iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2017

Abstract: In order that the eye may satisfactorily perform its duties as an organ of vision, it is essential that the media should be optically transparent and that sharp image of object of outer world be formed upon the retina. For these purpose the cornea and the lens must be avascular and transparent and the fluid filling the globe be optically clear and at the same time remain under sufficient pressure to keep the walls of the globe taut and the optical surface in proper position. To attain these purposes , physiology of the eye differs in many respects from that of other organs. The main problem being concerned with the nature and formation of the intraocular fluid and the maintenance of intraocular pressure(IOP).To maintain of intraocular pressure(IOP) depends upon two factors (i)Formation of intraocular fluid(II)The resistance of its outflow........

[1]. Allimuddin,m. : British, journal. ophthalmology
[2]. Alder F.H. : Physiology of the eye St. Louis, C.V. Mosby.
[3]. Armaly, M.F. : American. journal.
[4]. Ophthalmology.Becker,B. : Friedenwald J.S.: Arch. Ophthalmology. Badlini,H.G.& : Journal all india Ophthalmology Telan B.D.
[5]. Duke-Elder : Journal Physiology

Abstract: Direct inguinal hernias are less likely to present as incarceration or strangulation as compared to indirect inguinal hernia, because they have wide neck. We present a case of an 80-year-old male presented with irreducible and painful swelling over the right inguinal region and features of intestinal obstruction. On exploration the obstructed hernia was found to be a direct type with gangrenous sac wall containing congested extra peritoneal pad of fat, cord structures, even the right testes was gangrenous. After gaining viability the content was reduced, posterior wall defect was closed and modified Bassini's repair was done with a right orchidectomy. A long standing direct inguinal hernia may present as acute or sub acute intestinal obstruction especially in elderly patients. Therefore, we should repair direct inguinal hernias on an elective basis in any age group.

Keywords: direct inguinal hernia, strangulation, Bassini's repair, orchidectomy.

[1]. Beauchamp CM, Ever BM, Mattox KL. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The biological basis of Modern Surgical Practice, 19ed. vol-2. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012. p. 1114.
[2]. McIntosh A, Hutchinson A, Roberts A, Withers H. Evidence-based management of groin hernia in primary care--a systematic review. Fam Pract 2000 Oct;17(5):442–7.
[3]. Gould J. Laparoscopic versus open inguinal hernia repair. Surg Clin North Am 2008 Oct;88(5):1073–81,vii–viii.
[4]. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW. Maingot's Abdominal Operations, 12ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education; 2012. p. 124.
[5]. Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al. Schwartz's Principles Of Surgery, 10ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education; 2014. p. 1496.

Abstract: Introduction: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI's) are commonly caused by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL), Amp C and Metallo β-lactamase producing gram negative bacilli from clinical isolates obtained from patients attending G.S Medical College and Hospital, Pilkhuwa, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 263 clinical isolates obtained from skin and soft tissue infections were processed from September 2016 to May 2017 in this study. The isolates were identified by conventional microbiological methods and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on Mueller Hinton Agar plate by
Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. All the organisms suspected to be methic illin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among gram positive cocci and those gram negative bacilli producing ESBL were detected by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test...............

Keywords-:Amp C, ESBL, Gram positive cocci, Gram negative bacilli, MRSA

[1]. Kalyanakrishnan R, Salinas RC, Higuita NIA. Skin and Soft tissue infections. American Family Physician 92(6), 2015,474-83.
[2]. Dryden MS. Skin and soft tissue infection: Microbiology and epidemiology. Int J Antimicrobial Agents 34(1), 2009, S2-S7.
[3]. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJ et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Skin and soft tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 41, 2005, 1373-406.
[4]. Thenmozhi S, Moorthy K, Sureshkumar BT, Suresh M. Antibiotic resistance mechanism of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in clinical field: A Review. Int J Pure App Biosci2(3), 2014, 207-226.
[5]. Seaton RA. Skin and soft tissue infection diagnosis and management. Clinical Pharmacist, ,1,2009, 13-22.

