iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2015

Abstract: This study was done to analyze the various factors affecting range of motion in total knee Arthroplasty. Various factors such as age, sex, body mass index, disease, different prosthesis and designs, pre-op factors such as pre-op flexion, fixed flexion deformity, coronal plane deformity, were assessed to find out its effect on post-op range of motion. Post-op factors such as coronal plane alignment, joint line position change, change in antero-posterior diameter of femoral component and extension lag were assessed and its co-relation to post-op range of motion. One of the important aspect of the study was the surgeon was a single surgeon and hence surgeon factors remained a constant.

[1]. DJ Schurman, JN Parker and D Ornstein: total condylar knee replacement, a study of factors influencing range of motion as late as two years after arthroplasty. Journal of Bone and Joint surgery Am 1985;67 : 1006-1014.
[2]. Insall JN Scott WN, Ranawat CS. The total condylar prosthesis, a report of two hundred cases, Journal of bone and joint surgery Am 1979;61 : 173-80
[3]. KY Chiu, TP Ng, WM Tang, WP Yau : knee flexion after total knee Arthroplasty. Journal of orthopaedic surgery 2002 volume 10 no 2 December 2002.
[4]. Tew M, Forster IW, Wallace WA. Effect of total knee arthroplasty on maximum flexion, clinical orthopaedic journal 1989;247:168-74
[5]. Scuderi GR, Insall JN, Windsor RE, Moran MC: Survivorship of cemented knee implants. Journal of Bone and Joint surgery;1989;71B: 798-803
[6]. Ritter MA, Campbell E, Faris PM, keating EM: long term survival analysis of PC condylar total knee Arthroplasty: a ten year evaluation. Journal of Arthroplasty 1989; 4:293-296

Abstract: Background: Hypoglycaemia mostly occurs in diabetics on medications.The lack of awareness on hypoglycaemic symptoms among patients may delay its identification and treatment. Aims & objective: (i) Study on awareness of symptoms of hypoglycaemia among patients with diabetes. (ii) Study the knowledge in early management of hypoglycaemia among patients with diabetes.

[1]. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes-estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1047-53.
[2]. Kaveeshwar SA, Cornwall J. The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. The Australasian Med J 2014; 7: 45.
[3]. Bremer JP, Chara KJ, Halischmid M, Schmid S, Schultes B. Hypoglycemia unawareness in older compared with middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care 2009; 32: 1513 -7.
[4]. Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, Harris TB, Simonsick EM, Strotmeyer ES, Shorr RI, Metti A, Schwartz AV. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173: 1300-6.
[5]. Schopman JE, Jacqueline G, Brian MF. Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia and frequency of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes". Diabetes Research Clinical Practice 2010; 87: 64 -8.

Abstract: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a rare inherited multisystem disorder that is characterized by a pathological mineralization of the elastic connective tissue, which involves predominantly the skin, eyes and cardiovascular system. Its cause lies on mutations in the ABCC6 gene, which lead to reduction or absence of the transmembrane transport ADP dependent protein (MRP6), causing an accumulation of extracellular material and subsequent deposition of calcium and other minerals in the elastic tissue. We report a case of 35 year old female presented with progressive breathlessness and sings of right heart failure diagnosed with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, emphasizing its major clinical features and the importance of early diagnosis of the disorder, aiming for adequate therapeutic management of associated complications. With our best search of literature we could not found any case report which suggestive of ventricular wall calcification and patient presenting with symptoms of heart failure in PXE. Probably this is the first reported case in world until now. Key words: Connective tissue; Elastic tissue; Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

