry 1990;27(4):287-96.
[3] European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). New recommendations from the European Atherosclerosis Society consensus panel resolve controversy about lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk [press release]. June 23, 2010.
[4] Chapman M, Sposito A. Hypertension and dyslipidemia in obesity and insulin resistance: pathophysiology, impact on atherosclerotic disease and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008; 117: 354–373.
[5] Berg K. A new serum type system in man: the Lp system. Acta Path Microbiol Scand.1963; 59: 369–382.
[6] Saha M.S, Sana NK and Saha RK. Serum lipid profile of Hypertensive patients in the Northern Region of Bangladesh. J. Bio-Sci.2006;14:93-98.

Abstract: Removable partial dentures in the form of a cast partial denture are becoming extinct as a treatment option for patients who cannot receive a fixed prosthesis. In most of the cases where a fixed prosthesis is not indicated, they are still the treatment of choice especially in medically compromised patients. However, most of the patients are reluctant to wear because of the maintenance associated with them. Making a complex designed cast partial denture does not solve the problem but rather complicates it. A cast partial denture design should be kept simple. When kept simple, the prosthesis in itself becomes self-cleanable. Key words: Cast Partial, Masticatory, Removable Partial Denture, Attachments

[1]. Helkimo E, Carisson GE, Helkimo M. Chewing efficiency and state of dentition. A methodologic study. Acta Odontol Scand 1978; 36:33-41.
[2]. Mahmood WA, Watson CJ, Ogden AR, Hawkins RV. Use of image analysis in determining masticatory efficiency in patients presenting for immediate dentures. Int J Prosthodont 1992; 5:359-66.
[3]. Manly RS, Vinton P. A survey of the chewing ability of denture wearers. J Dent Res 1951; 30: 314-21.
[4]. Gunne HS. Mastication efficiency and dental state. A comparison between two methods. Acta Odontol Scand 1985; 43: 139-46.
[5]. Carisson GE. Masticatory efficiency: the effect of age, the loss of teeth and prosthetic rehabilitation. Int Dent J 1984; 34:93-7.
[6]. Kapur KK, Garrett NR. Studies of biologic parameters for denture design. Part II: Comparison of masseter muscle activity, masticatory performance and salivary secretion rates between denture and natural dentition groups. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 52:408-13.

Abstract: Background: As natural products garner attention in the medical field due to emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, honey is valued for its antibacterial activity. In Kashmir- honey is considered to be one of the best domestic produce and is known worldwide for its purity. It has been reported from various clinical studies on the usages of honey as a dressing for infected wounds that the wound become sterile in 2-5 days, others have al so reported that the honey is effective in cleaning up infected wound. Honey is one of the oldest known medicines. Its use has been rediscovered in later times by the medical profession, especially for dressing wounds.

[1]. Ren YF et al. Rapid quantitative determination of C-reactive protein at chair side in dental emergency patients. J tripleo 2007; 104(1): 49-55.
[2]. Molan PC. The antibacterial activity of honey. The nature of antibacterial activity. Bee World 1992;73:5-28. Available from: http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/november/Molan/honey-as-topical-agent.html. [Last accessed on 2011 Apr 10].
[3]. Namias N. Honey in the management of infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003;4:219-26.
[4]. Cooper RA, Molan PC. Honey in wound care. J Wound Care 1999;8:340.
[5]. Molan PC. Potential of honey in the treatment of wounds and burns. Am J ClinDermatol 2001;2:13-9.
[6]. Green AE. Wound healing properties of honey. Br J Surg 1988;75:1278.

Abstract: Introduction: There is no information available regarding the dental health care and needs of visually-impaired individuals. Such information is important to improve the oral health in these special need persons. Aims and Objects: The aims of this study are to check the oral health status and determine attitude of visually-impaired person toward dentistry. Materials and Methods: Fifty visually-impaired volunteers were screened in Basic Runaky Institute for visually impaired and the oral hygiene status were checked by group of dentist at the same time. The attitudes of participants toward dental health were collected interview questionnaire.