Abstract: Introduction: Early and Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) along with appropriate complementary feeding has now been well recognised as one of the most effective interventions for child survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality. In India 20 million babies don't receive EBF. Aims & Objectives: To assess and compare the present scenario and trends of awareness and practices of IYCF among mothers in Haryana and Punjab. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted at state health institutions in Barnala and Kaithal. A standardized, structured, pretested, closed ended questionnaire was used for face-to-face interview mothers of child below 2 years. Results: In group A and B, 38.89 % and 61.67%of the respondents respectively were aware of initiation of breastfeeding in 1st hour of birth but only half practice. EBF rates for 0-6 months were found to be 39.44% & 37.78 % in 2 districts.Only around 20 % mothers had continued breastfeeding beyond 18 months.47 % mothers in Kaithal and 60% mothers in Barnala stated that they had not been formally counselled, guided or advised by anyone. Discussion: Barnala scored better than Kaithal and NFHS figures in early initiation.Rates of exclusive breastfeeding were found to be lower in both districts thannational figures of NFHS-3 in 2005-06.Around 60% of mothers in both the groups had started mix feeding in first 6 months..................

Keywords-: IYCF, Breastfeeding, Infant feeding, feeding practices

[1]. Guidelines for enhancing optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding practices;Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2013.
[2]. Vyas S et al; A community based study on breastfeeding practices in a rural area of Uttarakhand. National Journal of Community Medicine Vol 3 Issue 2; 2012, p 282.
[3]. Trends in 3 indicators of Breastfeeding; BPNI. Available at :
a. http://bpni.org/WBW/2012/Trends-3indicators-of-Breastfeeding.pdf[accessed on 14-09-2014].
[4]. WHO Infant and Young Child Feeding: A tool for assessing national practices, policies and programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
[5]. Garg R, Deepti S, Singh T. Study on delivery practices among women in rural Punjab.Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues; Vol. 33 (1), 23-33, 2010.

Abstract: Solitary fibrous tumours are rare mesenchymal soft tissue tumours arising from multiple sites in the body including the dura and the intracranial ventricles. These masses are grouped along with rare haemangiopericytomas which form about less than 0.4 % of all CNS tumours. Locally aggressive solitary fibrous tumours closely mimic other dural based tumours most likely meningiomas. We report a case of biopsy proven solitary fibrous tumour from tentorium operated in a 60 year old adult and discuss the imaging features in other related dural based masses.

[1]. Alice Boyd Smith ,Iren Horkanyne-Szakaly, Janson W.Schroeder,Elisabeth J.Rushing Mass lesions of the dura: beyond meningioma-Radiologic-pathologic correlation Radiographics 2014 ; 34: 295-312.
[2]. Mahlon D. Johnson, Suzanne Z. Powell ,Philip J.Boyer , Robert J.Weil, Paul L Moots Dural lesions mimicking meningiomas Hum Pathol 2002 33: 1211-1226.
[3]. Danai Chourmouzi, StamatiaPotsi, Anestis Moumtzouoglou,Elisavet Papadopoulou,Kostas Drevelegas, Thomas Zaraboukas,Antonios Drevelegas Dural lesions mimicking meningiomas ; a pictoral essay World J Radiol 2012 mar 28 ; 4 (3) : 75-82.
[4]. Barba I, Moreno A, Martinez-Perez I, et al Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain hemangiopericytoma: high myoinositol
[5]. concentrations and discrimination from meningioma J Neurosurg 2001 ; 94(1): 55-60

Abstract: Multiple Mandibular Tori are common localized overgrowths of the bone. They are non – neoplatic and are thought to be reactive or developmental in origin . These need to be accurately distinguished from other more diagnostically significant lesions. The etiology of the Mandibular tori has been investigated by different authors, but no consensus has been reached so far. We are reporting three cases of an otherwise healthy patients from the age group of 45-65 years with Mandibular Tori, which were correlated both clinically and radiographically.

Keywords-: Tori, Torus Mandibularis, Totrus palatinus

[1]. Andres S.Garcia-Garcia et al. Current status of the torus palatines and torus mandibularis.Med Oral Patol oral Cir Bucal.2010;1:15(2):e353-60.
[2]. Kuk Han lee,Jong Hun Lee,Ho Jung Lee.Concurrence of torus mandibularis with multiple buccal exostoses.2013;40(4):466-468.
[3]. Jainkittivong A, Apinhasmit W,Swasdison S.Prevalence and clinical charecteristics of Oral tori in 1520 Chulalongkorn University dental school patients.Surg Radiol Anat.2007;29(2):125-31.
[4]. Shah DS,Sanghavi SJ, Chawda JD,Shah RM.Prevalence of torus palatines and torus mandibularis in 1000 patients.Indian J Dent Res.1992;3(4):107-10.
[5]. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology;Developmental defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region by Naville,Damm Allen Bouquot ;Restricted South Asia edition Third Edition reprint 2009 Chapter 1,Page 672.

