iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2017

Abstract: 95 children with cerebral palsy of varying age groups were examined clinically for their lower limb torsion. All the children come under two different types of cerebral palsy with spasticity. Femoral and tibial torsion were assessed individually, as they can alter the gait pattern in these children. In our study the femoral and tibial torsions were assessed clinically by assessing the femoral in-torsion and out-torsion, the trans malleolar axis and the thigh foot axis. These lower limb torsions vary within the two groups in this study, between limbs of the same individual and between different age groups. It is important to know the normal variations for better management and prognosis.

Keywords: Femoral in-torsion, out-torsion, Trans-malleolar axis, Thigh foot angle/axis.

[1]. Lee SH, Chung CY, In clinical orthopaedic relat res,2009 aug:467(8):2098-104
[2]. Staheli LT, In journal of family practice, 1983 may,16(5):1005-11
[3]. Mooney JF 3rd, Paediatric clinical north America journal, 2014 december;61(06):1175-81
[4]. Gaumentou E, Quijano S, Llharreborere B, Presedo A, In Orthopaedic traumatology surgical res, 2014Feb;100(1):147-51
[5]. Blackmur JP, Murray AW, Journal of paediatric orthopaedics B, 2010 Sept;19(5):415-7.

Abstract: The Importance of diagnosis in orthodontics cannot be over-emphasized. Based on the correct diagnosis, a proper treatment and the prognosis of the case have to be formulated. This case report presents a case in which the skeletal and dentoalveolar relation is Class III and based on this diagnosis, the treatment plan consisted firstly to achieve the harmony between the skeletal and dentoalveolar relation and then later on correcting the tooth size arch length discrepancy with extractions in both the arches to achieve a good harmonious end result. Thus the decision of balanced extractions was made after achieving balanced skeletal jaw base relation.

Keywords-: Corrective Orthodontics. Diagnosis. Tooth extraction. Orthodontic treatment planning.

[1]. Williams MD, Sarver DM, Sadowsky PL, Bradley E. Semin Orthod. 1997 Dec;3(4):265-74Combined rapid maxillary expansion and protraction facemask in the treatment of Class III malocclusions in growing children: a prospective long-term study.

[2]. Daniella Torres Tagawa; Carolina Loyo Sérvulo da Cunha Bertoni; Maria Angélica Estrada Mari; Milton Redivo Junior; Luís Antônio de Arruda AidarDental Press J. Orthod. vol.17 no.3 Maringá May/June 2012

[3]. Orthopedic treatment of Class III malocclusion with rapid maxillary expansion combined with a face mask: a cephalometric assessment of craniofacial growth patterns.

[4]. Baccetti T, McGill JS, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr, Tollaro I. Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and facemask therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998 Mar;113(3):333-43.

[5]. Gallagher RW, Miranda F, Buschang PH. Maxillary protraction: treatment and posttreatment effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998 Jun;113(6):612-9.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of different intermediate irrigant in removing residual sodium hypochlorite before irrigating with chlorhexidine by elemental analysis of precipitate formed by the residual sodium hypochlorite using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopic Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (ESEM-EDS) system. Methodology: Forty extracted single rooted premolars were decoronated and divided into four groups GROUP I (positive control): The irrigation of the canal was done in the sequence 5 ml of 17% EDTA  5 ml of 5% NaOCl  5 ml of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). GROUP II (70% isopropyl alcohol): The irrigation of the canal was done with 5 ml of 17% EDTA  5 ml of 5% NaOCl,  5 ml of 70% isopropyl alcohol as intermediate irrigant  5 ml of 2% CHX. GROUP III (distilled water):............

Keywords: Chlorhexidine; intracanal irrigants; parachloroaniline

[1]. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory
rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965; 20:340–9.
[2]. Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: a review. J Endod 2004; 30:559–67.
[3]. Oncag O, Hosgor M, Hilmioglu S, Zekioglu O, Eronat C, Burhanoglu D. Comparison of antibacterial and toxic effects of various
root canal irrigants. Int Endod J 2003; 36:423–32.
[4]. Kuruvilla JR, Kamath MP. Antimicrobial activity of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate separately and
combined, as endodontic irrigants. J Endod 1998;24:472–6.
[5]. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod 2006;32:389–98.

Abstract: World Health Organization (WHO) recommend the school children as an appropriate group to promote dental health education in order to maintain their oral hygiene.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of dental health education on knowledge and plaque score of junior high school students in Medan City.This study was an experimental study with pre and post test group design. Population was all students of SMP Negeri 1 Medan. The sample were 208 students taken purposively from I and II grade which inclusion criteria are cooperative and not using fixed orthodontic appliance. Knowledge score was measured using questionnaire and plaque score was measured using Löe and Sillness Plaque index. Knowledge and plaque score were measured before, after and a week after dental health education............

Keywords: dental health education, knowledge, plaque score.