[1]. Chassaing N, Martin L, Calvas P, Le Bert M, Hovnanian A. Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: A Clinical, Pathophysiological And Genetic Update Including 11 Novel Abcc6 Mutations. J Med Genet. 2005; 42:881-92.
[2]. Finger Rp, Charbel Issa P, Ladewig Ms, Götting C, Szliska C, Scholl Hp, Et Al. Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: Genetics, Clinical Manifestations And Therapeutic Approaches. Surv Ophthalmol. 2009; 54:272-85.
[3]. Li Q, Jiang Q, Pfendner E, Váradi A, Uitto J. Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: Clinical Phenotypes, Molecular Genetics And Putative Pathomechanisms. Exp Dermatology. 2009; 18:1-11.
[4]. Li Q, Török L, Kocsis L, Uitto J. Mutation Analysis (Abcc6) In A Family With Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: Presymptomatic Testing With Prognostic Implications. Br J Dermatology. 2010; 163:641-3.
[5]. Bressan Al, Vasconcelos Bn, Silva Rs, Alves Mfgs, Gripp Ac. Periumbilical And Periareolar Perforating Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. A Bras Dermatology. 2010;85-7
[6]. Lee Tk, Forooghian F, Cukras C, Wong Wt, Chew Ey, Meyerle Cb. Complementary Angiographic And Autofluorescence Findings In Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. Int Ophthalmol. 2010; 30:77-9.
[7]. Jiang Q, Endo M, Dibra F, Wang K, Uitto J. Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Is A Metabolic Disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129:348-54.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the incidence of root microcracks observed at apical root surface and within canal wall after canal preparations with different rotary and reciprocating files. Materials and methods: Ninety single rooted teeth were selected and divided into 6 groups of 15 each. Group 1 served as a control in which no treatment was performed. Teeth in Group 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were instrumented with ProTaper universal system, Mtwo, K3XF, ProTaper Next system respectively in rotary motion and WaveOne system in reciprocating motion. All roots were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis at 2 and 4mm from the apex and were then observed under a stereomicroscope. The absence/presence of cracks was recorded, and the data were analyzed with Fischer exact test. The significance level was set at p=.05.

[1]. Park H. A comparison of Greater Taper files, Profiles, and stainless steel files to shape curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral radiol Endod 2001;91:715-8
[2]. Bier CAS, Shemesh H, Tanomaru-Filho M, et al. The ability of different nickel titanium rotary instruments to induce dentinal damage during canal preparation. J Endod 2009;35:236-8
[3]. Shemesh H, Bier CAS, Wu MK, et al. The effects of canal preparation and filling on the incidence of dentinal defects. Int Endod J 2009;42:208-13
[4]. Adorno CG, Yoshioka T, Suda H. Crack initiation on the apical root surface caused by three different Nickel-titanium rotary files at different working lengths. J Endod 2011;37:522-5
[5]. Yoldas O, Yilmaz S, Atakan G, et al. Dentinal microcrak formation during root canal preparations by different NiTi rotary instruments and the Self-Adjusting File. J Endod 2012;38:232-5
[6]. Adorno CG, Yoshioka T, Suda H. The effect of working length and root canal preparation technique on crack development in the apical root canal wall. Int Endod J 2010;43:321-7

Abstract: To evaluate the modulating efficacy of Withaferin-A (WFA) against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male rats at the biochemical, oxidative stress and antioxidants levels. The animals were divided into five groups 6 rats each. Group I was served as control. Group II was treated with dose of DEN. The group III and IV were served as pre- and post-treated animals respectively. Groups V was serve drug control treated with Withaferin-A alone. Administration of DEN has brought down the levels of membrane bound enzymes and antioxidants; whereas increased level of ROS, free radicals and LPO, which were later found to be reversed by the administration of Withaferin-A. The findings from the above study suggest the effectiveness of Withaferin-A in reducing the oxidative stress mediated changes in the liver and improving the functions, antioxidant capacities of rats.

Key words: DEN, Hepatocellular Cellular Carcinoma, Withaferin-A, Oxidative Stress

[1]. Seitz HK, Stickel F. Risk factors and mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis with special emphasis on alcohol and oxidative stress. Biol Chem 2006; 387:349 -360.

[2]. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, and Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stressinduced cancer. Chemico. Biological Interactions 2006; 160 (1): 1-40.

[3]. Chang D, Wang F, Zhao YS, and Pan HZ. Evaluation of oxidative stress in colorectal cancer patients. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2008; 21(4): 286–289.

[4]. Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC, Ogunboye AA, Akindahunsi AA. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective property of leaf extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn against acetaminophen induced liver damage in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48: 2200-2205.