Abstract: Breast pain or mastalgia is the most common clinical problems with which most of the women approach to our surgical outpatient department. Several treatments have been proposed in management of mastalgia but yet recently diclofenac gel has been proven to be effective in treatment of mastalgia. This study is to compare the effectiveness of diclofenac gel and evening primrose oil in management of mastalgia. Between march 2016 and September 2016, 80 patients with mastalgia who got consultation as outpatient or inpatient in Institute of General Surgery, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai were subjected to evaluation and manag.................

Keyword: mastalgia, breast pain, analgesics, breast support, cancer fear, Visual Analogue Scale

[1]. Oksa S, Luukkaala T, Mäenpää J. Toremifene for premenstrual mastalgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. BJOG 2006; 113:1-6.
[2]. Tajima C: Luteotropic effects of tamoxifen in infertile women. Fertil Steril 1984; 42:223-7.
[3]. Oksa S, Luukkaala T, Mäenpää J. The antioestrogen toremifene has luteotropic effects in women suffering from premenstrual mastalgia. Acta Endocrinol 2008;
[4]. Oksa S, Parkkola R, Luukkaala T, Mäenpää J. Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Women Treated with Toremifene for Premenstrual Mastalgia. Acta Radiol 2009; 50:984-89.
[5]. Eng-Wong J, Orzano-Birgani J, Chow CK, et al. Effect of raloxifene on mammographic density and breast magnetic resonance imaging in premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1696-1701.

Abstract: Background And Objectives: Various studies have implicated the association of oxidative stress and nitric oxide depletion in essential hypertension. This condition aggravates endothelial dysfunction and leads to atherosclerosis. Hypertension is a major risk factor and plasma fibrinogenis a consistent predictor of cardiovascular diseases. Hence this study was designed to evaluate the correlation of oxidative stress, nitric oxide and plasma fibrinogen in hypertensive patients of Southern Odisha. Material And Methods: This case-control study included 92 hypertensive males and an equal number of matched controls. Oxidative stress was measured by FOX2 ,anti oxidant status by FRAP, serum nitric oxide by Griess method and plasma fibrinogen by commercial kits from Tulip diagnostics............

[1]. Krousel- A., et al. "Primary prevention of essential hypertension." Medical Clinics of North America 88.1 (2004): 223-238

[2]. Becker, Lance B. "New concepts in reactive oxygen species and cardiovascular reperfusion physiology." Cardiovascular research 61.3 (2004): 461-470
[3]. Pedro- Botet J. Conas MI, Martin S, Rubies Prat J: Decreased endogenous antioxidant enzymatic status in essential hypertension. J. Hum Hypertension. 2000; 14: 343-345

[4]. Cabassi, Aderville, et al. "Effect of antioxidant treatments on nitrate tolerance development in normotensive and hypertensive rats." Journal of hypertension 18.2 (2000): 187-196.

[5]. Manning Jr, R. Davis, Niu Tian, and ShumeiMeng. "Oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in hypertension and the associated renal damage." American journal of nephrology 25.4 (2005): 311-317

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is commonest endocrine metabolic disorder affecting the people all over the world. Diabetes as a group tends to have higher lipid levels than non diabetics and this abnormality is exaggerated in patients having poor diabetes control. hyperlipidemia is associated with micro and macro vascular impairments like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Material and methods: The subjects for the study are selected from patients who are admitted to Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences Ranchi, Jharkhand Study design:- case-control clinical study Sample size:- 100 Result:-TG, VLDLC, was significantly higher and HDLc level lower in diabetics than healthy controls.TC and LDLc were other fractions which were slightly above optimal level in diabetics. Among the complication, diabetic retinopathy was the commonest complication (42%), followed by neuropathy (36%) and IHD (34%), nephropathy (28%), PVD (12%) and cerebrovascular accidents (8%)..................

Keywords-: Complications, diabetes, lipid profile

[1]. Suri, R.K., Guptha, M.M and Chakkravarthi, A.K. Hyper-lipidaemias and vascular populations of diabetes mellitus. J . Ass. Phys. India. 27: 505 (1979).
[2]. Verges., Dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus. Review of the main lipoprotein abnormalities and their consequences on development of atherogenesis. Diabetes Metabol.25, Suppl 3:32-40.1999.
[3]. Gulanick M, Cofer LA Coronary risk factors: influences on the lipid profile. J cardiovascNurs 14: 16-28.2000.
[4]. Ginsberg HN, Illingworth DR., postprandial dyslipidemia: an atherogenic disorder corrunon in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am. J Cardiol-20; 88. 9, 2001.
[5]. Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP), Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III), NHLBI, National institute of health, may 2011.
[6]. CMDT 2015.