[1]. Mann J, Wolnerman JS, Lavie G. "Periodontal treatment needs and oral hygiene for institutionalized individuals with handicapping condition" sprc care dentistry no 4 (1984): 173-176.
[2]. Zehaati H, Ghandhasi M, Motlagh M "An investigation on DMFT &DMFS of first permanent molars in 12 yr old blinds in Tehran, iran". J. med.sci 6, no. 1 (2006;): 1-4.
[3]. Lebowitz E J. "An introduction to dentistry for the blind". Dent Clin North Am 18 (1974): 651 659.
[4]. Edwards D M, Merry A J. "Disability part 2: access to dental services for disabled people. A questionnaire survey of dental practices in Merseyside". Br Dent J 193 (2002): 253–255.
[5]. Beverley C A, Bath P A, Booth A. "Health information needs of visually impaired people: a systematic review of the literature". Health Soc Care Community 12 (2004): 1–24.
[6]. European Commission (2004). http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/pharmaceuticals/files/pharmacos/docs/doc2005/04_05/braille_text20050411_en.pdf
[7]. Vabitha S, Amitha H, Srikala B, Kavita R. "Oral Health Status of the Visually Impaired Children – A South Indian Study". Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 34 no. 3 (2010): 213-216.

Abstract: Introduction: There is no information available regarding the dental health care and needs of hearing-impaired individuals. Such information is important to improve the oral health in these special need persons. Aims and Objects: The aims of this study are to check the oral health status and determine attitude of hearing-impaired person toward dentistry. Materials and Methods: A hundred hearing-impaired volunteers were screened in Basic Hewa Institute for hearing impaired and the oral hygiene status were checked by group of dentist at the same time. The attitudes of participants toward dental health were collected interview questionnaire.

[1]. Peter S. Essentials of preventive and community Dentistry (2nd ed. New Delhi, 2004): 459-463.
[2]. Gabre P, Martinsson T, Gahnberg L. "Incidence and reasons for tooth mortality among mentally retarded adults during a 10-year period". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 57 (1999): 55-61.
[3]. Fiske J, Davis DM, Frances C, Gelbier S. "The emotional effects of tooth loss in edentulous people". British Dental Journal. 184 (1998): 90-93.
[4]. Jain M, Mathur A, Kumar S, Dagli RJ, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. "Dentition status and treatment needs among children with impaired hearing attending a special school for the deaf and mute in Udaipur, India". Journal of oral sciences. 50 (2008): 161-165
[5]. Naveen. Na*, Reddy. CVK . "A Study to Assess the Oral Health Status of Institutionalized Blind Children in Mysore City, Karnataka". J Orofac Sci 2 no. 2 (2010): 12-15.
[6]. Tesini DA . An annotated review of the literature of dental caries and periodontal disease in mentally retarded individuals (Spec Care Dentist. 1 no. 2 1981).

Abstract: Introduction: There is no information available regarding the dental health care and needs of hearing-impaired individuals. Such information is important to improve the oral health in these special need persons. Aims and Objects: The aims of this study are to check the oral health status and determine attitude of hearing-impaired person toward dentistry. Materials and Methods: A hundred hearing-impaired volunteers were screened in Basic Hewa Institute for hearing impaired and the oral hygiene status were checked by group of dentist at the same time. The attitudes of participants toward dental health were collected interview questionnaire.

[1]. Barkin S, Weinberg S. Internal derangements of the TMJ: the role of arthroscopic surgery and arthrocentesis. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;69:199–203.

[2]. William A, Carvagal Daniel M, Laskin Long term evaluation of arthrocentesis for the treatment of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:852–855.

[3]. Franklin Dolwick M. Intra articular disc displacement part I: its questionable role in temporomandibular joint pathology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;53:1069–1072.

[4]. David Frost E, Barry Kendell D. "The use of arthrocentesis for treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders" J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:583–587

[5]. Truelove EL, Sommers EE, LeResche L, Dworkin SF, Von Korff M. Clinical diagnostic criteria for TMD. New classification permits multiple diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc 1992;123:47-54

[6]. Alpaslan C, et al. Effect of arthrocentesis and sodium hyaluronate injection on nitrite, nitrate, and thiobarbiturate acid- reactive substance levels in the synovial fluid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.2000;89:686–690.