[5]. Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Obata Y, and Yagyu K. Serum copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and gastric cancer risk: a case control study. Jap. J. Can. Res. 2002; (93):10, 1071-1075.

Abstract: Breast Leiomyoma is a rare and benign non epithelial tumor. They arise from smooth muscle in nipple and areola or smooth muscle metaplasia of myoepithelial cells or myofibroblastic cell [1]. Here we report a case of 36yr old female who presented to us with a painless left sided breast lump. There was no history of nipple discharge. Excisional biopsy revealed a growth pattern of interlacing fascicles of smooth muscle cells consistent with Intra-parenchymal leiomyoma of breast. We are publishing this case because of its rarity. Diagnosing these lesions as benign is essential for proper treatment.

Keywords: Breast lump, Leiomyoma, benign tumor, spindle cell tumor of breast.

[1]. Lauren Ende, Cecilia Mercado, Deborah Axelrod, Farbod Darvishian, Pascale Levine, and Joan Cangiarella. Intraparenchymal leiomyoma of the breast: a case report and review literature. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2007;37(3): 268-73.
[2]. Koirala K, Shrestha ML, Chalise PR, Shrestha BB, Shrestha R. Leiomyoma of breast: a report of rare case. Nepal Med Coll J 2008;10(3): 207-8
[3]. Fatemeh Samiee Rad, Amir Abdollah Zangivand.Breast Leiomyoma :a case report and review of the literature.Comp Clin Pathol(2014)23:483-485. [4]. Sumit D. Shah, Arnab Gupta, Sarvasti Roy, Supti Mukhopadhyay. Intraparenchymal Leiomyoma of the breast:a case report. Indian J Surg. 2013 Jun; 75(Suppl 1): 88–89.
[5]. Tülin Yalta, Ebuzer Bekar , Ferruh Balaban.Leiomyoma of breast : a case report. T. Yalta et al. Leiomyoma of the breast.

Abstract: Aim: The fistula in anois a common surgical condition with different surgical procedures described for its management. .This study aimed at the evaluation of the effectiveness of the Ligation of interssphincteric track(LIFT) for the treatment of Trans-sphinctericFistula. Methods: Fourteen patients with trans-sphincteric fistula including two recurrent cases were included in the study.Evaluation was done regarding the durable closure of fistula,healingtime,post-operative complications,post operative morbidity. Results: No major post operative complication was noted.Median operative time was 40 minutes(25 to 60).Median age of the patient was 32 years(25 to 53).Healing was achieved in twelve patients with two recurrence .Follow up was done for six months.No incidence of incontinence .No significant post operative morbidity.

[1]. Rojanasakul A. LIFT procedure: a simplified technique for fistula-in-ano. Tech Coloproctol. 2009;13:237–240. [PubMed]
[2]. A.G. Park ,Pathogenesis and treatment of fistula-in-ano Br Med J, 1 (1961), pp. 463–469E.
[3]. vanTetsWF.Kuiipers HC. Continence disorders after anal fistulotomy., Dis colon Rectum 1994,Dec;37(12):1194-7.
[4]. Bokhari S, Lindsey I. Incontinence following sphincter division for ... Colorectal Dis2009;12:135–9.
[5]. BleierJI,Mollo H, Goldberg SM.Ligation of intersphincterictrack:an effective new technique for complex fistulas.Dis Colon Rectum.2010;53: 43-46
[6]. Ooik,SkinnerI,Croxford M, managing fistula in ano with ligation of intersphincteroc track procedure,Colorectal Dis 2012;14:599-603.
[7]. LehmannJP,Graf W. Efficacy of LIFT for recurrent anal fistula.Colorectal Dis.2013;15:592-595.

Abstract: Fournier's Gangrene is a group of clinical entities including idiopathic gangrene of scrotum &periurethral region associated with necrotizing cellulites[1][2].Mainly seen in adults, though we report we report a case of Fournier's Gangrenein 20 days old neonate. Child was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics &aggressive surgical intervention. Wound healed by secondary intention. Outcome was good & follow up was ensured

Key words: Fournier's Gangrene,necrotizing cellulites,neonate, good outcome.