Abstract: IUGR is said to be present in those babies whose birth weight is below the tenth percentile of the average for the gestational age. Incidence among term babies is 5%.Incidence in preterm babies is 15%. Lubchenaco and co-workers published norms for expected fetal weight at a given gestational week, Battalgia and Lubchenaco then classified small for gestational age infants as those whose Birth weight were below the 10th percentile for their gestetional age. These infants were shown to be at increased risk for Neonatal death. Neonatal mortality rate of SGA infant born at 38 wks was 1% compared with that of 0.2% in those with appropriate birth weight. There are several nomogroms to determine percentile distribution of birth weights at different gestational ages. Nomograms by Brenner et. al., (1976),................

[1]. Fetal growth restriction: evaluation and management. In James DK, Steer PJ, Weiner CP, Gonik B. Editors - High risk pregnancy - Management options - second edition. London W.B. Saunders pp. 291.
[2]. Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LO. A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age. The J Pedia 1967; 71:159 - 163.
[3]. Usher R, McLean RNF, Intrauterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at sea level: standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks of gestation. The J Pediatrics 1969; 74 : 901 - 910.
[4]. Mc Intire DD, Bloom SL, Casey BM et. al. Birth weight in relation to morbidity and mortality among newborn infants. N Engl. J Med. 1999; 340 : 1234 - 1238.
[5]. Rekonen A, Luotola H, Pitkanen M et. al. Measurement of intervillous and myometrial blood flow by an intravenous 133Xe method. Br. J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83: 723 - 728.

Abstract: Background: Patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have different symptoms and a different patho-physiologic mechanism than do patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Diagnosis of reflux remains a controversial area. Double-probe pH testing, although it is the current standard for diagnosis, will not positively identify LPR in every case. Objective: To assess laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) patients by taking proper history and thorough clinical examination, and to record the video laryngoscopic findings of LPR patients. Method: Belafsky et al developed an eight-item clinical severity scale for judging laryngscopic findings, the Reflux Finding Score (RFS), which is found to be useful for assessment and follow-up of LPR patients. Also they developed a 9-item, self-administered, disease-specific outcome instrument for LPR................

Keywords-: Laryngopharyngeal reflux, Reflux Finding Score, Reflux Symptom Index.

[1]. Ford CN. Evaluation and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux. JAMA 2005;294(12):1534-40.
[2]. Andersson O, Ylitalo R, Finizia C, Bove M, Ruth M. Pharyngeal reflux episodes at pH 5 in healthy volunteers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:138-43.
[3]. Diamond L. Laryngopharyngel reflux-it's not GERD. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 2005;18(8)50-3.
[4]. Yuksel EF, Vaezi MF. Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Cornerstone 2003;59:574–80.
[5]. Belafsky PC, Rees CJ. Identifying and managing laryngopharyngeal reflux. Hosp Physician 2007;27(2):15-20

Abstract: Background: Adrenal gland dysfunction has been reported as the most common and most serious endocrine disorder affecting HIV/AIDS patients.The non-specific presentation and associated high morbidity and mortality of adrenal dysfunction renders its assessment highly imperative. Salivary cortisol measurement is non-invasive, highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of adreno-cortical disorders. Objective: To evaluate adreno-cortical function of HIV/AIDS patients using salivary cortisol. Materials And Methods: A cross sectional study in which eighty HIV positivepatients on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) (group I), eighty HAART naïve HIV positive patients (group II) and eighty HIV negative controls (group III) were recruited. Baseline morning saliva samples were collected from all the subjects and analysed for cortisol using Elisa kits sourced from Salimetrics Europe Limited. A short synacthen test was conducted on subjects with low baseline salivary cortisol and a late night salivary cortisol (LNSC) measurement was performed on subjects with high baseline salivary cortisol.................

Keywords-: adrenal cortex,AIDS,HAART, HIV, salivary cortisol.

