iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2015

Abstract: Purpose: To determine role of systemic risk factors in focal and diffuse macular edema Methods: Total of 86 patients of type 2 diabetes with retinopathy were studied during Aug12 to Sept 2014. All were evaluated for maculopathy by slit lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography. Systemic control is evaluated with clinical examination and laboratory investigations Result: of 172 eyes, 62.8% had NPDR, 37.8% had PDR. CSME was seen in 52.9%. Angiographically, macular oedema was classified upon no leakage in 33.74%, focal in 18.6%, diffuse in 31.39%, ischemic maculopathy in 16.27%.

[1]. Aiello LP, Cahill MT, Wong JS. Perspective: Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132:760- 76 .
[2]. Fong DS, Ferris FL III, Davis MD, Chew EY:For the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Causes of severe visual loss in the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study: ETDRS Report 24. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:137-41.
[3]. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic macular edema. Relationship of treatment effect to fluorescein angiographic and other retinal characteristics at baseline: ETDRS Report 19. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1144-55.
[4]. Bresnick GH, Condit R, Syrjala S, Palta M, Groo A, Korth K. Abnormalities of the foveal avascular zone in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:1286-93.
[5]. Mansour AM, Schachat A, Bodiford G, Haymond R. Foveal avascular zone in diabetes mellitus. Retina 1993;13:125-28.

Abstract: The Pigmented variant of basal cell carcinoma is rare variant of BCC with usual presentation over face above the line joining the angle of mouth and ear pinna. Only few case reports are available on this variant. We report a rare case of superficial variety of pigmented basal cell carcinoma over right sided mandibular region in a 50 year old man.

Pigmented basal cell carcinoma is rare, but is now increasingly becoming common in asian population. It is a clinical form mimicking malignant melanoma, thus posing a diagnostic problem. Hence a high degree of suspicion should be kept while dealing with such lesions, thus guiding towards correct diagnosis and management.

Abstract: Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is frequently classified as physiologic or acute pain and pathologic or chronic pain, which includes inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. Acute pain typically has a sudden onset and recedes during the healing process. Analgesics are the drugs which possess significant pain relieving properties by acting on CNS or on peripheral pain receptors without significantly affecting consciousness.Analgesic drugs are divided into two groups. They are 1. Opioid analgesics 2.Non opioid analgesics.Ca2+ channel antagonists also called Ca2+ entry blockers are drugs that inhibit Ca2+ channel functions. Voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels mediate the entry of extracellular Ca2+ influx into the smooth muscles, cardiac myocytes,sinoatrial (SA) and atrio-ventricular (AV) nodal cells in response to electricaldepolarization. In both smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes, Ca2+is trigger for contraction. All Ca2+ channel blockers (CCB) approved for clinical use decrease coronary vascular resistance and increase coronary blood flow.

[1]. H. Merskey and N. Bogduk "Part III: Pain Terms, A Current List with Definitions and Notes an Usage" classification of chronic pain, Second Edition, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy, IASP Press, Seattle, 2012, 209-214.
[2]. Robert G. Twycross. Analgesics. Postgraduate Medical Journal December 1984, Vol-:60, page no: 876-880.
[3]. Verma, V., P. K. Mediratta, and K. K. Sharma. "Potentiation of analgesia and reversal of tolerance to morphine by calcium channel blockers." Indian journal of experimental biology 39.7 (2001): 636-642.
[4]. Esperanza Del Pozo, Gerardo Caro, JoséM. Baeyens. Analgesic effect of several calcium channel blockers in mice. European Journal of pharmacology 2002; 137: 155-160.
[5]. Fagbemi O, Kane KA, McDonald FM, Parratt JR, Rothaul AL. The effects of verapamil, prenylamine, flunarizine and cinnarizine on coronary artery occlusion-induced arrhythmias in anaesthetized rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1984;83(1):299-304.
[6]. Flunarizine, a calcium entry blocker in migraine prophylaxis.Amery WK, Caers LI, Aerts TJ.Headache. 1985 Jul; 25(5):249-54.