[1]. Andlaw RJ, Rock WP. (1992). Perawatan gigi anak. Edisi 2. Alih bahasa. Daya A. Jakarta: Widya Medika.
[2]. Anitasari S, Rahayu NE.(2005). Hubungan frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan tingkat kebersihan gigi dan mulut siswa sekolah dasar negeri di kecamatan Palaran kotamadya amarinda provinsi Kalimantan Timur. J Dent.
[3]. Claudiette BP, Sarah MW, Paulina NG. (2014). Pengaruh penyuluhan cara menyikat gigi terhadap indeks plak gigi pada siswa SD Inpres lapangan. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado.
[4]. Departemen kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2007). Laporan hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) Nasional 2007. Jakarta.
[5]. Edyati L, Khusnul E, Wahyono B. (2014). Pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan dengan media video terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap personal hygiene siswa SD Negeri 1 Kepek Pengasih Kulon Progo. Tesis. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Aisyiyah, Yogyakarta..

Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, affecting 5% to 10% of women worldwide. This familial disorder inherited as a complex genetic trait1. It is characterized by a combination of hyperandrogenism (either clinical or biochemical), chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. It is frequently associated with insulin resistance and obesity2. PCOS receives considerable attention because of its high prevalence and possible reproductive, metabolic, and cardiovascular consequences. Studies in first-degree relatives of patients who have PCOS have shown that 24% of mothers and 32% of sisters are affected, suggesting a major genetic association3.The disease begins soon after puberty mostly 15-25 years of age and commonly manifests during reproductive period. Health consequences of PCOS relate to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. They include diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), endometrial hyperplasia, anovulatory infertility, and depression.............

[1]. Ehrmann DA. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1223–1236.
[2]. Toulis KA, Goulis DG, Kolibianakis EM, et al. Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2009;92:667–677.
[3]. Kahsar-Miller MD, Nixon C, Boots LR, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS. Fertil Steril 2001;75:53–8.
[4]. Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC, et al. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:165–9.
[5]. Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfeld RL, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 1999;22:141–6.

Abstract: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major complications of Diabetes Mellitus. It is estimated that 20-40% of diabetic patients will develop a diabetic renal disease. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end stage renal disease in India and across the world. But it is not the sole renal disease in diabetic patients. Kidney diseases other than diabetic nephropathy can occur in diabetic patients, and are known as non diabetic renal disease (NDRD), either isolated or superimposed on DN. The prevalence of NDRD is very high in type 2 diabetic patients and it varies widely depending on the populations being studied and the selection criteria. Several predictive factors which can be used as pointers to NDRD have been identified by different studies. Objective: To study the prevalence, clinical spectrum and predictive factors of NDRD in type 2 diabetic patients with renal involvement...........

Keyword:- Diabetic nephropathy, hematuria, non diabetic renal disease, retinopathy

[1]. U S Renal data system, USRDS 2010 Annual data report .Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease in the United states. Annual data report,National Institute of Health ,National Institute of Diabtes and Digestive and Kidney Disease 2010.
[2]. Prakash J , Lodha M,Singh SK,Vohra R,Raja R,Usha Diabetic retinopathy is a poor predictor of type of nephropathy in proteinuric Type2 diabetic patients.J Assoc Physicians India .2007;55:412-6
[3]. Gambara V,Mecca G, Remuzzi G,Bertani T. Heterogenous nature of renal lesions in type2 diabetes . J Am Soc Nephrol 1993:3:1458-66
[4]. Lipkin GW, Yeates C, Howic A et al. More than one-third type2 diabetic with renal disease do not have diabetic nephropathy :A prospective study J Am Soc Nephrol199;5:379-83
[5]. Parving HH,Gall MA, Skatt P et al .Prevalence and cause of albuminuria in non insulin dependent diabetic patients . Kidney Int1992;41:758-62

Abstract: A common clinical challenge facing all practitioners treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus today are the guidelines for metformin contraindicating its use in men and women with serum creatnine concentrations ≥1.5 and ≥ 1.4 mg/dl (≥132 and ≥123 mmol/L),respectively. In a patient tolerating and controlled with this medication should it automatically be discontinued as the creatnine rises beyond these cut points over time? Stopping metformin often results in poorly controlled glycemia. Despite the proven benefits ,metformin remains contraindicated in a large segment of the type 2 diabetic population,largely because of concerns over the rare adverse effect of lactic acidosis. For these reasons ,the drug has been restricted to individuals with normal creatnine levels as a surrogate for renal competence. How many patients are unable to receive this medication on the basis of guidelines which,although well intentioned ,are somewhat arbitrary and outdated based on modern assessments of renal status...........

Keywords: Diabetes, Metformin, Metabolic Acidosis.