[1]. N.Jain, M. Mittal, H. Dandu, P.S. Verma, M. Gutch, K.M. Tripathi,et al, An observational study of endocrine disorders in HIV infected patients from North India, Journal of HIV and Human Reproduction, 1(1), 2013, 20-24.
[2]. M.S. Eledrisi, A.C. Verghese, Adrenal insufficiency in HIV infection: a review and recommendations, American Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(12), 2001, 137-44.
[3]. A.D. Papaniculaou, N. Mullen, L. Kyrou, L.K. Nieman, Night time salivary cortisol: A useful test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,87(10), 2002, 4515-4521.
[4]. T. Carrol, H. Raff, J.W. Findling, Late-night salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism, 4(6), 2008, 344-50

[5]. S. Sakihara, K. Kaqeyama, Y. Oki, M. Doi, Y. Iwasaki, S. Takayasu, et al, Evaluation of plasma, salivary and urinary cortisol levels for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, Endocrinology Journal, 57(4), 2010, 331-7.

Abstract: The study was aimed to evaluate the diffuse liver diseases by using 2D-conventional ultrasound. A prospective, analytic, and descriptive study of abdominal ultrasound images of 100 subjects with diffuse liver diseases; fatty infiltration, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. An ultrasound assesses characteristics of the liver including (size, echogenicty, outline and intra hepatic duct), was collected and analyzed. Also cross tabulation was done to assess the relationship between all these variables and diffuse liver diseases. The study found that the liver cirrhosis is higher incidence in diffuse liver diseases representing 40% and more in age group between 31 and 45 years by percentage of 41% of diffuse liver disease, acute viral hepatitis were 31%, chronic hepatitis were 13% and fatty liver 16%.

Keywords-: ultrasound, liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, hepatitis.

[1]. Jane A. Bates. Abdominal ultrasound How, Why and When. 2ed edition. Elsevier limited; china: 2004.p.95.
[2]. Rose PR et al. Diffuse liver disease. [Online].2002 Feb; 6(1):181-201.Available from:URL:http://www.nih.gov.htm.
[3]. Jan A Bates. Abdominal ultrasound.2ed edition .2004: p. 1.
[4]. Hendee, WR. Medical imaging physics. 4th edition .Willey less; New York: 2002.P.10.
[5]. Syed Amir Gilani. Guidelines and protocols for medical diagnostic ultrasound. First edition. The brwin institute of ultrasound Asian and Middle East branch; Labore, Pakistan: 2002.P.28

Abstract: Background: The clinical presentation of TB among the HIV infected is dependent on degree of immune suppression. Patient who are severely immunosupressed are more likely to have atypical clinical features .The symptoms of TB are similar to those of many other opportunistic infections and a thorough work up may be required to establish the diagnosis. Method: 100 HIV positive patients were selected randomly confirmed with ELISA and Western Blot/ Line Immunoassay positives and were subjected to detailed clinical examination. Pleural fluid analyses were done as and when necessary. Results: Most common presenting symptoms were fever (78%), cough (75%) and breathlessness (62%). Pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 51% and extra pulmonary tuberculosis predominately TB lymphadenitis was present in 18%. Mean CD4 count in this study was 133.78±76.26 cells /micro l. 71% had CD4 count < 200cells /micro l.

Keywords-: TB, ELISA, HIV, CD4, clinical symptoms..

[1]. Tripathy S, Menon P, Joshi DR. Preliminary observation on lymphocyte subpopulations in HIV positive and HIV negative tuberculosis patients in Pune,India, Indian J Med Res 2000;111:195.
[2]. Harrison's Textbook of Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc 2005;1:1076-7.
[3]. Havlir DV, Barnes PF. Tuberculosis in patients with human Immunode ficiency virus infection. N EngI J Med 1999;340: 367-73.
[4]. Badri M, Ehrlich R, Wood R, et al. Association between tuberculosis and HIV disease progression in a high tuberculosis prevalence area. - Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001;5:225-32.
[5]. Wood R, Maartens G, Lombard CJ. Risk factors for developing tuberculosis in HIV -I-infected adults from communities with a low or very high incidence of tuberculosis.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:75-80.

Abstract: Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant congenital disorder of enchondral ossification. It is clinically characterized by low stature, craniofacial deformity, and vertebral malformation. Associated ophthalmic features include telecanthus, exotropia, angle anomalies, and cone-rod dystrophy. A 15 year old boy presented with diminution of vision in right eye and typical clinical features of achondroplasia. Two years back, he was diagnosed to have cataract in both eyes and his left eye was operated, after which vision improved. Anterior segment examination showed cataract in RE. As developmental cataract and achondroplasia are developmental disorders, regular ophthalmological examination is required in children with achondroplasia..

Keywords-:Achondroplasia, Developmental cataract, Congenital

[1]. Vajo Z, Francomano CA, Wilkin DJ. The molecular and genetic basis of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 disorders: the achondroplasia family of skeletal dysplasias, Muenke craniosynostosis, and Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:23–39

[2]. Richette P, Bardin T, Stheneur C. Achondroplasia: from genotype to phenotype. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75:125–130.