Abstract: The treatment of mandibular molars has been challenging to the endodontist due to its several anatomical variations. The majority of mandibular first molars are two rooted with one mesial root and one distal root. It can have an additional root located lingually (radix entomolaris) or buccally (radix paramolaris). Success of endodontic treatment depends on thorough mechanical and chemical cleaning of the root canal system and obturation with an inert filling material. Lack of a working knowledge of pulp anatomy ranks second to inaccurate diagnosis and treatment planning as a cause of endodontic treatment failure. Hence accurate diagnosis and careful application of clinical endodontic skill is essential for the good prognosis of mandibular with this root morphology.

Keywords: Anatomical variation, Endodontic treatment, Mandibular molar, Radix entomolaris.

[1]. Bonaccorso A, Tripi TR. Root canal treatment of a three-rooted mandibular first molar- A case report. Endo 2008; 2:211-8.
[2]. Nagaven NB, Umashankara KV. Radix entomolaris and paramolaris in children: A review of the literature. J Indian soc Pedod Prev Dent 2012; 30:94-102.
[3]. Calberson FL, De Moor RJ, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and paramolaris: Clinical approach in endodontics. J Endod 2007; 33:58-63.
[4]. De Moor RJ, G. Deroose C AJG, Calberson FLG. Radix Entomolaris in mandibular 1st molars, An endodontic challenge. International Endodontic Journal 2004; vol 37,789-799.
[5]. Steelman R. Incidence of an accessory distal root on mandibular first permanent molars in Hispanic children. J Dent Child 1986; 53:122-123.
[6]. Rambabu. Annals and Essence of dentistry. 2010; 2:50-54.
[7]. Nagaveni NB, Umashankar KV. Radix entomolaris in permanent mandibular first molars: Case reports and literature review. Gen Dent 2009; 57:e25-9.

Abstract: Use of herbal products in preventing and treating the oral and general health conditions is gaining its significance in western countries. It is attributed to its minimal side effects, highly effective treatment. It could be of benefit to low socio-economic level in urban and rural communities. Aloe vera is one of the oldest plants known to be used from thousands of years for medicinal purpose. More than 300 varieties of aloe vera exist, among them Aloe barbadensis variety exhibits excellent medicinal property. Aloe vera is called as universal panacea in Greek. In this article Aloe vera plant, its composition, properties, its clinical uses in field of Medicine and Dentistry are reviewed.

Keywords: Aloe vera, Antimicrobial, Dentistry, Therapeutic, Medicinal use.

[1]. Tanwar R, Gupta J, Sheikh A, Panwar R, Heralgi R. Aloe vera and its uses in dentistry. Indian J Dent Adv 2011; 3:656-8.
[2]. G.Y.Yeh, D.M.Eisenberg, T.J.Kaptchuk and R.S.Philips, "Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for Glycemic control in diabetes", Diabetes care, vol.26, no.4, 2003, pp.1277-1294.
[3]. Bhat G, Kudva P, Dodwad V. Aloe vera, Nature's soothing healer to periodontal disease. J Indian Soc periodontal, 15, 2011, 205-9.
[4]. Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple D G. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008; 53(4): 163-166.
[5]. Ro JY , Lee BC, Kim JY, Chung YJ, Chung MH, Lee SK, et al. Inhibitory mechanism of aloe single component (alprogen) on mediator release in guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. J. Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 292:114-21.
[6]. Wynn RL. Aloe vera gel: update for dentistry. Gen Dent 2005; 53:6-9.

Abstract: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is a rampant disease that is plaguing the world today and mainly affects the younger population. Studies done in India also confirm that upto 32% of AIDS cases comprise of adults aged 15-29 years. The spread of HIV in a community is largely determined by the knowledge and attitude of its members. This study was done to assess the awareness regarding HIV awareness among undergraduates and to compare the levels of awareness among the medical and non-medical branches of undergraduates in Mangalore city(South India) in 2013.

[1]. Geneva: UNAIDS and WHO; 2009. AIDS epidemic update. ISBN 9789291738328.
[2]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi; New Delhi: Department of AIDS Control. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2009. Annual Report.
[3]. Yitayal S, Agersew A, Amanuel G, Afera G, Andarge K, Alemayehu G et al. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and risk behaviors towards HIV/AIDS and other sexual transmitted infection among preparatory students of Gondar town, north west Ethiopia.BMC Res Notes. 2011; 4: 505.
[4]. Ruchi S,Tilak RS, Sandeep S, Jagbir SM. HIV/AIDS knowledge among first year MBBS, Nursing, Pharmacy students of a health university, India J Family Community Med. 2011 Sep-Dec; 18(3): 155–8.
[5]. Hansson M, Stockfelt L, Urazalin M, Ahlm C, Andersson R. HIV/AIDS awareness and risk behavior among students in Semey, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Int Health Hum Rights.2008;8:14.