[1]. Pepper GM,Schwartz M et al ;Lactic acidosis associated with Glucophage use in a ma with normal renal and hepatic function.Diabetes Care 1997 20:232-233

[2]. Stades AME,Heikens JT,Erkelens DW et al;Metformin and lactic acidosis :cause or coincidence? A review of case reports. J Int Med 2004 255:179-187

[3]. Lalau JD1.et al Lactic acidosis induced by metformin: incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf. 2010 Sep 1;33(9):727-40. doi: 10.2165/11536790
[4]. Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD, Kasia J. Lipska, MD, MHS, Helen Mayo,et al Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Kidney Disease .JAMA. 2014 December 24; 312(24): 2668–2675.

[5]. Kasia J. Lipska,,Clifford J. Bailey, PHD, FRCP,Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD et al ; Use of Metformin in the Setting of Mild-to-Moderate Renal Insufficiency .Diabetes Care 2011 Jun; 34(6): 1431-1437

Abstract: Introduction and Objectives : Women in this part of the country are mostly from the low socio-economic group and the diet they intake with low zinc and high fibre and phytate content may result in decreased bioavailability of zinc when there is increased demand during pregnancy. It is established that the requirement for zinc increases during period of rapid growth such as pregnancy, infancy and puberty. The main aim of the study was to find out the relationship between maternal and umbilical cord blood level of zinc as well as that of non- pregnant mothers in relation to pregnancy outcome especially the maturity of the baby. Materials and Methods : The current study was a cross sectional study, conducted in the Barpeta district of Assam amongst 200 people who reported at Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital. Sampled and labelled blood was estimated for the status of zinc by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results obtained was calculated in parts per million and statistically as range, mean, standard deviation and percentages.........

Keywords: Zinc, Singleton pregnancy, Uncomplicated pregnancy, Barpeta district, Assam

[1]. Toads, W.R.; Elvenjem, C.A. and Hart, E.G.: Zinc in the role of nutrition; American J.Physiol. 107: 146-156, 1934.
[2]. Prasas, L.S.N. et.al, (1974): Role of zinc in nutrition; Ind, Paed, Vol2, 12, 799-802.
[3]. Swanson, C.A, King, J.C. (1987); Zinc: Am J clin. Nutr; 4; 763-771.
[4]. Bahl, L. et.al. (1994): Study of serum zinc in neonates and their mothers in Shimla hills (Himachal Pradesh), Ind. J. Paed; 61; 571-575.
[5]. Aggete, T.J. (1985): Trace elements and human pregnancy and lactation and nutrition of children .R.K.Chandra, Ravan Press; 8; 137-155.

Abstract: One of the most common medical emergencies that can occur in the appointment is an acute allergic reaction.The various forms of systemic allergicreactions are very well defined. These clinical situations are rarely described in the specialized literature and, in turn, poorly understood. Oral atopy comprises a wide variety of symptoms and signs sometimes difficult to differentiate from other adverse reactions. It is important to know the dental materials and other substances of stomatological use causing clinical diseases presented in oral mucosa; it corresponds to Stomatology Specialist his knowledge for diagnosis and successful treatment.

Keywords: allergies, dental consultation, treatment, emergencies

[1]. Little J, Falace D, Miller C, Rhodus N. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. London: Elsevier Health
Sciences; 2012.
[2]. Domínguez-Ortega J, Ruiz-Hornillos J, Chivato T, De la hoz B, Elices A, Iglesias A et al. La alergología en el sistema sanitario
público de la Comunidad de Madrid: situación actual y oportunidades en el sistema sanitario público del siglo XXI. Anales del
Sistema Sanitario de Navarra. 2014; 37(3):317-27.
[3]. Bhattacharya S. Anaphylactic Shock to Penicillin. Drug Safety. 2008;31(10):885-960.
[4]. Grace EG. Local Anaesthesia: Computerized local dental anesthetic systems: patient and dentist satisfaction. J Dent.
2003;195(2):83.
[5]. Urrutia I, Aguirre U, Sunyer J, Plana E. Cambios en la prevalencia de asma en la población española del Estudio de Salud
Respiratoria de la Comunidad Europea (ECRHS-II). SPP. 2007;43(8):425-30..

Abstract:Finger and partial finger amputations can be the result of a congenital anomaly, trauma, tumour surgery or malformations. Surgical reconstruction may not be possible, owing to size or location of the defect. The patient's medical condition or personal desires may also preclude reconstructive surgery. In such cases, prosthetic rehabilitation is indicated. A case report has been presented where a custom made glove type prosthesis was fabricated using silicone elastomer.

Keywords: Glove prosthesis, Partial finger amputation.

[1]. Taylor TD. Facial prosthesis fabrication- technical aspects clinical maxillofacial prosthesis. (Chicago): Quintessence Publishing; (2000) 233-44.
[2]. Duni C. Miglani, Joe B. Drane. Maxillofacial Prosthesis and its Role as a Healing Art. JPD 1959; vol 9: 159-168.
[3]. Heitmann C, Levin S. Alternatives to thumb replantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110:1492–1503.
[4]. PC Jacob, Kashinatha HM Shetty, Arun Garg, Bhupender Pal. Silicone Finger Prosthesis: A Clinical Report. Journal of Prosthodontics 2012; 21: 631-633
[5]. Laxman Singh Kaira, Vishal Katna. Glove Type Silicone Finger Prosthesis- A Case Report. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences 2012; vol 4: 40-41.