[3]. Maroteaux P. Osteochondrodysplasie. In: Maroteaux P, editor. Les maladies osseuses de lénfant. 3rd ed. Paris: Medicine-Sciences Flammarion; 1998. pp. 55–56.
[4]. A. H. Weiss, B. G. Kousseff, E. A. Ross, and J. Longbottom, "Simple microphthalmos," Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 107, no. 11, pp. 1625–1630, 1989.
[5]. G. A. Meyers, S. J. Orlow, I. R. Munro, K. A. Przylepa, and E. W. Jabs, "Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) transmembrane mutation in Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans," Nature Genetics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 462–464, 1995

Abstract: Introduction: Ankle fractures are increasingly common injuries that require a careful approach for proper and effective management. We aimed to evaluate the functional outcome of surgical management of malleolar fracture and its association with patient characteristics. Methodology: We performed an observational study in the Department of Orthopedics, Rural Medical College, Loni, Maharashtra from January 2016 till December 2016, in which we included patients with ankle facture and consented for surgery. At the time of admission, we collected patient related information like age, gender, mode of injury, mechanism of injury etc. All patients underwent evaluation of clinical outcome at the end of 6 months using Baird and Jackson criteria. The data will be analyzed by SPSS using appropriate statistical tests. p- value of less than 0.05 will be taken as level of significance..

Keywords-:ankle, surgery, clinical outcome, patient.

[1]. Daly PJ, Fitzgerald RH Jr, Melton LJ, Ilstrup DM. Epidemiology of ankle fractures in Rochester, Minnesota. Acta Orthop Scand 1987; 58:539.
[2]. Marsh, JL, Saltzman, CL. Ankle Fractures. In: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Bucholz, RW and Heckman, JD (Eds), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2002. p.2001.
[3]. Court-Brown CM, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult ankle fractures--an increasing problem? Acta Orthop Scand 1998; 69:43.
[4]. Baird RA, Jackson ST. Fractures of the distal part of the fibula with associated disruption of the deltoid ligament. Treatment without repair of the deltoid ligament. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume. 1987 Dec;69(9):1346-52.
[5]. Hughes JL, Weber H, Willenegger H, Kuner EH. Evaluation of ankle fractures: non-operative and operative treatment. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1979 Jan 1;138:111-9.

Abstract: And Aim: Oral health in pregnant women due to mother and fetus health is important.The aim of the present study was to determinate oral health behavior among pregnant women who attended to Kerman(Iran) health care centers. Methods And Material:This cross-sectional study conducted on 138 pregnant women. Data were collected through questionnaire consist of 2 parts:1)demographic data 2)6 question about oral health behavior .Data analyzed in SPSS 21 using T test and chi2 tests. p value considered at 0.05%significant level. Results :The mean age of participant was 28.3±5.46 years.Seven and two percent of participant did not brush
their teeth and 36.2% used dental floss regularly.The mean score of oral health behavior was 13.49±2.04 fro 18.There were significant correlation between educational level , gestation week and oral health behavior(p=0.014,0.027 )respectively...............

Keywords-: pregnancy ,oral health behavior ,dental visit

[1]. Gaffield M, Gilbert B, Malvitz D ,Romaguera R. Oral health during pregnancy: an analysis of information collected by the
pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system. Journal of the American Dental Association 2001;132:1009
[2]. Davenport ES, Williams C, Sterne JA, Murad S, Sivapathasundram V. Maternal periodontal disease and preterm low
birthweight: case-control study. Journal of Dental Research 2002; 81:313
[3]. Lisa B, Dorte J, Poul E. Self-reported gingival conditions and self-care in the oral health of Danish women during pregnancy.
Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2003; 30: 949-53 .
[4]. Gaszyńska E, Klepacz-Szewczyk J, Trafalska E, Garus-Pakowska A, Szatko F. Dental awareness and oral health of pregnant
women in Poland. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health. 2015;28(3):603-11.
[5]. Torabi M, Najafi G, Maskani A. Evaluation of CPITN index in pregnant women Kerman 2001 – 2002.Journal of Dental school
shahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 24 (1) :33-39. [In Persian]

Abstract: Background: Maternal mortality in India continues to be unacceptably high. This study was done to evaluate the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in our hospital, to assess the epidemiological aspects and causes of maternal mortality, and to suggest recommendations for improvement. Methods: This study was a 10 year retrospective study from year 2007 to 2016. Data was collected from the hospital record register, epidemiological factors and causes of maternal mortality were assessed. MMR was calculated. Results: Total 348 maternal deaths occurred in 10 years. The mean maternal mortality ratio in the study period was 253.13/100,000 live births. Most maternal deaths occurred in the age group of 21–25 years (47.4%), multiparous women (60.9%), women from rural areas (74.1%), unbooked patients (88.79%), and patients of low socioeconomic status (78.7%). Direct causes accounted for 66.95% of maternal deaths where as 33.045% of maternal deaths were due to indirect causes...............