Abstract: An accurate and stable record bases is needed for recording Maxillio-Mandibular relationship during the construction of a complete denture, toensure this accuracy the record bases should maintain close adapta-tion to the cast and to be dimensionally stable. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the changes of thickness and deformation of visible light cure acrylic denture base (VLCADB)after curing time of two and four minutesand after storage time of two and seven days in water at 23 ± 2 ºC. For this purpose 60 specimens of the material were prepared and divided in two groups of 30 each, then each group was divided into three groups of 10 for each (10 specimens control, 10 specimens with two days of storage and 10 specimens with seven days of storage)..

[1]. Lane D, Watts D, Wilson. Ambient light working time of visible light cured materials. Does the ISO standard reflect clinical reali-ty? Dent Mater (1998); 14: 353-357.
[2]. Ling B. A three visit, complete denture technique utilizing visible light cure resin for tray and base plate construction. Quintessence Int (2004) ; 35:294-298.
[3]. Tanoue N, Nagano K, Matsumura H. Use of a light - polymerized composite removable partial denture base for a patient hypersen-sitive to poly methyl methacrylate polysulphone , and poly carbonate: a clinical report. J. Prosthet Dent (2005) 93: 17-20.
[4]. Grossman Y, Sarion I. The use of a light polymerized resin- based obturators for the treatment of Maxillo-facial patient. J. Prosthet Dent (2005) 94:289-292
[5]. Graig R, Power J. Restorative dental materials 11th ed Mosby inc St. louis (2002) 639.

Abstract: We report a case of sudden mouth-closing disturbance during the final phase of occlusion in a 32-year-old woman who visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Tokushima University Hospital, with a chief complaint of a bilateral posterior open bite with pain in her right temporomandibular joint(TMJ). After a big yawn in March 2010, the patient was unable to occlude her posterior teeth. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed posterior folding of the retrodiscal tissue, normal disk position, and slight joint effusion in the right TMJ. The posterior open bite was not improved with non-surgical methods (i.e., diet modification, resting of the jaw, and medications). Five days after the initial visit, the patient was treated with the pumping manipulation technique to the upper joint cavity of the right TMJ. The treatment was effective for moderate reduction of the posterior open bite and the patient showed almost complete recovery in the fourth week.

[1] W.B.Farrar, Diagnosis and treatment of anterior dislocation of the articular disk. The New York Journal of Dentistry,41(10), 1971, 348-351.
[2] W.B. Farrar, W.L. McCarty, A clinical outline of temporomandibular joint diagnosis and treatment,7th Ed.(Montgomery: Walker Printing Co., 1983).
[3] F. Matsumoto, T. Ishikawa, H. Takeuchi, K. Fujisawa, H. Hosoki, M. Hada, M. Nakano, Correlation between magnetic resonance image evaluation and clinical findings in patients with temporomandibular disorders, Shikoku Dental Research 22 (2), 2010,167-172.
[4] S. Matsuda,Y. Yoshimura, Magnetic resonance imaging assessments of the temporomandibular joint in disk displacements.International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 23(5),1994, 266-270.
[5] T. Sasaki, T. Aomura, K. Tamura, H. Miyata, K. Namioka, K. Kudo, Correlation of clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation in disc displacement of temporomandibular joint,Journal of The Japanese Society for Temporomandibular Joint 11(1), 1999,18-23.

Abstract: A total of 821 serum samples of fever cases attended as outpatients and admitted as inpatients at Velammal Medical College Hospital, a rurally situated Medical college hospital were studied to know the prevalence of Dengue infection in this population. The study revealed that 167 out of 821 samples (20.3%) were positive for Dengue infection. Among Dengue positives, 55.6% were males and 44.4% were females and 55.09% were in the age group 0-15 yrs. Dengue was reported throughout the year but more common during November and December 2014. 68.8% were reported as primary infection and 31.2% were reported as secondary infection. NS1 Antigen detection kit detected more number of primary infections and Panbio IgG Capture ELISA detected all secondary infections.

