iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2016

Abstract: Gall stones are the most common biliary pathology which may be of three main types:cholesterol,pigments or mixed.In Asia 80% are pigment stones, rest being cholesterol or mixed stones. Mixed stones contain cholesterol admixture of calcium salts,bile acids,bile pigments and phospholipids. Cholesterol stones arise due to a disorder of the physio-chemical equilibirium which normally maintains the cholesterol in miscellar form in the bile.The pathogenesis of gall stones is a complete process involving factors affecting bile content and bile flow.

[1]. Surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, 2 nd edition by Gregory W Randolph, section1, chapter 3, Pg- 25-38
[2]. Thyroid Dysfunction and Cholelithiasis
[3]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990180
[4]. The Underlying mechanisms: How Hypothyroidism Affects the Formation of Gallstones- A Review
[5]. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/hpbb/2012/102825

Abstract: Objective: To study and analyze the causes for the failure of Anti epileptic treatment in children with seizure disorder in relation to age, sex, type of seizure and possible etiology. Design: Prospective observational cross sectional descriptive study. Setting: Children between 1-14 years who are suffering with recurrent seizures who are taking AEDs were taken for the study for a period of 6months (from Jan 2011 to June 2011) who were admitted in emergency and pediatric wards of Institute of Child and Women Health, Niloufer Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad. Participants: Over a period of 6 months, 120 children between 1 - 14years were admitted in the hospital, were included and 3 were excluded because they are lost to follow up..............

Keywords: Anti Convulsant Drugs, drug incompliance, epilepsy and recurrent seizures

[1]. Epilepsy, Text book of Pediatric Neurology, Swaiman 5th Ed, 2012;703-879.
[2]. Bhargava. S Tandon PN, Intra cranial tubercloma ACT Study, Branch.J Radial 1980;53:935-945.
[3]. Seizures in childhood: Nelson Text Book of Pediatrics, 19th Ed, 2012:vol II: 2013-2038.

[4]. Resistant seizures - Veena Kalra: Indian Pediatrics, Jan1996:33:5-9.
[5]. Seizure Disorders: Clinical Symposia CIBA Vol.46 No.1:1994.

Abstract: Aims and Objectives:Assess the immunization status of children age group between 12-23 months from Kamrup Metro district. To identify and explore the factors affecting immunization status in children of Kamrup Metro and reasons for drop out from vaccinations. Design:It is hospital based study conducted in OPD, Guwahati medical college &hospital, Guwahati for 1year from 1st June 2012 to 31st May 2013. Participants:Children between 12-23 months of age belonging to Kamrup Metro district of Assam,who do not have immunosuppressive diseases & not on steroids are included in the study.............

[1]. World Health Organization. The World health report: 2005: make every mother and child count. Available from:
http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/index.html.
[2]. Kalaivani K, Mathiyazhagan T, Patro BC. Editorial. News Lett Nat InstHlthFam Welfare 2006; 8: 1-2.4.
[3]. Pandey RP, Yazbeck AS. Beyond National Averages for Immunization in India: Income, Gender, and Regional Inequalities. 1999.
Page 5-7.
[4]. Assam,national rural health mission ,state health programme data
[5]. Assam, national rural health mission, state health programme data, table showing survey results

Abstract: The primary objective of endodontic treatment is the elimination of microorganisms from the infected root canal and the prevention of subsequent reinfection. This is mainly achieved by a thorough chemomechanical preparation of the root canal, followed by a three-dimensional filling with a fluid tight seal.An inadequacy in the implementation of any of these steps may occur due to atypical tooth morphology. The endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar with aberrant canal configuration can be diagnostically and technically challenging...............

Keywords: Anatomical variations,Disto lingual root, Mandibular first molar, Radix Entomolaris

[1]. Calberson FL, De Moor RJ, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and paramolaris: clinical approach in endodontics. Journal of
Endodontics2007;33(1):58-63.
[2]. Barbizam JV, Ribeiro RG, TanomaruFilho M. Unusual anatomy of permanent maxillary molars. J Endod 2004 Sep;30(9):668-71.
[3]. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology1984;58(5):589-99.
[4]. R. J. G. De Moor, C. A. J. G. Deroose, and F. L. G. Calberson, "The radix entomolarisin mandibular first molars: an endodontic
challenge," International Endodontic Journal, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 789–799, 2004.
[5]. Sperber GH, Moreau JL. Study of the number of roots and canals in Senegalese first permanent mandibular molars. IntEndod J
1998;31:112– 6.