Keywords-: Maternal mortality ratio, maternal death, prevention, directs obstetric death, indirect obstetric death.

[1]. Special Bulletin on Maternal Mortality in India 2010-2012: Sample registration system, Office of Registrar General, India; Dec
2013.
[2]. Bhaskar K Murthy, Mangala B Murthy1, Priya M Prabhu2, Maternal Mortality in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A 10-year Review:
International Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol 4, No 1, January, 2013.105-109
[3]. Vidyadhar B. Bangal, Purushottam A. Giri , Ruchika Garg Maternal Mortality at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Rural India:
A Retrospective Study: Int J Biol Med Res. 2011; 2(4): 1043 – 1046.
[4]. Saini V. and Gupta M. Review of Maternal Mortality in an Urban Tertiary Care Hospital of North India: International Journal of
Basic and Applied Medical Sciences ISSN: 2277-2103 (Online) 2014 Vol. 4 (1) January-April, pp. 59-64
[5]. Anjanadevi Santpure, Kanan Yelikar, Sonali Deshpande MedPulse – International Medical Journal October 2015; 2(10):672-674

Abstract: Background: Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases affecting people of all ages. According to modern understanding of caries disease, tooth decay is defined as a process on setting long before one reaches a clinically detectable lesion that is just one of the symptoms. Like any process, caries can be controlled, regulated and modeled by creating suitable conditions in oral environment. Objective: To conduct an epidemiological study on the prevalence of caries d3mft/s+d4mft/s of temporary teeth, depending on the overall tooth decay in two group children. Material and Methods: Epidemiology of dental caries of temporary teeth and teeth surfaces - dmft and dmfs and...............

Keywords-: caries, cavitated lesions, temporary teeth, minimally invasive

[1]. Jiang W. et al. Pyrosequencing analysis of oral microbiota shifting in various caries states in childhood. Microb. Ecol. 2014; 67:
962–969.
[2]. Duggal MS, Day PF. Operative Treatment of dental caries in the Primary Dentition. 2015. Posted by mrzezo in Pedodontics.
[3]. Smallridge JA. Operative Treatment of dental caries in the young Permanent Dentition. 2015. Posted by mrzezo in Pedodontics ;
Comments Off on 9.
[4]. Heasman P. Restorative Dentistry, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics. 2010, UK, Elsevier: 166-168.
[5]. O,Relly MT, De Jesus Vinas J, Hatch JP. Effectiveness of a sealant compared With no sealant in preventing enamel
demineralization in patients with Fixed orthodontic appliances:A prospective clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2013 June.143(6):837-844.

Abstract: Background :Lymphadenopathy is one of the earliest manifestations of HIV infection. In developing countries like India with a huge population and socioeconomic constraints, there is a great need for a simple investigative technique for HIV infected lymphadenopathy cases. Objectives:The purpose of the study is to study cytological findings and variations in cytological appearances,
to correlate the FNAC finding with clinical, radiological and morphological patterns and to establish a correlation with FNAC findings and the CD4 count. Methods: This cross sectional study was based on the patients with HIVinfection /AIDS, with lymphadenopathy
who were referred to the department of pathology, Guntur medical college,Guntur...............

Keywords-: HIV/AIDS, FNAC, Granulomatous infections, reactive lymphadenitis

[1]. Vanisri H.R., Nandini N.H., Sunil R : Fine needle aspiration cytology findings in human immunodeficiency virus
lymphadenopathy. IJPM 2008; Dec 51(4) : 481-484.
[2]. Shenoy R, Kapidi SN, Pai KP, et al. Fine needle aspiration diagnosis in HIv related lymphadenopathy in Mangalore, India.
Actacytol 2001;45:589-92.
[3]. Saikia UN, Dey P, Jindal B, Saikia B Fine needle aspiration cytology in lymphadenopathy of HIV positive cases. ActaCytol
2001;45:589-92.
[4]. Jayaram G, Chew MT : Fine needle aspiration cytology of Lymph nodes in HIV- infected individuals. Acta cytol.2000;44:960-966.
[5]. Bottles K, Cohen MB, Brodie H. et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of lymphadenopathy in homosexual males. DiagnPathol
1986;2:31-35