[1]. Anuradha M.et al 2014 Laboratory diagnosis and incidence of Dengue virus infection: A hospital based study- Perambalur. International Journal of Biomedical research:ISSN:0976-9633(online)05(03)
[2]. Ashwini Kumar et al 2010 Clinical manifestation and trend of Dengue cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital, Udupi district, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Community medicine July:35(3) 386-390.
[3]. Barde PV, Shukla MK et al 2015 Emergence of Dengue in tribal villages of Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Indian journal of Medical research May14(5) 584-90.
[4]. Gunasekharan P. et al 2011.Dengue disease status in Chennai - a retrospective analysis. Indian journal of Medical research133 March 2011pp 322-325.
[5]. Jimy Antony, Celine TM et al.2014.A descriptive study on Dengue fever reported in a Medical College hospital. Sahel Medical Journal Volume 17 Issue 3 pages 83-86.
[6]. Kumar A., Sharma A.K.et al.2001. An outbreak of Dengue fever in rural areas of Northern India. Journal of Communicable diseases. Dec33(4) 274-281.

Abstract: Background: Un-met needs of family planning among married women in India were found to be 13.2% as per NFHS (III) 1. These may be the need for limiting the family or for spacing. Since decisions about family planning should be taken jointly by both the partners, male role in family planning is universally important. Objective: The study was conducted with the objective of assessing the perception & role of husbands about family planning in a rural area of West Bengal.

[1]. Textbook of Community Medicine Preventive and Social Medicine, Sunder Lal, Adarsh and Pankaj CBS Publishers and Distributors New Delhi 2014 Fourth Edition.
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[3]. United Nations (1995): Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: Fourth World Conference on Women: Action for Equality, Development and Peace, Beijing.
[4]. Jayalakshmi MS et al medind.nic.in/hab/t02/13/hab02i3p113.pdf.
[5]. Orji EO European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health.
[6]. Adelekan A et al International Journal of Population Research vol204 Article ID 416457.

Abstract: Background: The Mass drug administration is one of the main stays of Filaria Control in India. The endemic districts are covered by this MDA once every year with extensive microplanning, in one shot. Objectives: the study was conducted to assess coverage and compliance to MDA, also to identify the factors for noncompliance and the bottlenecks of the programme. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted after completion of MDA for November, 2014 in three villages and one municipal ward of North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, by multistage random sampling. Information was collected through interview of one responsible person from each family from those selected areas.

[1]. World Health Organization. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis http://www.who.int/lymphatic_filariasis/disease/en/
[2]. SP Pani, V Kumaraswami, LK Das.Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis with special reference to urogenital-manifestations Indian journal of urology. 2005; 21 (1) : 44-49 available from: DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.19551 (last accessed on 3/4/15)
[3]. Patel PK Mass Drug Administration Coverage Evaluation Survey for Lymphatic Filariasis in Bagalkot and Gulbarga DistrictsIndian J Community Med. 2012; 37(2): 101–106. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.96095(last accessed on 3/4/15)
[4]. Government of India. Operational Guidelines on Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis 2005. Available at: http://nvbdcp.gov.in/home.htm.(last accessed on 3/4/15)
[5]. Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M et al. Strategies and tools for the control / elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75: 491-503. (last accessed on 3/4/15)

Abstract: Intestinal parasitic infections are highly prevalent among the general population in developing country and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and among high risk groups. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. Material and Method: Patients taking treatment in P.D.U. Hospital, Rajkot- a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India, were included in study. Naked eye physical and microscopic examination was carried out in the total 578 stool samples received during year 2013.

[1]. Baragundi MC, Sonth SB, Solabannwar S, Patil CS. The prevalence of parasitic infections attending tertiary care Hospital, National
Journal of Basic Medical Science, 2011;2(1):31-34.
[2]. Norhayati M, Fatmah MS, Yusof S, Edariah AB. Intestinal parasitic infections in Man: A review, Med J Malaysia, 2003;58(2):296-305.
[3]. Bdir S, Adwan G, Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Jenin Governorate, Palestine: a 10 years retrospective study, Asian
Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2010;3(9):745-47.
[4]. Celikoz A, Guler N, Guler G, Oztop AY, Degeril S. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in three socioeconomically different regions of Sivas, Trkey. J Health Popul Nutr, 2005;23:184-91.
[5]. Eatson A. Intestinal worm impair child health in the Philippines. BMJ 1999;318:214

Abstract: We are reviewing a rare case of a displaced fracture neck of talus, who presented to us after 48 hours. The incidence of avascular necrosis is alarmingly high with fractures neck of talus because of peculiar precarious blood supply. We present a rare case of fracture neck of talus which presented to us after 48 hours. We discuss the treatment protocol and the results of this patient.