Abstract: Lumbar Interbody fusion surgery has been considered to be a treatment of choice for instability in lumbar degenerative disc disease(1). A posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) has the advantages of spinal canal decompression, anterior column reconstruction, and reduction of the sagittal slips from a single posterior approach(2). The PLIF using cage with iliac crest bone grafting and posterior pedicle screw construct is still a standard practice. Many studies state one two levels fusion in all such cases.

[1]. Suk SI, Lee CK, Kim WJ, Lee JH, Cho KJ, Kim HG. Adding posterior lumbar interbody fusion to pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion after decompression in spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:210-9.
[2]. Sudo H, Oda I, Abumi K, Ito M, Kotani Y, Minami A. Biomechanical study on the effect of five different lumbar reconstruction techniques on adjacent-level intradiscal pressure and lamina strain. J Neuro Surg Spine 2006;5:150-5.
[3]. Fogel GR, Toohey JS, Neidre A, Brantigan JW. Is one cage enough in posterior lumbar interbody fusion: A comparison of unilateral single cage interbody fusion to bilateral cages. J Spinal Disord Tech 2007;20:60-5.
[4]. Molinari RW, Sloboda J, Johnstone FL. Are 2 cages needed with instrumented PLIF? A comparison of 1 versus 2 interbody cages in a military population. Am J Orthop (Belle MeadNJ)2003;32:337-43. [PUBMED]
[5]. Ito Z, Matsuyama Y, Sakai Y, Imagama S, Wakao N, Ando K, et al. Bone union rate with autologous iliac bone versus local bone graft in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phial Pa 1976) 2010;35: E1101-5.
[6]. Lee CK, Vessa P, Lee JK. Chronic disabling low back pain syndrome caused by internal disc derangements. The results of disc excision and posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20:356-61.

Abstract: There is widediversityofbiochemical componentsofthehumansalivathismakesit suitabletobeusedasabiological fluidofdiagnosticvalue. Anychange of biochemicalsofthesalivacouldberelatedtoperiodontaldiseases.,,salivacanprovidedifferent advantages, includingeasycollectionandnon-invasivesamplingmethod when it usedasa diagnosticmaterial.Cytokinesarepivotaltothepathogenesisofperiodontaldiseaseandmaybeusedasmarkersin diagnosis.Proinflammatory cytokines aremediatorscloselyassociated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis.In saliva ofthe patientswith chronicperiodontitis,the levels ofseveral interleukins were increased.Numerous cytokines have been identified at sites of chronic inflammation such as periodontitis. One of these, is interleukin-6 (IL-6), whichis a major mediator of host response to infection and tissue injury. IL-6 plays a major role in B cell differentiationand alsopromotes T cell proliferation and bone resorption.

[1]. BarsottiO,PouletPP. Lesinfectionsduparodonte. ValerieLaruelle-Bancel. Microbiologieen odonto-stomat- ologie.Maloine,Paris,2006;256-257.
[2]. ArmitageGC,Periodontaldiagnosesandclassificationofperiodontaldiseases,Periodontology2000.2004.;1, 9–21.
[3]. MojganPaknjad,AfsanehRezaei .Salivary biochemicalmarkersofperiodontitis rom. j. biochem. 2013;50, 2, 129–146.
[4]. Baehni PC. Potential of diagnostic microbiology for treatment and prognostic of dental caries and periodontaldisease. Oral Biol Med. 1996;7(3):259-277.
[5]. W.H.O.Strategyforpreventionandcontrolof chronic diseases;OralHealthSurveys:Basic Method-4th Ed. W.H.O.LibraryCataloguing inPublicationData,Geneva, Switzerland,1997.
[6]. Loos GB, Craandijk J, Hoek JF, Vandillen WM. Elevation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular diseases in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 2000;71:1528–34.
[7]. Holloway,A.F.,Rao,S.&Shannon,M.F."RegulationofCytokineGeneTranscriptionintheImmuneSystem,"MolecularImmunology,2002;38(8),567-80.