Abstract: Malignant mixed tumors of salivary gland are extremely rare tumors defined by the presence of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components together. We report here a case of carcinosarcoma arising from a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of submandibular salivary gland in a 36 year old woman. Histology showed a monomorphic picture dominated by malignant mesenchymal component with mixed nature proven by immuno histochemical analysis. We reviewed literature and discuss the theories on tumurogeneis, role of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis and clinicopathological features of this rare entity.

Keywords: Carcinosarcoma, Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Malignant mixed tumors, Submandibular salivary gland

[1]. Gnepp DR. Malignant mixed tumors of the salivary glands: a review. Pathol Ann 1993;28:279–328
[2]. Hun-Soo Kim et al, Carcinosarcoma (True Malignant Mixed Tumor) of the Parotid Gland - A report of a Case with Small Cell
Carcinoma as the Carcinoma Component The Korean Journal of Pathology 2008; 42: 175-80
[3]. Barnes L, Eveson J, Reichart PA, et al. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma. In: Kleihues P, Sobin LHeds). World Health Organization
Classification of Tumors: Pathology & Genetics of Head and Neck Tumors. IARC Press: Lyon, 2005, p18.
[4]. Kirklin JW, McDonald JR, Harrington SW, New GB. Parotid tumors: histopathology,
clinical behavior, and end results. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;92:721– 733.
[5]. Thompson L, Chang B, Barsky SH., et al. Monoclonal origins of malignant mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas). Evidence for a
divergent histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20(3): 277-85.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a modern day epidemic, silently affecting both rural and urban population. This cross-sectional study done over a period of five months following modified version of STEPS questionnaire on adult population aimed at finding the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and pre-diabetes in a rural area of Eastern India. A high prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes was observed. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension and family history of diabetes were found to be significantly associated with diabetes. There was significant positive correlation between HbA1c values and Body mass index.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Glycemic control, Risk factors, Morbidity

[1]. Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In: Gan D, editor. Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation. 3rd ed. Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2006. pp. 15–103.
[2]. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global Burden of diabetes 19952025 Prevalence, numerical estimates and projection. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414–31.
[3]. Bhowmik B, Afsana F, Diep LM, et al. Increasing Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in a Rural Bangladeshi Population: A Population Based Study for 10 Years. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37:46-53.
[4]. Connollya V, Unwinb N, Sherriffa P, et al. Diabetes prevalence and socioeconomic status: a population based study showing increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in deprived areas. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:173-177.
[5]. Ford E. S., Williamson D. F., Liu S. Weight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adults. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997; 146: 214–222.

Abstract: Endometriosis is one of the most common conditions encountered in gynaecological practice today and yet continues to be an enigma. Endometriosis occurs in about 10% of women of reproductive age 1 and carries an infertility rate of up to 50%. Besides being associated with infertility and chronic pelvic pain it is now an emerging cause of gynecological emergencies

[1]. Holoch KJ, Lessey BA. Endometriosis and infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010;53:429–38.
[2]. Philipp Reif et al, Rupture of endometriotic cyst causes acute abdomen in twin pregnancy. Fertility and Sterility Vol. 95, No. 6,
May 2011
[3]. I Brosens et al, Management of the ovarian endometrioma. Reproductive BioMedicine Online (2014) 28, 232– 238. Cheng YM,
Wang ST, Chou CY. Serum CA-125 in preoperative patients who are at a high risk for endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99
(3):375-80.
[4]. Rosa E Silva AC, Rosa E Silva JC, Ferriani RA. Serum CA-125 in the diagnosis of endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;
96:206-7.
[5]. He RH, Yao WM, Wu LY, Mao YY. Highly elevated serum CA-125 levels in patients with non-malignant gynecological diseases.
Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283:107-10.

Abstract: Aim: This study was conducted in our hospital to describe the etiology, patterns and treatment outcome of these injuries.Methodology:A combined retrospective and prospective study of 165 cases of cut throat injury patients managed at a tertiary hospital in Guwahati between august 2013 to august 2015. Results:Age varied from 6 years to 80 years. Male tofemale ratio was 6.17:1. Amongst them 80 cases (48.48%)were homicidal ; 66 cases (40%) were suicidal; 19 cases (11.51%) were accidental of which 12 cases were due to road traffic accident and 7 were due to fall. The majority of injuries were in Zone II accounting for 89.09% of casesout of which 43 cases (26.06%) had laryngeal injury..............