[1]. Gray J B Gangrene of the genitalia as seen in advanced periurethral extravasation with phlegmon. J Urol196084704-745.745[PubMed]
[2]. Meleney FL Hemolytic streptococcus gangrene Arch Surg 19249317-364.364
[3]. Fournier AJ Gangrene Foudroyante de la verge. Semaine med 1883;3:345-348
[4]. Nathan B Fournier's gangrene: a histotical vignette (letter). Con J surg 19984172[PubMed]
[5]. Adam Jr JR, Mata JA, Venable DD, Culkin DJ, BocchiniJr JA. Fournier's gangrene in children. Urology1990;35:439-441
[6]. Adeyokunnu AA. Fournier's gangrene in infants.A review of cases from Ibadan, Nigeria.ClinPediatr1983;22:101-103
[7]. Ameh EA, Dauda MM, Sabiu L, Mshelbwala PM, Mbibu HN, Nmadu PT. Fournier's gangrene in neonates and infants. Eur J PediatrSurg 2004;14:418-421 [pubMed]

Abstract: Comprehensive statistics on gynecologic malignancies reported from India are deficient. This study was performed to ascertain the profile of gynecologic cancers presented to our center, regarding prevalence, age at presentation, frequency of involvement at various sites, region and religion wise distribution. Aim: To describe the epidemiology of gynecological cancers in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: Retrospective review of records of cancers patients from Department of Radiotherapy, at a tertiary care center, from April 2010 to December 2014 was performed. Cases were stratified based on gender, age, region and religion wise

[1]. Shanta V, Krishnamurthi S, Gajalakshmi CK, Swaminathan R, Ravichandran K: Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix: global and national perspective. J Indian Med Assoc 2000, 98:49-52. PubMed Abstract.
[2]. Pal SK, Mittal B: Improving cancer care in India: prospects and challenges. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2004, 5:226-8. PubMed Abstract.
[3]. Nandakumar A, Ramnath T, Chaturvedi M. The magnitude of cancer cervix in India. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:219-21
[4]. Moore MA, Ariyaratne Y, Badar F, Bhurgri Y, Datta K, Mathew A, et al. Cancer Epidemiology in South Asia – Past, Present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;11:49-66.
[5]. Indian Council of Medical research [homepage on the internet]. Bangalore: National Cancer Registry Programme-2007. Consolidated Report of Hospital Based Cancer Registries 2001-2003. Available from:www.icmr.nic.in/ncrp/report.
[6]. Chhabra S, Sonak M, Prem V, Sharma S. Gynaecological malignancies in a rural institute in India. J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 22:426-9.

Abstract: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are congenital anomalies of the lumbosacral region, which occurs due to the defect in the segmentation of the lumbosacral spine development. One of the causes is sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). The transverse processes of the L5 vertebra become larger than the normal on one side or the both sides. The abnormal fusion of the transverse processes to the sacrum causes sacralisation. Complete or bilateral sacralisation consists of a bony union between the abnormal transverse processes and the sacrum on both sides whereas partial or incomplete or unilateral sacralisation shows fusion of a transverse process of one side to sacrum. The sacralisation is one of the causes of low backache. It may be asymptomatic in case of bilateral type but may present with symptoms.

[1]. Darathi K, Nagar SK, Ojaswini M, Dipali T, Paras S, Sucheta P. A study of sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra in Gujrat. National Journal of Medical Research 2012 Apr-Jun;2(2):211-3.
[2]. Wazir S. Sacralisation of lumbar vertebra. Int J Anat Res 2014;2(2):386-9.
[3]. Khairnar KB, Rajale MB. Sacralisation of lumbar vertebra. Indian Journal of Basic & Applied Medical Research 2013 Mar;2(6):510-4.
[4]. Hollinshead WH. Anatomy for surgeons-the back and limbs. In The back. 2nd ed. Vol 3. New York: Harper & Row publishers; 1969. pg 79-206.
[5]. Dullerud R. Diagnostic imaging in lumbago and sciatica. Ugeskr Laeger 1999;161:5299-303.