Abstract: Inner Thigh Rashes (ITR) is a syndrome represented by mild skin lesions usually characterized as erythematous, slightly inflamed, and with either pruritus or burning sensation.It is typical in sportmen, joggers and bikers and depends on too many factors, as wetting, chafe and rubbing and perpetual contact with allergic fabric and their dyes during training. We have chosen a panel group of 11 bikers who like to ride 60 km/day and after having stated all the grades of the skin erythemas and all symptoms of ITR, we prayed them to apply two emulsions apt to cure all the causes that evoke ITR. To do this, we have prayed the volunteers to respond to questionnaires and we have examinated day after day for a week, noticing the eventual remission, that can be designated in 3-4 days for almost 70% of cases.........

Keywords: ITR, bikers, Zinc oxide, tocopherol, blisters

[1]. Freedberg, et al:. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.)2003; Ed. McGraw-Hill. p. 436.

[2]. Berger W, Timothy J; Dirk E; . Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). 2005.Ed Saunders. p. 125.

[3]. Beers MH, Porter RS, et al. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 18th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2006:1642-1644.

[4]. Passarini B, Infusino SD. Erythema nodosum. G Ital Dematol Venereol. 2013;148(4):413-7. [5]. Requena L, Sanchez Yus E. Erythema Nodosum. Dermatologic Clinics. 2008;26(4).

Abstract: Introduction: The anatomic location of the mental foramen is still a matter of debate. There are variations in the position of mental foramen in different populations. These variations indicate accurate detection of mental foramen position which result in safer dental procedures. Aim: To carry out a morphometric assessment of the mental foramen in patients with different facial types. Material and Methods:Ninety computerized cone beam tomographic scans from brachycephalic (n=30), dolicocephalic (n=30) and mesocephalic (n=30) facial types were used. Computerized cone beam tomographic scans were obtained using a Tomographic I Cat Unit and the Dolphin Imaging 11.0 Program. The mental foramen position was evaluated and compared in the three subgroups. The Bartlett and Shapiro-Wilk´s tests were used to evaluate the homogeneity of the variances. Influence of the three facial types on cephalometric measurements was evaluated using two way ANOVA and Tukey´s test. Correlationsbetweenage and some measurements of interest were assessed using Pearson´s moment correlation test.........

Keywords: Mandibular Nerve. Cephalometry.Cone-Beam-Computed Tomography. Anatomic Variations

[1]. Cabanillas PJ, Quea, CE. Morphological and morphometric study of the mental foramen using cone-beam CT in dentate adult patients. Odontoestomatol 2014; 16: 4-12.
[2]. Neiva RF,Gapski R, Wang HL. Morphometric analysis of implant related anatomy in Caucasian skulls. J Periodontol 2004; 75: 1061-67.
[3]. Al-Juboori MJ, Al-Waakel HA, Weng FS, Yun CM. Mental foramen location and its implication in dental treatment plan. WJMMSR 2014; 2: 35-42.
[4]. Al-Juboori MJ, Hua CM, Yuen KY. The importance of the mental foramen location detection by using different radiographic techniques. IJMI 2014; 2: 63-8.
[5]. Zhang ZL, Cheng JG, Li G, Shi XQ, Zhang JZ, Zhang ZY et al. Detection accuracy of condylar bony defects in promax 3D cone bean CT images scanned with different protocols. DentomaxillofacRad 2013; 42 (5): 1-6.

Abstract: Surgery is the oldest and continues to be the most reliable form of treatment of malignancy. The treatment of the neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero-digestive tract and other neoplasms of the head and neck region continues to be one of the most controversial issues in head and neck oncology. It is very crucial for an oral and maxillofacial surgeon to have a depth of knowledge in the surgical anatomy of neck, levels of lymph nodes, incisions, flaps, various types of neck dissections its indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages and complications. This review on neck dissection is published for providing the information in detail.

Keywords: Neck Dissection, History, Types, Techniques, Complications

[1]. Charles w. Cummings, john m. Fredrickson, lee a. Harker, charles j. Krause, david e. Schurller. Neck dissection. Otolaryngology- head and neck surgery. Vol. Ii, 2nd edition. 1993: 1649-1672.
[2]. Ian a. Mcgregor, frances m. Mcgregor. Neck dissection. Cancer of the face and mouth – pathology and management for surgeons. Churchill livingstone.1986: 282- 320.
[3]. Ian t. Jackson. Inrtra oral tumour and cervical lymphadenectomy. Grabb & smith‟s plastic surgery. Sherrel j. Aston, robert w. Beasley, charles h. M. Thorne. 5th edition. Lippincott- raven . 1997 : 439 –452.
[4]. L. H. Sobin & ch wittekind. Tnm classification of malignant tumours. 5th edition. Uicc, a john wiley & sons inc. Publication. 1997.
[5]. P. Hermanek, r. V. P. Hutter, l. H. Sobin & ch wittekind. Tnm atlas. Illustrated guide to the tnm / ptnm classification of malignant tumours. 4th edition. Springer. 1997..