Keywords: Cut throat injuries,Etiology, Patterns, Treatment outcome, Gauhati

[1]. Krug EG, Sharma GK, Lozano R: The global burden of injuries. Am J Publ Health 2000, 90:523–526.
[2]. Bumpous JM, Whitt PD, Ganzel TM, McClane SD: Penetrating injuries of the visceral compartment of the neck. Am J Otolaryngol
2000, 21:190–194.
[3]. Onotai, L.O. and Ibekwe, U. (2010) The Pattern of Cut Throat Injuries in the University of Port-Harcourt TeachingHospital,
Portharcourt. Nigerian Medical Journal, 19, 264-266.
[4]. Iseh, K.R. and Obembe, A. (2011) Anterior Neck Injuries Presenting as Cut Throat Emergencies in a Tertiary Health Institution in
North Western Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Journal, 20, 475-478.
[5]. Kendall, J.L., Anglin, D. and Demetriades, D. (1998) Penetrating Neck Trauma. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 16,
85-105.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is a micro vascular complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of DR in south India was 17.6% and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with diabetes was recently estimated to be 34.6% in rural central India. The causes for blindness being vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, macular oedema, epiretinal membrane in the natural course of the disease, approximately 50% of patients with very severe NPDR (non proliferative diabetic retinopathy) progress to PDR (proliferative diabetic retinopathy) within 1 year..............

Keywords: PRP-Pan Retinal Photocoagulation, NPDR- Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, PDR-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

[1]. Prevention of blindness from diabetes mellitus –Report of WHO consultation in Geneva, Switzerland,9-11 November 2005
[2]. Vishali Gupta, Amod Gupta, Mr Dogra, Ramandeep Singh, Diabetic retinopathy atlas and text 1st edition pg 1 [3]. Yau JW1, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T et. al. Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group. Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):556-64 [4]. Rema M1, Pradeepa R. Diabetic retinopathy: an Indian perspective, Indian J Med Res. 2007 Mar;125(3):297-310.
[5]. Jost B. Jonas, MD Vinay Nangia, MD, Anshu Khare, MD, Arshia Matin, MD, Krishna Bhojwani, MD, Maithili Kulkarni, MD, et. al. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Rural Central India Diabetes Care May 2013 vol. 36no. 5 e69,

Abstract: Aims and Objective: The aim of our study was to assess the attitudes of general practitioners, endodontic specialists & other specialists in and around Mumbai in relation to the use of electronic apex locator and the radiographic practices prevailing among them for root canal therapy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional contact survey was conducted including 400 dental professionals in and around Mumbai who performed endodontic procedures. A specially prepared format exclusively designed for recording all the required relevant general information and information related to working length determination method was used as a tool for data collection.Data was tabulated in excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software..............

Keywords: Electronic Apex Locator, RVG, Survey.

[1]. Stein TJ, Corcoran JF. Radiographic "working length" revisited. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992 Dec; 74(6):796-800
[2]. Chandler N, Bloxham G. The influence of two handle designs and gloves on the performance of a simulated endodontic task. J Endod. 1990 Nov; 16(11):541-2.
[3]. Tamse A, Kaffe I, Fishel D. Zygomatic arch interference with correct radiographic diagnosis in maxillary molar endodontics. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980 Dec; 50(6):563-6.
[4]. John D. West. What is required to generate consistently 3-D obturated root canal systems? Dentistry today 2012 jan: 14
[5]. ElAyouti A, Weiger R, Löst C. Frequency of overinstrumentation with an acceptable radiographic working length. J Endod. 2001 Jan; 27(1):49-52.

Abstract: Primary fallopian tube cancer (PFTC) is a rare gynecological malignancy and has similar clinical pr esentations like epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC).Treatment comprised multimodality approach using surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery remains the mainstay of the treatment of PFTC. When considered inop erable neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used for down staging. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy improved loc al control in patients with adverse prognostic factors. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves outcome in patients with adverse factors.