Abstract: A 38 year old female presented with a painless swelling in the scalp. Clinical diagnosis was epidermoid cyst. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed sheets of lymphoid cells along with numerous eosinophils. Subsequent histopathological examination showed eosinophilic plump endothelial cells in nests and sheets in a fibrous background with lymphoid aggregates and plenty of eosinophils, suggestive of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.

Keywords: Angiolymphoid hyperplasia, eosinophilia, scalp

[1]. Chan JKC, Hui PK, Ng CS, Yuen NW, Kung IT, Gwi E. Epithelioidhemangioma (angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia) and Kimura's disease in Chinese. Histopathology 1989;15:557-74.
[2]. Nair M, Aron M, Sharma MC. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (epithelioidhemangioma) of the breast: Report of a case. Surg Today 2000;30:747-9.
[3]. Meyerle J, Glusac E. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia 2005. Available from: http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic30.htm [Last accessed on 2006 Jan].
[4]. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR. Benign tumours and tumour-like lesions of blood vessels. In: Enzinger FM, Weiss SW, editors. Soft Tissue Tumours. 4 th ed. Philadelphia, PA: The CV Mosby Co; 2001. p. 856-64 .
[5]. Moran WJ, Dobleman TJ, Bostwick DG. Epithelioidhemangioendothelioma (histiocytoidhemangioma) of the palate. Laryngoscope 1987;97:1299-302
[6]. Fetsch JF, Weiss SW. Observations concerning the pathogenesis of epithelioidhemangioma (angiolymphoid hyperplasia). Mod Pathol 1991;4:449-55.

Abstract: The anterior mediastinum is the most common extragonadal location for germ cell tumors and accounts for about 50% to 70% of such neoplasms. Embryonal cell carcinomas are one of the rarest forms and account for less than 2%. We present the case of a 19-year-old male who was found to have a primary embryonal cell carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum. This case illustrates the subtle complaints that these patients present with, some of the problems and decisions that go into making the diagnosis, and the response to the appropriate therapy. The following discussion takes a look at the variety of germ cell tumors, the vast differential of an anterior mediastinal mass, the workup of such a mass, and the various treatments and outcomes of extragonadal germ cell tumors

[1]. Nichols CR. Mediastinal germ cell tumors: clinical features and biologic correlates. Chest 1991; 99:472-479
[2]. Moran CA, Suster S. Primary germ cell tumors of the mediastinum. I. Analysis of 322 cases with special emphasis on teratomatous lesions and a proposal for histopathologic classification and clinical staging. (ancer 1997:80:681-690
[3]. Moran CA, Suster S, Koss MN. Primary germ cell tumors of the mediastinum. III. Yolk sac tomor, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and combined nonteratomatous germ cell tumors of the mediastinum: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 64 cases. Cancer 1997; 80:699-707
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[5]. Downloaded from www.ajronline.org by 122.183.136.241 on 08/17/14 from IP address 122.183.136.241. Copyright ARRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved

Abstract: The innovation by P.I Branemark that bone tissue can adhere permanently to implant surface was a clinical breakthrough in oral rehabilitation. There are several reports by most of the authors which demonstrate the success of implants. The mean age of the implants is increasing in day today life. There are certain factors to be considered in maintaining the success rate of implants through process of osseointegration.This article explains about different biological aspects which are to be considered to increase the rate osseointegration in turn leading to success of implants.

Key words: Implants,Osseointegration,Bone.

[1]. Orbans; Book on Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; 10th Edition; CBS Publishers and distributors 1990:23-35.
[2]. W.EugeneRoberts, LawrenceP.Garetto.Bone physiology and metabolism;Contemporary Implant Dentistry; 2 nd Edition; Elsevier publishers: 225-237.
[3]. Robert A James, Ralph V.Mc Kinney,Jr.Roland M. Meffert;Tissues surrounding dental implants, ContemporaryImplantDentistry,2ndedition,QuintessencePublishers,239-251.
[4]. Carl Misch;Contemporary Implant Dentistry; Bone Density; A Key Determinant for Treatment Planning; Elsevier publishers: 130-146.
[5]. Deborah F Rigsby,Martha Warren Bidez,Carl E.Misch;Bone response to mechanical loads. Contemporary Implant Dentistry; 2 nd edition; Elsevier publishers: 317-328.
[6]. Natalie Leow;University Of Sydney;Osseointegration ;The Implant –Bone Interface:1-11.