Keywords: Fracture Neck Talus, delayed presentation, K-wires, TBW, avascular necrosis.

[1]. Sarrafin SK: Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle, ed. 2, Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1993:47-54, 295-297.
[2]. Adelaar RS: Complex fractures of the talus. In: Springfield DS ed. Instructional Course Lectures, Vol. 46, Rosemont, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1997:323-338.
[3]. Hicks JH: The mechanics of the foot: I. the joints. Anatomy 87:345, 1953.
[4]. Kleiger B, Ahmed M: Injuries of the talus and its joints. Clin Orthop 121:243-262, 1976.
[5]. Adelaar RS: Fractures of the talus. In: Operative Foot Book. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990:147-156.
[6]. Alvarez RG: Talar neck fractures. In: Myerson MS, ed. Current Therapy in Foot and Ankle Surgery. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1993:243-248.
[7]. Mayo KA: Fractures of the talus: Principles of management and techniques of treatment. Techniques Orthop 2:42-54, 1987.

Abstract: Dyspepsia is a common clinical problem. More than half of patients presenting with dyspepsia have no detectable lesion for their symptoms. The common organic causes ofdyspepsia include peptic ulcer, esophagitis and cancer. The diagnostic test of choice is endoscopy.The aim of our study was to find out the prevalence of significant endoscopic lesions in patients presenting with dyspepsia to our hospital. A retrospective study was undertaken and it was found out that majority of the patients had no significant lesion. Most common lesion found was peptic ulcer followed by esophagitis.

[1]. El-Serag HB, Talley NJ. Systemic review: the prevalence and clinical course of functional dyspepsia.AlimentPharmacolTher. 2004 Mar 15; 19(6):643-54.
[2]. Duvnjak, edited by Marko (2011). Dyspepsia in clinical practice (1. Aufl. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9781441917300
[3]. Akhtar A, Shaheen M. Dyspepsia in African American and hispanic patients. J Natl Med Assoc 2004;96:635–40.
[4]. Penston JG, Pounder RE. A survey of dyspepsia in Great Britain. Aliment PharmacolTher 1996;10:83–9.
[5]. Ebell MH, Warbasse L, Brenner C. Evaluation of the dyspeptic patient: a cost-utility study. J FamPract 1997;44:545–55.
[6]. Silverstein MD, Petterson T, Talley NJ. Initial endoscopy or empirical therapy with or without testing for Helicobacter pylori for dyspepsia: a decision analysis. Gastroenterology 1996;10:72–83.

Abstract: Introduction: Popping pills without a doctor's prescription, even if the ailment is minor, could have serious repercussions. Self-medication is defined as "The use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms". Objectives: To study the prevalence of self-medication and drug use behaviour among housewives in an urban slum area, Visakhapatnam city. Materials and Methods: A community based, cross sectional descriptive study was done among 147 housewives residing in an urban slum area during the month of May, 2015. A pretested, structured interview schedule was used to collect data. Data was analysed using MS Excel and Epi Info 7. Results: Mean age of the study population was 33.19 + 6.91 years.

[1]. D. Bowen, G. Kisuule, H. Ogasawara, Ch. J. P. Siregar, G. A. Williams, C. Hall, G. Lingam, S. Mann, J. A. Reinstein, M. Couper, J. Idänpään-Heikkilä, J. Yoshida (2000), "Guidelines for the Regulatory Assessment of Medicinal Products for use in Self-Medication", WHO/EDM/QSM/00.1 (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organization, retrieved 11-01-2015.
[2]. Gaillard S, Dellasanta P, Loutan L, Kayser B. Awareness, prevalence, medication use, and risk factors of acute mountain sickness in tourists trekking around the Annapurnas in Nepal: A 12‑year follow‑up. High Alt Med Biol 2004;5:410‑9.
[3]. Kiyingi KS, Lauwo JA. Drugs in the home: Danger and waste. World Health Forum 1993;14:381‑4.
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[5]. Kaushal J, Gupta MC, Jindal P, Verma S. Self-medication patterns and drug use behaviour in housewives belonging to the middle income group in a city in northern India. Indian J Community Med 2012; 37:16-9.
[6]. Shankar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N. Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study. BMC Family Practice 2002; 3:17.