Keywords: PFTC, EOC, gynecological malignancy, Treatment.

[1]. Riska A, Leminen A, Pukkala E. Sociodemographic determinants of incidence of primary fallopian tube carcinoma, Finland 1953–
97. Int J Cancer 2003;104:643–645.
[2]. Inal MM, Hanhan M, Pilanci B et al. Fallopian tube malignancies: experience of Social Security Agency Aegean Maternity Hospital.
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004;14:595–599.
[3]. Henderson SR, Harper RC, Salazar OM et al. Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube: difficulties of diagnosis and treatment.
Gynecol Oncol 1977;5:168–179.
[4]. Demopoulos RI, Aronov R, Mesia A. Clues to the pathogenesis of fallopian tube carcinoma: a morphological and
immunohistochemical case control study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001;20:128–132.
[5]. Meng ML, Gan-Gao, Scheng-Sun et al. Diagnosis of primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
1985;110:136–140.

Abstract: Formalin is used as a preservative for human cadavers. The present study was conducted on 150 first year MBBS students to find out and quantify the acute toxic effects of formalin in gross anatomy laboratory. In our study 88.1% students have reported watering of eyes and also felt that it was the first symptom to develop(74.8%) and was the most irritating and troublesome symptom(62%) as well. Other symptoms reported were running nose with tingling sensation(30.7%), redness of eyes(20%), irritation of throat(11.2%), skin problems(10.8%),cough(12%),headache(6.4%), difficulty in breathing(1.1%) and others like lack of concentration(31.2%).Even though formaldehyde concentrations were relatively low, medical students, instructors and cadaver related workers should wear protective devices to reduce the effects of gaseous formaldehyde exposure during gross anatomy laboratory or contact cadaver.

Keywords:Anatomy, Formalin, Laboratory, MBBS students, Toxicity,.

[1]. Kajorn Lakchayapakorn , Pensri Watchalayarn : Formalaldehyde exposure of medical students and instructors and clinical
symptoms during gross anatomy laboratory in Thammasat University: J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93(suppl.7):S92-S98.
[2]. Binawara BK, Rajnee, Choudary S, Mathur KC, Sharma H, Goyal K: Acute effect of Formalin on pulmonary function tests in
medical students: Pak J Physiol (2010); 6(2): 8-10.
[3]. Jain SR, Nahar PS, Baig MM : Study of formalin toxicity in Ist MBBS students : International Journal Of Science And
Research(IJSR) 2012; vol.1(3): 233-235.
[4]. Schwarcz L. Sanitary products. MacNair-Dorland Company; 1943.p.61.
[5]. Dixit D. Role of standardized embalming fluid in reducing the toxic effects of formalaldehyde. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine
and Toxicology, 2008; 2(1): 01-06.

Abstract: Background and aims: During general anaesthesia cuffed endotracheal tubes are used to provide airway seal and prevent aspiration. But it has been observed that use of nitrous oxide oxygen for ventilation during anaesthesia leads to rise in intracuff pressure which can be transmitted to the wall of trachea leading to complications. In this study we compared the effect on cuff pressure of Portex endotracheal tubes( high volume low pressure cuffs) and Armoured endotracheal tubes( low volume high pressure cuffs) when the cuffs were inflated with air and with nitrous oxide- oxygen mixture during general anaesthesia using nitrous oxide - oxygen...............

Keywords: Air, cuff inflation, endotracheal tube cuff pressure, inflating agents, nitrous oxide- oxygen.

[1]. Danielis M, et al, Continuous monitoring of endotracheal tube cuff pressure: best practice in intensive care unit, Assist Inferm
Ric.,34(1), 2015, 15-20.
[2]. Leigh Julian, Maynard J.P., Pressure on the tracheal mucosa from cuffed tubes, British Medical Journal, 1979,1173-1174.
[3]. Carroll Robert, Hedden Michael, Safar Peter, Intratracheal cuffs: performance characteristics, Anaesthesiology, 31(3), 1969, 275-
281.
[4]. Mackenzie C. F., Klose S. , Browne D. R. G., A study of inflatable cuffs on endotracheal tubes- pressures exerted on the trachea,
British journal of Anaesthesia, 48, 1976, 105-109.
[5]. Keith King, MandavaBosobabu, Kamen Jack M., Tracheal tube cuffs and tracheal dilatation, Chest,67(4), 1975, 458-462.