Abstract: Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors include Neurofibroma, Schwannoma and Perineurinoma. Schwann cell is the cell of origin for the development of both neurofibroma and schwannoma. Thesetumors arereferredto as Benign Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (BPNST). Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease of the nervous system.Histologically, two unrelated types have been reported i.e. Neurofibromatosis type 1and type 2.Recently, an extremely rare entity of hybrid neurofibroma-schwannoma has been reported, where tumor will represent the features of both neurofibroma and schwannoma............

Keywords-: Hybrid Neurofibroma/ Schwannoma,Neurofibromatosis (Nf),Peripheral nerve sheath tumor- PNST,Schwannomatosis.

[1]. Hornick JL, Bundock EA, Fletcher C. Hybrid schwannoma/perineurioma: clinicopathologic analysis of 42 distinctive benign nerve
sheath tumors; Am J SurgPathol. Vol.33. Oct: 2009. pp. 1554–1561.
[2]. Courtney M Townsend, JR, R.Daniel Beauchamp, B.Mark Evens, Kenneth L. Mattox. Sabiston Text book of surgery, vol. ii, ed 19,
page 1605.
[3]. Evans DG, Huson SM, Birch JM.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in inherited disease. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2012; 2:17.
[4]. MacCollin M, Chiocca EA, Evans DG, et al. Diagnostic criteria for schwannomatosis. Neurology. 2005; 64:1838-1845.
[5]. Rodriguez FJ,Folpe AL, Giannini C, Perry A. Pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: diagnostic overview and update on
selected diagnostic problems;ActaNeuropathol. Vol. 123. Mar: 2012. pp. 295–319.

Abstract: Dissection hall teaching, which is a backbone of teaching and learning Anatomy, is suffering a lot due to dearth of faculty members as MCI has reduced the number of teachers required per hundred students. In lack of proper guidance and clear instructions students are gradually losing interest in dissection, therefore we thought of using audio-visual aid as an adjunct for Dissection hall teaching. 250 MBBS students of 2015 batch were taught lower limb in dissection hall in traditional way.............

Keywords-: anatomy, dissection, teaching methods, audiovisual aid.

[1]. Paulina W. Teaching anatomy and changes in health care system: Are Anatomists regaining a leadership position? Plexus. 2004;281:4-5
[2]. Chapman SJ, Hakeem AR, Marangoni G, Prasad KR. Anatomy in medical education: Perceptions of undergraduate medical students. Ann Anat. 2013;195(5):409-14
[3]. Somanath D, Srivastava S, Rajasekar SS. Experience in Anatomy Lab- An analysis in preclinical students. International J of Healthcare and Biomedical Research. 2015;3(2):117-121
[4]. Mula A, Tegabu D. Medical students' attitudinal changes towards cadaver dissection: A longitudinal study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012;22:51-58
[5]. Granger NA. Dissection laboratory is vital to medical gross anatomy education. The Anatomical Record (Part B: New Anat). 2004;281B:6-8.

Abstract: Extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar has the potential risk of causing temporary or permanent neurologic disturbances of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). The risk of this complication depends mainly on the position of the impacted tooth in relation to the inferior alveolar canal before surgery. Coronectomy is procedure in which surgical removal of crown only and leaving root undisturbed.Injury to the IAN can occur from compression of the nerve, either indirectly by forces transmitted by the root during elevation or directly by elevators. The method aims to remove only the crown of an impacted mandibular third molar while leaving the root undisturbed, thereby avoiding direct or indirect damage to the IAN.

Keywords-: Coronectomy, Impaction,IAN injury, M3rd molar surgery, Parasethesia.

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[2]. Motamedi MH. Preventing periodontal pocket formation after removal of an impactedmandibular third molar. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Oct;130(10):1482-4.
[3]. Bataineh AB. Sensory nerve impairment following mandibular third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59:1012–7.
[4]. Bui CH, Seldin EB, Dodson TB. Types, frequencies, and risk factors for complications after third molar extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1379–89.
[5]. Goldberg MH, Nemarich AN, Marco 2nd WP. Complications after mandibular third molar surgery: a statistical analysis of 500 consecutive procedures in private practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 1985;111:277–9..