Abstract: Background: Needlestick/ sharps injuries have continued to threaten the health and well-being of medical workers across the globe. It is believed to be one of the most common occupational health hazards in medical practice. Health experts have reported that about 20 blood borne pathogens can be transmitted through needlestick/sharps injuries. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that are associated with needlestick/sharps injuries (NSSI) among healthcare workers (HCWs).

[1]. WGO Practice Guidelines. Needle-stick injury and accidental exposure to blood. Available at: Guideline@worldgastroenterology.org. [2]. Elise M. B,, Ian T. W, Craig N.S, Mary E.C. Risk and Management of Blood-Borne Infections in Health Care Workers ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2000; 13(3): 385–407.
[3]. World Health Organization. Aide-Memoire for a Strategy to ProtectHealth Workers from Infection with Bloodborne Viruses.Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, November 2003.
[4]. World Health Organization. The World Health Report. Geneva,Switzerland: WHO, 2002.
[5]. Susan QW, Gerry E. Preventing needle-stick injury among healthcare workers. 2004;451-456.
[6]. AIDS epidemic disease. December 1999. Geneva. Joint UnitedNationsProgramme on HIV/AIDS & WHO, 1999. (Documentno UNAIDS/99.53E.

Abstract: Background: Despite the globally acknowledged benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, the majority of women in south-south of Nigeria do not comply with it. Aim: To investigate the factors that are associated with exclusive breastfeeding in a part of South-South of Nigeria. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 276 mothers in South-South of Nigeria. A semi-structured, validated interviewer administered questionnaires were distributed using a systematic sampling technique to 276 mothers who brought their infants to Child Welfare Clinic. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding while the independent variables were antenatal clinic attendance, place of child birth, use of pre-lacteal feed, use of bottle feeding, the influence of health-workers.

[1]. WHO/UNICEF. Global Strategy for infant and young child feeding. WHO Genera. 2003: 5-10.
[2]. National Guideline on Infant and Young Child Feeding(2014). Ministry of Human Resource Development. Government of India.
[3]. Food and Nutrition Bulleting of the United Nation. Available at: http://unu..edu
[4]. New Mothers' Guide to Breastfeeding. 2nd Edition 2011, American Academy of Paediatrician. Updated 07/10/2014
[5]. Exclusive breastfeeding benefits. Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/news/2011
[6]. Resolution WHA65.6. Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. In: Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly Geneva, 21–26 May 2012.

Abstract: Blood transfusion is a medical and life saving procedure. However, Knowledge, attitude, belief and level of awareness of blood transfusion may affect such procedure. This present study was performed to determine the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of patients towards blood transfusion in Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State. Five hundred (500) patients were randomly selected and pre-test questionnaire administered. 18% had been transfused before while 82% had not been transfused. 80% of the respondents are ready to accept blood transfusion while 20% will refuse blood transfusion. 86% can encourage their relatives to accept blood transfusion while 14% will not encourage their relatives.

1. Goodnough LT et al. Transfusion Medicine: Looking to the future. Lancet 2003; 361(9352): 161-169.

2. Galel SA et al. Transfusion Medicine 2009. In Jp Greer et al., eds. Wintrobes Clinical Hematology 12th ed., vol 1, pp.672-721.Philadeplphia: Lippincott Williams and Wulkins. 3. Uma S, Arun R, Arumugam P. The Knowledge, Attitude and practice towards blood donation among voluntary blood donors in Chennai India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(6):1043-1046.

4. National Blood Policy, National AIDS control organization, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Government of India.

5. Javadzadeh SH, Yavari MT, Attar M, Ahmadiyeh MH. Knowledge, Attitude and practice study about donation in the urban population of Yazad, Iran. Transfus Med. 2006;16:403-409.