Abstract: Introduction:Central Serous Chorioretinopathy(CSCR) is an idiopathic disorder with neurosensory detachment primarily affecting the macula. Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the stressful events of life within 1 year preceding onset of CSCR and
study the correlation with the type of leak. Materials and Methods:A prospective study was done on 30 patients of CSCR in a tertiary care centre. Demographic data and history were noted, a comprehensive ophthalmic examination was done.All cases underwent OCT & fundusfluorescein angiography (FFA). They were given a Social Readjustment Rating Score (SRRS) based on life change unitsin the past one year based on a questionnaire. 30 patients from normal population formed a control group...............

Keywords: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR), Holmes Rahe Scale, Social Readjustment Rating Score (SRRS), Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA).

[1]. Wang M, Munch IC, Hasler PW, Prunte C, Larsen M. Central serous chorioretinopathy. ActaOphthalmol 2008; 86: 126–45
[2]. Gass JD. Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1967; 63 (Suppl.): 1–139.
[3]. Nair U, Ganekal S, Soman M, Nair K. Correlation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in acute central serous
chorioretinopathy with visual acuity. ClinOphthalmol. 2012;6: 1949–1954
[4]. Yanuzzi LA. Type-A behavior and central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 1987, 7:111-30.
[5]. Wakakura M, Ishikawa S. Central serous chorioretinopathy complicating systemic corticosteroid treatment. Br J Ophthalomol 1984;
68: 329–331. 36

Abstract: This study was to investigate the variables related with anxiety and the impact of anxiety on temporomandibular joint disorder by examining 584 high school students in 4 high schools located in Gyeongsangnam-do. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics. v. 19.0 and, considered statistically significant as a p-value of < 0.05. According to the result, those subjects with anxiety showed higher rate of temporomandibular joint disorder when the grade was higher, the daily average time of listening to music and playing games was longer. This result indicated that anxiety has direct/indirect impact on temporomandibular joint disorder and that it is necessary to develop a way for students to control their anxiety by themselves and include the temporomandibular joint disorder related education program in the oral health education program.

Keywords: Anxiety, High school students, Temporomandibular joint disorder

[1]. I.J. Choi, and S.H. Mo, Study on mental health improvement policy for children and adolescents II (Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute, 2012), 1-27.
[2]. K.S. Lee, The 2010 Korean children and youth panel survey Ⅲ project report (Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute, 2013), 3-30.
[3]. N.J. Kim, and Y.S. Lim, The verification of intervening effect of youth activity on the relationship between stress and life satisfaction of adolescents, Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 2012, 19(8): 219-240
[4]. J. Tache, and H. Selye, On stress and coping mechanisms, Issue in Mental Health Nursing, 1985, 7: 3-24.
[5]. D. Fainman, Examining the relationship between anxiety disorders and depression, Anxiety Disorders and Depression, 2004, 22: 568-571.

Abstract: Breast cancer is the common invasive cancer with high mortality worldwide. High incidence of breast cancer in South and central America, Southren, Northren, Westren Europe, Ocenia and North America. Lowest breast cancer incidence in Africa and Asia.Risk factors includes: female sex old age, lifestyle, oralcontraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1orBRCA2.alcohol intake,hereditary factors, and exposure to chemicals. Breast cancer occurs because of an interaction between external factor and genetically susceptible host.Frequent symptoms of breast cancer is typically a lump and lumps found in the lymph node in the armpits. Diagnosis by physical examination of the breast and mammography.e..............

Keywords: Breast cancer, Risk factors, Diagnosis, Prognosis.

[1]. Breast Cancer.NCI.Retrieved 29 June 2014.
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[3]. MacGuireA,BrownJA,MaloneC,etal.Effects of age on the detection of breast cancer.Cancers.2015;7(2):908-29.
[4]. World Cancer Report.International Agency for Research on Cancer.2008.Retrieved 26 February 2011.
[5]. World Cancer Report 2014.International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Health Organization.2014.ISBN978-92-832-
0432-9.