Abstract: There has been a global pandemic of periodontal diseases with a rising prevalence worldwide. In Nigeria, reported cases of rising prevalence have occurred because of poor oral hygiene, and other related factors. This descriptive survey study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of periodontal diseases in Orlu Local Government Area of Imo state, Nigeria. The main instrument for data collection was a structured interview questionnaire bordering on biodata, economic status, oral hygiene, as well as dental care assessment. A sample of 500 was randomly selected from the population i.e males and females of ages between 6-55yeras (schooling and working population). Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, histograms, and pie chart. Results showed that 470(94%) respondents have had one form of periodontal disease while 30(6%) never had it..........

Keywords: Prevalence, periodontal disease, gingivitis, Orlu.

[1]. Mark H, Beers MD (2001). The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy, white house station, N.J. U.S.A
[2]. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann. Periodontal.1999;4:1-6
[3]. Preus HR, Anerud A, Boysen H, Dunford RG, Zambon JJ. The natural history of periodontal diseases. J. Clin periodontal.1995; 22 (9): 674-8.
[4]. Kim J, Amar S. Periodontal disease and systemic conditions: a bidirectional relationship. Odontology. 2006; 94(1): 10-21.
[5]. Humphrey LL, Fu R, Buckley DI, Freeman M, Helfand M. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence. J Gen Intern Med. 2008.;23(12) 2079-86.
[6]. Zadik Y, Bechor R, Shochat Z, Galor S. "Ethnic origin and alveolar loss in Israeli adults" (in Hebrew). Refunt Hapeh Vehashinayim. 2008;25(2); 19- 22,72

Abstract: Context: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a spectrum of pathophysiological process that is associated with dysfunction of kidney and the progressive decrease in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).(1)Strategies to prevent the development and progression of LV dysfunction at an early stage may prove more effective. Aim Of The Study: To assess the presence of Left Ventricular (systolic and/ or diastolic) dysfunction in patients with CKD. To evaluate the correlation between Left Ventricular dysfunction and eGFR in CKD patients To compare the Left Ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive and normotensive CKD patients Settings And Design: Cross sectional analytical study Materials And Methods: This study is to be conducted among 100 established CKD patients from May 2014 to August 2014,who are admitted in Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai in the General Medicine and Nephrology Departments and 50 age and sex matched controls. Out of the 100.........

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease,estimated GFR,left ventricular dysfunction

[1]. Michael Chonchol and David. M. Spiegel. The patient with Chronic Kidney Disease :Manual of Nephrology: – 7th edition pg 185 – 192
[2]. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 2007;298:2038-2047
[3]. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16:31-
[4]. Shulman NB, Ford CE, Hall WD, et al. Prognostic value ofserum creatinine and effect of treatment of hypertension onrenal function: results from the Hypertension Detection andFollow-up Program. The Hypertension Detection and FollowupProgram Cooperative Group. Hypertension. 1989;13(Suppl):I80-93.
[5]. Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Ibrahim H, et al. Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomesin the community. J Am CollCardiol. 2003;41:47-55.

Abstract: We assessed the knowledge and awareness of menopausal coping strategies among women in Umuowa community, and we specifically looked at diet, exercise, estrogen replacement and their overall level of knowledge to these coping strategies. Two hundred and thirty-two respondents who had experienced menopausal symptoms responded to a questionnaire. Data collected was presented in tables and described with frequency distributions and percentages. Results showed that the level of awareness of diet, exercise and estrogen replacement as coping strategies for menopause were low. Also the overall knowledge about these strategies was also low among the women.........

Keywords: Menopause, Knowledge, awareness, coping strategies.

[1]. Imogie AO. 2002. Post menopausal health problems and coping mechanisms of women. Nigerian journal of health education. 7(1): 45-55.
[2]. Andrea C. 2014. An overview of menopause: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2014). ACOG practice bulletin no.141: Management of Menopausal Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:202-16.
[3]. Masters B, Johnson. 2001. Human sexual response. Chicago; unity press
[4]. Wood V. 2001. The plight of the older women. Manchester; Blackwell publishers.
[5]. Michinlay SN. 2004. Selected studies on menopause. Journal of Bio Social Science. 5(5):53-75..