Abstract: Aim- To compare the dimensional stability of 3 different types of impression materials – addition silicone impression material, condensation silicone impression material and polyether impression material at 1 hour, after 24 hours and after 7 days of storage in open air by comparing the measurements of the gypsum casts with master model.

[1]. A.M. Lacy, T. Bellman, H.Fukui, Jendresen: Time dependent accuracy of elastomer impression materials. Part II: Polyether, polysulfides and polyvinylsiloxane.JPD,March 1981;45(3): 329-33
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[4]. Asgar K. Elastic impression materials. Dent Clin N Amer 1971; 15 (1): 81-98.
[5]. Peter T Williams ,Garth Jackson , W. Bergman.An evaluation of the time dependent dimensional stability of eleven elastomeric impression materials.JPD July 1984,52(1):122-125

Abstract: The texture of the gingival surface may be similar to orange peel and is referred to gingival stippling. It is caused by intersection of epithelial rete ridges that causes the depression and the interspersing of connective tissue papillae between these intersections giving rise to the small bumps. Objective:The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of gingival stippling in teenagers. Results:Among hundred and sixty-eight teenagers, 63 was male and 105 female. 86.9% of the teenagers showed gingival stippling;88.9% of the male and 85.7% of the female. The percentages of presence of gingival stippling in upper and lower jaws of male and female were 88.9%, 44.4% and 85.7%, 59.9% respectively.

[1] Bimstein, Enrique, Benjamin Peretz, and Gideon Holan. "Prevalence of gingival stippling in children." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 27, no. 2 (2004): 163-165.
[2] The American Academy of Periodontology.Glossary of Periodontol Terms. 2001(4th Ed.).
[3] Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Jan lindhe. Elsevier co. chapter 1, anatomy of periodontium, (23)2004 (4th Ed.).
[4] Anterior dental aethetics: gingival perspective. I. Ahmad. British Dental Journal.Vol 199, No. 4, (196) 2005. [5] Newman, Michael G., Henry Takei, Perry R. Klokkevold, and Fermin A. Carranza. Carranza's clinical periodontology.Elsevier health sciences, 2011.

Abstract: Umbilical cord prolapse is a serious obstetrics condition with high perinatal mortality. The objectives were to determine the prevalence, demographic characteristics, risk factors and complications of umbilical cord prolapse at UCTH Calabar. This was a six-year retrospective case-control study of patients with umbilical cord prolapse managed in our hospital from 1st January, 2008 to 31st December, 2013. Two controls per case were used. Statistical analyses was done using Epi-info version 7.

[1]. Dilbaz B, Ozturkolu E, Dilbaz S, Ozturk N, Sivaslioglu AA, Haberal A: Risk factors and perinatal outcomes associated with umbilical cord prolapse; In Arch GynaecolObstet, 274, 2006, 104-7.
[2]. Mutihir J.T., Ujah I.A.O. Foetal Outcome in Umbilicasl Cord Prolapse in Jos, Nigeria. Trop J ObstetGynaecol, 23(1), 2006, 30 – 3.
[3]. Kwawukume EY: Cord prolapse. In: Comprehensive Obstetrics in the tropics, Kwawukume E.Y. Emuveyan, E.E (Eds) Asante and Hittscher printing press Ltd. Dansoman, 2002, 208-210.
[4]. Monique, G.L. 2006 Umbillical cord prolapse CME review article. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 61, 2006, 269-277.
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Abstract: Objective of the study was to determine the frequency of second canal in extracted mandibular lateral incisors. This study included 50 extracted permanent mandibular lateral incisors. These extracted teeth were stored in 10% formalin until access preparation was made. Pulp chamber was accessed using round bur and then irrigated with sodium hypochlorite till it is clearly visible. Then DG16 endodontic explorer was used for the location and negotiation of second canal after location of main canal. Teeth in which second canal was located, No. 10 K-files were inserted into main canal and second canal. Then two periapical radiographs from the buccolingual and proximal sides were taken for confirmation.

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