Abstract: Metaplastic carcinoma of breast (MBC) is a rare type of invasive breast carcinoma. It poses diagnostic challenge due to its varied histology and diverse differentiation. These are heterogenous group of tumors in which part or whole of the carcinomatous component is transformed into a metaplastic mesenchymal component and runs an aggressive clinical course. We present two cases of metaplastic carcinoma of breast with monophasic and biphasic patterns with its cytology mimicking other neoplasms. We present these cases due to its rarity with difficulty in diagnosis and subtyping.

Keywords: Breast, Metaplastic carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma.

[1]. Lakhani S.R, Ellis I.O, Schnitt S.J, Tan P.H, Van de Vijver M.J. Metaplastic carcinoma. In: WHO classification of tumors of the
Breast. IARC: Lyon 2012.
[2]. Rosen, Peter Paul. Carcinoma with metaplasia. In: Rosen's Breast Pathology 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins;2009:470-505.
[3]. Al SayedAD, El Weshi AN, Tulbah AM, Rahal MM, Ezzat AA. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast clinical presentation, treatment
results and prognostic factors. Acta Oncol 2006;45:188-195.
[4]. Gogas J, Kouskos E, Markopoul C, Mantas D. Carcinosarcoma of the breast; report of two cases. Eur J gynaecol Oncol
2003;24:93-95.
[5]. Ian OE, Andrew HSL, Sarah EP, Emad AR. Tumors of the breast. In: Fletcher CDM, Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors 4th ed.
Vol1, Elsevier limited;2000.p.1000-1002

Abstract: This study was attempted to investigate whether playing music would have an effect on the reduction of dental fear during dental treatment or not. The study was surveyed in the dental clinics located in Busan City, with 100 patients who did not have difficulty in appreciating music and 100 patients who did not listen to music. To a question about what impact music appreciation during examination had on anxiety, most of the respondents feel comfortable. Dental fear was the highest in the respondents who responded, "I am afraid of pain or discomfort" in dental treatment after music appreciation; There was a little difference in dental fear in the patients who appreciated music during dental treatment from those who did not.

Keywords: Dental clinics, Dental fear, Playing music.

[1]. H. Lautch, Dental Phobia, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 119: 151-158.
[2]. P. Milgrom, L. Fiset, S. Melnick, and P. Weinstein,The prevalence and practice management consequences of dental fear in a major US city, The Journal of the American Dental Association, 1988, 116(6): 641-647.

[3]. P.A. Doerr, W.P. Lang, L.V. Nyquist, and D.L. Ronis, Factors associated with dental anxiety, The Journal of the American Dental Association, 1998, 129(8): 1111-1119.
[4]. S.H. Han, Causes and treatment of fear of the dentist, The Journal of Dental Clinic, 1991, 11(4): 98-103.
[5]. Y. Satoch, E. Naagai, and M. Sakamura, Relaxation effect of an audiovisual system on dental patients, Part 2 Pulse-Amplitude, The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1995, 37(3): 138-145.

Abstract: Introduction: The term Necrotising Fasciitis (NF) refers to 'severe inflammation of the muscle sheath that leads to necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent fascia'. Incidence of NF varies from 0.24 – 0.4 per 100 000 adults with high morbidity and mortality Early clinical suspicion, repeated aggressive wound debridement and broad spectrum antibiotics with interdisciplinary management improve the survival rate and reduce morbidity. However, early NF can be difficult to distinguish from non-necrotising soft tissue infections in the absence of severe sepsis, multi organ failure or pain.............

Keywords: Aggressive wound debridement, clinical staging, finger test, LRINEC scoring, microbial flora.

[1]. Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG. Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. Lancet. 1994 Aug 20;344(8921):556.
[2]. Anaya DA, Dellinger EP. Necrotizing soft-tissue infection: diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44(5):705-10. Epub 2007 Jan 22.
[3]. Wilson B. Necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg. 1952 Apr;18(4):416-31.
[4]. Jones J. United States Sanitary Commission. Surgical memoirs of the War of the Rebellion. New York, NY: Hurd and Houghton; 1871. Investigation upon the nature, causes and treatment of hospital gangrene as prevailed in the Confederate armies 1861–1865; pp. 142–580.
[5]. N. Eke, "Fournier's gangrene: a review of 1726 cases," BJS, 2000:87(6):718–28.