Abstract: The root canal is a complex system of finely tuned and synchronized small tributaries present along the body of tooth dentine. Therefore, knowledge of pulp anatomy is essential for endodontic treatment success, as lack of sound knowledge of the pulp anatomy can contribute to treatment failure. With the advancement of technological aids and numerous research have laid the foundation of multi rooted teeth or canals as the rule rather than exception. As such, bifurcating canals, multiple foramina, fins, deltas, loops, cul-de-sacs, C-shaped canals and accessory canals are commonly encountered in most teeth. So, accurate diagnosis followed by location, cleaning and shaping and finally obturation of such variations of canals is important as it determines the prospect of success of endodontic therapy

Keywords: cleaning, morphology, pulp anatomy, root canals ,shaping

[1]. Slowey RR. Root canal anatomy. Road map to successful endodontics. Dent Clin North Am 1979;23:555-73
[2]. B.M. Clegborn, W.H. Christie, C.C.S. Dong .The root and root canal morphology of the human mandibular second premolar: a literature review .J Endod, 33 (9) (2007), pp. R.
[3]. Zillich, J. Dowson .Root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars .Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 36 (5) (1973), pp. 738–744.1031–1037
[4]. F.J. Vertucci .Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars .J Am Dent Assoc, 97 (1978), pp. 47–50
[5]. P. Geider, C. Perrin, M. Fontaine,Endodontic anatomy of lower premolars: apropos of 669 cases, J Odontol Conserv, 10 (1989), pp. 11–15

Abstract: Background: Preeclampsia syndrome is clinical spectrum of worsening disease with attenuated manifestations to cataclysmic deterioration, Life threatening for both mother and fetus. It affects 5-10% of all pregnancies & forms deadly triad with haemorrhage and infection being a direct cause of maternal mortality. Preeclampsia is associated with hyper insulinemia, increased insulin resistance which induces hypertriglyceridemia, endothelial dysfunction. It may lead to preeclampsia in genetically predisposed pregnant women. Association of high serum lipids with gestational protinuric hyerptension is highly suggestive of role for lipid profile analysis as diagnostic tool for preeclampisa.........

Keywords: Preeclampsia, Insulin Resistance, Plasma Insulin Levels, Lipid profile, Pregnant

[1]. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY, Williams Obstetrics -24th Edition Hypertensive Disorders: Chapter 40 pg.728-779.
[2]. 2 WHO Recommendations for prevention and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia WHO/RHR/14.17 2013.
[3]. Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gulmezogler AM, VanLooket P, WHO Analysis of causes of maternal death : a systematic review, Lancet 2006; 367 (9516) : 1066-74.
[4]. Cutalano PM, Huston L, A mini SB, Kalhan SC. Longitudinal changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy in obese women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 180(4) : 903-16.
[5]. Seely EW, Solomon CG. Insulin resistance and its potential role in pregnancy induced hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003; 88(6) : 2393-8..

Abstract: Introduction: Lateral cephalograms display numerous cranial, facial and oral anatomic structures along with sella turcica which is considered vital for many radiographic analyses. It is demarcated by dense thin white line and is used to measure the position of maxilla & mandible in relation to the cranial base and to themselves. Various studies have found an association between morphological variations of sella to malocclusion and also gender differences have been noted. This retrospective study was carried out to evaluate these morphological variations of sella turcica and its relation to type of malocclusion. AAiimm:: To determine dimensions and morphological variations of sella turcica in different age groups & correlation between sella and type of malocclusion........

Keywords: Lateral cephalogram, Sella turcica, Sella dimensions and morphology, Type of malocclusion

[1]. Shah A M, Bashir U. The Shape And Size Of The Sella Turcica In Skeletal Class I, II & III patients, presenting at Islamic International
[2]. Dental Hospital, Islamabad. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal.2011 JUNE,31;1
[3]. Kucia A, Jankowski T , Siewniak M, Janiszewska-Olszowska J.Sella turcica anomalies on lateral cephalometric radiographs of Polish
[4]. children. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology (2014),43:1-6
[5]. Nagraj T, Shruthi R, James L, Keerthi I, Balraj L, Goswami RD.The size and morphology of sella turcica: A lateral cephalometric..

Abstract: Purpose: This is an in vitro study to compare fracture resistance of different reattachment techniques and adhesive materials on incisal tooth fragment reattachment. Methodology: 100 sound human maxillary central incisors were selected .10 were maintained as a control group. Remaining 90 were divided randomly into 3 groups (n=30) based upon the materials used for reattachment and further divided into 3 subgroups (n=10) on the basis of different reattachment techniques. The materials used are dual cure resin cement, flowable composite, nano hybrid composite and three different reattachment techniques used were simple reattachment , overcontour and internal dentinal groove. Data was analyzed with ANOVA (One-Way) test and Post-Hoc Bonferroni test. Results: The control group had a significantly higher fracture resistance (p= 0.001); the highest fracture resistance values were obtained by Dual cure resin cement followed by Nano hybrid composite and minimum in Flowable composite .When compared between three different reattachment techniques internal dentinal groove showed the maximum fracture resistance followed by over contour technique and minimum showed the simple reattachment technique.........