6. Carson JL, Grossman BJ, Kleinomans, Tinmonth AT, Marques MB, Tung MK, Hoicomb JB, Illob O, Kaplan LJ, Katz LM, Rao SV, Roback JD, Shander A. Red blood cell transfusion: A clinical practice Guideline from AABB. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012.

Abstract: Background: Recurrent aphthus ulceration represents a common inflammatory ulcerative condition encountered in daily dental practice. The prevalence rate of this condition in different region of the world had shown considerable variation throughout different epidemiological studies. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of aphthous ulceration in comparison to the other oral lesions in patients attending Oral Diagnosis Department at School of Dentistry/ University of Sulaimani in four academic years.

[1] Jurge S, Kuffer R, Scully C, Porter SR. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis 2006; 12:1-21.

[2] Scully C. Aphthous Ulceration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:165-72.

[3] Byahatti S.M Incidence of Recurrent Apthous ulcers in a group of student population in Libya:AQuestionnaire Study. Arch Cran Oro Fac Sc 2013; 1(2):26-30 [4] Akintoye SO, Greenberg MS. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Dent Clin North Am 2005; 49:31-47.

[5] Malayil S, Thomas J, Rani Mol P, Vineet DA, Thomas S, Vivek V. Frequency of Patients Presenting with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Pilot Study. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) 2014; 13 (1):63-66.

[6] Ussher M, West R, Steptoe A, McEwen A. Increase in common cold symptoms and mouth ulcers following smoking cessation. Tob Control 2003; 12:86-8.

Abstract: Fungi cause different disease types, from common superficial infections to invasive or deep-seated severe infections. Host defense mechanisms determine the clinical outcome of fungal infections, either being inadequate and failing to control infection, being too exuberant and contributing to tissue damage or failing to resolve properly leading to persistent inflammation and fibrosis. The recognition pathways of the innate immune systems, the phagocytes and other immune effector cells, cytokines and other molecules work together to control and contain fungal infections. Recently discovered intracellular receptors are the NLR- NLRP3 inflammasomes and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

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Abstract: Seizures are common disorders found all over the world and are encountered frequently during medical practice in variety of settings. Presently CNS infections like malaria, meningitis, tuberculosis, HIV, neurocysticerosis account for significant number of cases in developing countries. Since these infections vary from region to region, etiology of seizure may also vary from region to region. Aim of the study was done to know the various etiologies of new onset seizures in adults in this region. Present study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, Government General Hospital/Guntur Medical College, Guntur, AP, India. It is a prospective observational study began on March 2013 and ended on September 2015. The etiology was determined by neuroimaging and appropriate investigations including cerebrospinal fluid examination. Out of 100 cases 89% cases were acute symptomatic seizures.

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Abstract: The main purpose of our study is to present the corrective movement of impacted canines using various surgical-orthodontic techniques Materials and method: Eighty-two impacted maxillary canines in 2200patients were included in the study and were observed for 2006 to 2013 ,in Center for Dentistry research and Aesthetics, Jatt/Israel after exposure. Following exposure by means of a palatal flap or an apically repositioned buccal flap, an orthodontic traction hook, with a Titanium Button with chain by Watted (Dentaurum) attached, was bonded to each impacted tooth using a light cured orthodontic resin cement. For this study we used only the batch of patients who presented upper impacted canine.

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Abstract: Chronic daily headache (CDH) is the most common headache problem seen in clinics specifically devoted to headache management and its prevalence in the general population is almost 5%. Clinicians noticed potential links between CDH and certain psychopathological traits. More recently, rigorous methodological studies have confirmed some of those links. Several reviews have shown a strong correlation between migraine, major depression and certain anxiety disorders. Depression emerged as the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in both the headache groups.

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Abstract: Renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for end stage renal disease. Renal transplant anesthesia requires a thorough understanding of the metabolic and systemic abnormalities in end stage renal disease, familiarity with transplant medicine and expertise in managing and optimizing these patients for the best possible outcome. Also, the associated co-morbid conditions increase the complexity of anesthesia, pain management and perioperative morbidity and mortality. Hence, a good perioperative management of the patients includes a multidisciplinary collaboration with-planned anesthetic strategies.

Keywords: Renal transplantation, Anesthesia management, Recipient, Cadaver donor, Living donor.

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