Abstract: Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) 2003 report stated nearly 60%-90% of school children and most adults in industrialized nations had dental caries. Purpose: To conduct an study of dental caries intensity of temporary teeth of children from the town Varna aged 4 to 6 years. Materials and Methods: The study included 300 children aged 4 to 6 years old. The children were divided into three groups. The first group consisted of 100 children, aged 4 years old. Second group consisted of 100 children, aged 5 years old..............

Keywords: intensity of caries, caries lesion, temporary teeth.

[1]. Arruda AL, Sentamaria Kannan R, Inglehart MR et al. Effect of 5% fluoride varnish application on caries among school children in
rural Brazil: A randomized controlled trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40:267-275.
[2]. Pitts NB, Evans DJ, Nugent Z. The dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in Great Britain: surveys coordinated by the
British Society for the Study of Community Dentistry in 1999/2000. Community Dent Health. 2001;18:49-54.
[3]. Prodanova K. Lectures Notices in Statistics. TU-Sofia. 2008; pр. 1-117.
[4]. Holt RD, Joels D, Bulman J, Maddick IH. A third study of caries in preschool-aged
[5]. Children in Camden. Br. Dent. J. 1988;165:67-91.

Abstract: Introduction: Brunner's glands, located in the submucosa of the proximal duodenum, in general produce a mucous secretion and exist in all mammalian species. Aims and objectives: The main purpose of present work is to histologically observe the brunner's glands of guinea pig and study different types of mucin secreted by them using various histochemical staining techniques. Materials and Methods: Tissues were taken from the proximal part of duodenum of 10 guinea pigs and then subjected to various histochemical stains like AB at both pH 1 and 2.5, PAS, Diastase digestion, PAS- Phenyl hydrazine, AB pH 2.5- PAS and AB pH2.5- Saffranin..............

Keywords: Brunner's glands, guinea pig, mucin, histochemistry.

[1]. Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Colour text book of histology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WBSaunders Company; 2001. p.399-400.
[2]. Krause WJ. 1988. Biology of duodenal (Brunner's) glands. In: Motta PM,Fujita H, editors. Ultrastructure of the digestive tract. Boston:Martinius NijhoffPublishing. p 67–84.
[3]. Brunner JC. De glandulis in intestino duodeno hominis detectis. Dissertation, Heidelbergae 1687.
[4]. Florey HW, Harding HH. The functions of Brunner's glands and the pyloric end of the stomach. J Path Bact 1934;37:431-53.
[5]. Grossman MI. The glands of Brunner physiological reviews.1958;38:675-690.

Abstract: Background: Drains are routinely used after major abdominal surgeries to drain intraperitoneal collections, and to drain the fluid or blood collected in the peritoneal cavity after surgeries Methods: Prospective study on patients undergoing emergency laparotomies for acute abdomen in Department of General surgery , Chengalpattu medical college are placed open and closed drains, are followed up with necessary investigations. Result: In our study 30 emergency laparotomies open drainage with corrugated rubber drain and 30 emergency laparotomies closed tube drains were placed and the results were compared Conclusion: The incidence of infection, pain, hospital stay, post operative morbidity is not significantly altered in open and closed drainage system.

Keywords: drain, laprotomy, drain removal.

[1]. Surgical Vacuum Drains:Types, Uses, and Complications Rajaraman Durai, Md, Mrcs; Philip C.H. Ng, Md, Frcs
[2]. M& M Drains: Irish Medical Journal. June 2001
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[4]. Price.J. Drainage in abdominal surgery Tr Am ass OBG 1; 84-92
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Abstract: Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas. Most patients recover without any major sequelae; however a minority of patients have life threatening vascular complications. Vascular complications of pancreatitis include arterial erosion, pseudo aneurysm, ischemic complications, remote vascular complications, venous thrombosis and varices. We studied patients to study safety and efficacy of coil embolization in treating vascular complications pancreatitis and to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Methods: This prospective study was conducted from July 2014 to February 2016 at Department of Radiology, Government Medical College Nagpur, in which all patients who presented with vascular complications of pancreatitis were enrolled to undergo embolization using coiling, N-butyl cyanoacrylateglue or gluefoam. The patients were followed to see rebleeding and treatment failure rates..............