Keywords: Reattachment technique; Tooth fracture; Dentin bonding agent; Composite resin

[1]. Dietschi D, Jacoby T, Dietschi JM, Schatz JP. Treatment of traumatic injuries in the front teeth: restorative aspects in crown fractures. Pract Periodontics Aesthetic Dent PPAD. 2000 Oct;12(8):751–758; quiz 760.
[2]. Hamilton FA, Hill FJ, Holloway PJ. An investigation of dento-alveolar trauma and its treatment in an adolescent population. Part 1: The prevalence and incidence of injuries and the extent and adequacy of treatment received. Br Dent J. 1997 Feb 8;182(3):91–5.
[3]. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, L. Andersson. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth. 4th ed.
[4]. Andreasen FM, Norén JG, Andreasen JO, Engelhardtsen S, Lindh-Strömberg U. Long-term survival of fragment bonding in the treatment of fractured crowns: a multicenter clinical study. Quintessence Int Berl Ger 1985. 1995 Oct;26(10):669–81.
[5]. Olsburgh S, Jacoby T, Krejci I. Crown fractures in the permanent dentition: pulpal and restorative considerations. Dent Traumatol Off Publ Int Assoc Dent Traumatol. 2002 Jun;18(3):103–15..

Abstract: Aim : To compare postoperative analgesia among epidural Tramadol, Fentanyl & Buprenorphine over first 24 hours in terms of onset of analgesia, duration, quality of analgesia, number of doses, haemodynamic parameters, respiratory rate and side effects. Methods And Materials: This study was a prospective comparative randomized study. After ethical committee approval a total of 60 patients undergoing elective lower limb or lower abdominal surgeries : were divided into three groups (Group T, Group F and Group B) of twenty each. All the patients were premedicated with Tab. Alprazolam 0.25 mg at 10pm night before surgery and Tab.Ranitidine 150 mg at 7am on day of surgery . Results. The demographic profile (age wise and weight wise distribution) was comparable in all the three groups. The onset of analgesia was shortest (3.75 ± 0.36 min) in fentanyl group followed by tramadol (7.76 ± 0.65 min) and buprenorphine (13.98 ± 1.46 min) groups........

[1]. Desai P, Patel P, Gupta A (2006) Epidural analgesia in labor. J Obstet Gynaecol India 56: 417-422.
[2]. Shital H, Hardik B, Rachit M, Devanshi P (2013) A study of fetomaternal outcome of epidural analgesia during labor. National Journal of Medical Research.
[3]. Dahan A, Yassen A, Bijl H, et al. Comparison of the respiratory effects of intrave- nous buprenorphine and fentanyl in humans and rats. Br J Anaesth 2005;94(6):825–34.
[4]. Fang J, Hwang T, Huang Y, et al. Transdermal iontophoresis of sodium noniva- mide acetate. V. Combined effect of physical enhancement methods. Int J Pharm 2002;235(1–2):95–105.
[5]. Simpson K. Individual choice of opioids and formulations: strategies to achieve the optimum for the patient. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21(Suppl 1):S5–8.

Abstract: Background: Primary open angle glaucoma is the commonest form of glaucoma accounting for atleast half of all the glaucomas. It is also known as chronic open angle glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma. It is typically asymptomatic until significant visual field loss has occurred. Patients usually present with significant visual field loss in one eye and advanced disease in the other. Diabetes Mellitus is one of the risk factors for POAG. Objectives: • To study the hospital based prevalence of POAG among the diabetic patients attending Tertiary Eye Hospital camp. • To screen all diabetics for glaucoma. Methods: Four hundred diabetic patients, both insulin dependent and non insulin dependent, above forty years of age, attending Tertiary Eye Hospital, who came to Department of Ophthalmology through camp, between September 2016 and May2017, were screened for the detection of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma..........

Keywords: Primary open angle glaucoma; Diabetes Mellitus; Prevalence.

[1]. Becker B. Diabetes Mellitus and Primary open angle glaucoma. The XXVII Edwark Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol
1971, 71, 1-16. 108
[2]. Bouzas AG, Gragoudas ES, Balodimos MC. Intraocular pressure in diabetes. Relationship to retinopathy and blood glucose level.
Arch Ophthalmol 1971; 85: 423-427.
[3]. Armaly MF, Balaglou JP. Diabetes mellitus and the eye. II Intraocular pressure and aqueous outflow facility. Arch Ophthalmol
1967; 77: 493-502.
[4]. Bankes JLK. Ocular tension and diabetes mellitus. Br J Ophthalmol 1967, 51, 557-561.
[5]. Dielemeans I, Dejohn PT, Stolk R. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Intraocular pressure and diabetes mellitus in the general elderly
population: The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 1996 Aug, 103 (8), 1271-1275

Abstract: The root canal is a complex system of finely tuned and synchronized small tributaries present along the body of tooth dentine. Therefore, knowledge of pulp anatomy is essential for endodontic treatment success, as lack of sound knowledge of the pulp anatomy can contribute to treatment failure. With the advancement of technological aids and numerous research have laid the foundation of multi rooted teeth or canals as the rule rather than exception. As such, bifurcating canals, multiple foramina, fins, deltas, loops, cul-de-sacs, C-shaped canals and accessory canals are commonly encountered in most teeth. So, accurate diagnosis followed by location, cleaning and shaping and finally obturation of such variations of canals is important as it determines the prospect of success of endodontic therapy.