Abstract: Aim: To find out incidence of hypoglycemic response based on preoperative fasting duration in children. Method: 70 patients of ASA-1and 2, in the age group of 2-6 years were randomly divided into 2 groups (35 patients each). Group I patients were kept nil per oral from midnight and Group II patients were given clear fluid 2 hours prior to the surgery. Consent to participate in the study was taken from one of the parents. Standard anaesthesia technique was followed for all the patients. The first and second blood glucose estimation was performed prior to induction of anaesthesia and 20 minutes after induction respectively. And this was correlated with the duration of preoperative fasting. Result: Out of the 35 patients of group I, 25 patients had blood glucose level of <50mg/dl just before induction and in group II all the patient had blood glucose level >80mg/dl just before induction. The blood glucose level of all the 70 patients, 20 minutes after induction was >100mg/dl.

[1]. American Society of Anesthesiologists: Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: Application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures–a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1999; 90:896–905 [2]. Bowie MD, Mulligan PB, Schwartz R. Intravenous glucose tolerance in the normal newborn infant: the effects of a double dose of glucose and insulin. Pediatrics. 1963 Apr;31:590–598. [3]. Allison CW, Cater JI, Gray IG, Staziker AC. Pre-operative starvation in children. The role of alanine in blood glucose homeostasis. Anaesthesia. 1982 Mar;37(3):274–277.
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Abstract: The study was performed to define the prevalence and criteria of pulmonary lesions in patients with established diagnosis of sarcoidosis. We aim achieve criteria for rapid accurate diagnosis of sarcoidosis for favor of early proper treatment and good out come Methods:This is a retrospective chart review study based on revision of the CT studies of (54) patients with established diagnosis of sarcoidosis to identify the related thoracic manifestations. The percentage for each finding is calculated. The lesions distribution is also defined. Accurate criteria for pulmonary sarcoidosis are defined.

[1]. Statement on sarcoidosis: Joint Statement Committee, February 1999. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 1999; 160:736–755.
[2]. Takashi Koyama, MD. Hiroyuki Ueda, MD.Kaori Togashi, MD. Radiologic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis in Various Organs.RadioGraphics 2004; 24:87–104
[3]. Eva Criado, MD. Marcelo Sánchez, MD. José Ramírez, MD, PhD Pedro Arguis, MD. Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Typical and Atypical Manifestations at High- Resolution CT with Pathologic Correlation.RadioGraphics 2010; 30:1567–1586.
[4]. Lynch JP 3rd, White ES. Pulmonary sarcoidosis.EurRespirMonogr 2005;10:105–129.
[5]. Siltzbach LE, James DG, Neville E. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am J Med 1974; 57(6):847–852.
[6]. Neville E, Walker AN, James DG. Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis: an analysis of 818 patients. Q J Med 1983; 52(208):525–533.

Abstract: True aneurysms of the left ventricle are the result of myocardial infarction; characterized by a mouth or neck that is the largest part of the aneurysm and by the presence of remnants of myocardium and coronary arteries in their walls.1-5 Pseudoaneurysms (false) aneurysms usually develop when cardiac rupture is contained by preexisting adhesion of the pericardium .These lesions are rare and can be distinguished from true aneurysms by a narrow neck which is devoid of myocardial elements in the walls 6-10.The complication of pseudoaneurysm like angina ,left ventricular failure , embolization and arrythymias are similar to that of true aneurysm, though the likelihood of rupture are highest.

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[4]. Faxon DP, Ryan TJ, Davis KB, McCabe CH, Myers W, Lesperance J, et al. Prognostic significance of angiographically documented left ventricular aneurysm from the coronary artery surgery study (CASS). Am J Cardiol 1982;50: 157-64.
[5]. SchlicterJ, Hellerstein HK, Katz LN. Aneurysm of the heart: a correlative study of one hundred and two proved cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1954;33:43-86.