Keywords: Pancreatitis, endovascular, coiling, embolization, treatment, safety

[1]. Swaroop VS, Chari ST, Clain JE. Severe acute pancreatitis. JAMA 2004; 291:2865.
[2]. Flati G, Andrén-Sandberg A, La Pinta M, Porowska B, Carboni M. Potentially fatal bleeding in acute pancreatitis: pathophysiology,
prevention, and treatment. Pancreas. 2003;26:8–14
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[4]. Edelman DA, Sugawa C. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a review. Surg Endosc 2007; 21:514.
[5]. Wee E. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Postgrad Med 2011; 57:161..

Abstract: Lymphangiomas of the head and neck are sometimes referred to as cystic hygromas and result from abnormal growth of the lymphatic vessels. Lymphangiomas are most commonly found in children and very rarely observed in adults. Most lymphangiomas are congenital, but they have also been reported secondary to infections, neoplasms, trauma, and iatrogenic injuries. The authors report the case of an adult female with a slowly enlarging neck mass that was resected and identified by pathology as a lymphangioma. The literature is reviewed and the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphangiomas are discussed. Observation is recommended for small, non-expanding lesions. Surgical resection is recommended for lesions that persist, enlarge, or produce obstructive symptoms. Careful surgical planning is critical to avoid injury to adjacent vital neurovascular structures. A multidisciplinary approach is warranted...............

Keywords: lymphangioma, cystic hygroma , neck mass.

[1]. Kennedy TL, Whitaker M, Pellitteri P, et al. Cystic hygroma/ lymphangioma: a rational approach to management. Laryngoscope 2001;111:1929-1937
[2]. Sherman BE, Kendall K. A unique case of the rapid onset of a large cystic hygroma in the adult. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001; 22(3):206-210.
[3]. Wernher A. Die angeborenenZysten-Hygrome und die inhenverwandtenGeschwulste. In: Anatomischer, Diagnostischer und TherapeutischerBeziehung. Geissen: GF Heyer, 1843:76.
[4]. Mulliken JB, Young AE. Lymphatic malformations. In: Vascular Birthmarks: Hemangiomas and Malformations. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1988:41.
[5]. Cheng LH, Wells FC. A multidisciplinary approach to recurrent cervicothoracic cystic hygroma in an adult. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;42:66-68.

Abstract: To evaluate& compare the ability of different tooth brush systems on the surface abrasion of enamel&Nano-hybrid composite. Methods and Material: Thirty five freshly extracted, sound, human maxillary premolar teeth were collected for this study & Class V cavities were prepared on the samples & restored with Nanohybrid composite .All the samples were mounted, on separate acrylic bases followed by profilometric analysis. The surface roughness was measured using the profilometer. The specimen were divided into 4 groups, wherein, Group 1(n=10) specimens were brushed with flat ended bristles toothbrush; Group 2(n=10) brushed with zig-zag bristles tooth brush , Group 3 (n=10)with powered tooth brush & Group4 (n=5) was taken as control group.............

Keywords:Abrasion, bristles, dentifrice, toothbrush..

[1]. Cesar P and Regina G et al .Surface roughness and color change of a composite: Influence of beverages and brushing . Dental
Materials Journal 2012; 31(4): 689–696.
[2]. Gabrielle R, Nathalia c, Soraia d, Antonio , Erick c, Ivone. Effect of Different Finishing/Polishing Systems on the Surface
Roughness of Two Heat-Treated Composite Resins Materials Research. 2011; 14(2): 142-145.
[3]. Strassler HE, Bauman G. Current concepts in polishing composite resins. PractPeriodonticsAesthet Dent 1993; 5: 12-17.
[4]. Weitman RT, Eames WB. Plaque accumulation on composite surfaces after various finisingprocedures.J Am Dent Assoc 1975; 91:
101-106.

Abstract: Point in E-Geometry , which is nothing and dimensionless , can be derived from the addition of a Positive (+)and a Negative (-) number while Material point has dimension , the Segment ds=[⊕⊝] , and originates in the same way . Adding it to numbers i.e. Monads , creates Primary Particles, the Rest-Gravity constituent and the Atoms of Periodic System in Planck`s Space-Level. Monads are Spinning because of the inner ElectromagneticWaves E,P which create External Spin and again the Inner Electromagnetic Waves E , P
continuing this eternal Cycle . Now is shown the , Why and How the Spinning of Particles and the Way and the Place conserved..............

Keywords: Material Geometry, Energy Particles, Periodic Table and Chemistry. MaterialGeometry the Periodic Table and Chemistry.

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