Keywords: cleaning, morphology, pulp anatomy, root canals, shaping

[1]. Slowey RR. Root canal anatomy. Road map to successful endodontics. Dent Clin North Am 1979;23:555-73
[2]. B.M. Clegborn, W.H. Christie, C.C.S. Dong .The root and root canal morphology of the human mandibular second premolar: a literature review .J Endod, 33 (9) (2007), pp. R.
[3]. Zillich, J. Dowson .Root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars .Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 36 (5) (1973), pp. 738–744.1031–1037
[4]. F.J. Vertucci .Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars .J Am Dent Assoc, 97 (1978), pp. 47–50
[5]. P. Geider, C. Perrin, M. Fontaine,Endodontic anatomy of lower premolars: apropos of 669 cases, J Odontol Conserv, 10 (1989), pp. 11–15..

Abstract: Dengue fever is a zoonotic arthropod-borne viral disease caused by Dengue fever virus (DENV) of the Genus Flavivirus and the FamilyFlaviviridaethat is endemic in Africa and beyond. The illness could be fatal especially among children and depleted patients.This study was designed to diagnose recentDengue virus infectionsamong febrile patients attending University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital using ELISA kits for the detection of DENV IgM antibodies and NS1 antigens. Ninety one (91) venous blood samples were randomly collected from patients attending Maiduguri Teaching Hospital for malaria test between January and May, 2016. The samples were analysed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays for dengue virus IgM antibodies (manufactured by Inverness Innovations Australia Pty Ltd ) and for Dengue virus NS1antigens (manufactured by Bio-Rad, France). The results showed a prevalence rate of 37.4% for DENV IgM antibodies and 9.9% for DENV NS1 antigens, with 3.3% of the subjects testingpositive for both IgM and NS1 antigen........

Keywords: Dengue Fever Virus,Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay,IgM antibodies, NS1 antigen, Febrile patients,University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

[1]. Chamber TJ, Hahn CS, GallerR, Rice CM. Flavivirus genome, organization, expression and replication. Annual Review of Microbiology. 1990; 44: 649-688.
[2]. Bain SV. Dengue fever: An emerging infectious disease in The Bahamas. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies.2011; 17(2): 67-72doi:10.15362/ijbs.v17i2.155.
[3]. Weaver SC, Reisen WK. Present and future arboviral threats. Antiviral Resarch. 2010; 85: 328-345. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.008
[4]. Gubler DJ. Dengue Viruses. In: Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology, Mahy, B.W.J., and Van Regenmortel, M.H.V (Eds.), Academic Press, Oxford, ISBN -10: 0123785596. 2010. pp: 372-82
[5]. Guzman MG, Halstead SC, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, Gubler DJ, et al. Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2010; 8(12):S7–S16. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2460

Abstract: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) may have frequent episodes of abdominal pain and/or fever of uncertain cause. While many of these episodes represent the possibility of complications; Computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate 67 Saudi Arabian patients with SCD .In 67 of the patients; the liver was affected in 59 patients, lungs in 56 patients, kidneys in 55 and gall bladder in 22 patients and pancreas in 5 cases. Spleen abnormalities were found to be Splenomegaly, cyst, abscess, infarction, Splenomegaly with cyst
and Splenomegaly with abscess where the patient's age and SC type were considered. Hepatic abnormalities including focal necrosis, Hepatomegaly, abscess, cyst; infarction as well; Cholelithiasis, gall stones and dilated common bile duct and acute pancreatitis were also considered as an important manifestation of SCD. Renal abnormalities were found to be papillary necrosis, renal abscess, Stones with hydronephrosis, renal vein thrombosis, renal failure and renal infarction.........

Keywords: Sickle cell disease, Computerizes Tomography ,Saudi Arabia, manifestation.

[1]. Beeson PB, McDermott W, Wyngaanden JB. Cecil textbook of medicine. 15th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1979.
[2]. Williams WJ, Beutlen E, Erspen AJ, Rundles RW. Hematology. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1977.
[3]. Magid D, Fishman EK, Siegelman 55. Computed tomography of the spleen and liver in sickle cell disease. AJR 1984; 143:245-
249.
[4]. Bunn HF. Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:762–9.
[5]. <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease>.