iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2015

Abstract: Bimalleolar ankle fractures are the most common variant of injuries around the ankle joint. Ankle injuries apart from road traffic accidents can also result from a slip while walking or getting down from stairs or a twisting injury in sports and fall from a height. All these tend to produce ankle injuries when one attempts to turn violently over a fixed foot or the foot being used as lever to produce twist at the ankle .Great majority of ankle injuries are caused by indirect violence.

[[1]. Ramsey PL, Hamilton W. Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(3):356–357.
[2]. Hughes JL, Weber H, Willenegger H, et al. Evaluation of ankle fractures: Non-operative and operative treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;138:111–119.
[3]. Ashurst APC, Bromer RS. Classification and mechanism of fractures of the leg bones involving the ankle: Based on a study of three hundred cases from the Episcopal Hospital. Arch Surg. 1922;4(1):51.

Abstract: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology plays an essential role in the evaluation of a euthyroid patient with a thyroid nodule. Several guidelines highlight the significance of thyroid cytology. 1 Thyroid cytology can provide a definite diagnosis of malignancy, with the type of tumour, which enables appropriate therapeutic surgery in one stage. It also triages patients thus helping differentiate those who require surgical intervention from those who can be managed with medical/ endocrinological management. According to literature incidence of thyroid malignancy is relatively low, that is only 1 in 20 clinically identified nodules turn out to be malignant [2], and therefore thyroid fine needle aspiration helps reduce the rate of surgery for benign thyroid disease.

[1]. British Thyroid Association RCoP .Guidelines for the management of Thyroid Cancer, 2nd edition. Report of the Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Update Group London: RCP 2007
[2]. Wong CKM, Wheeler MH. Thyroid Nodules: Rational Management. World J Surg 2000; 24: 934 – 41
[3]. Jayaram G. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytologic Study of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Profile of 308 cases with Histologic Correlation. Acta Cytol 1985; 29: 967–73.
[4]. Danese D, Sciacchitano S , Farsetti A et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Conventional versus Sonographic Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules. Thyroid 1998; 8: 15–21 Dorairagen N and Jayashree N. Solitary nodule of the thyroid and role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis. J Indian Med Assoc, 1996; 94: 50-61.

Abstract: Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It is not a disease by itself in fact it is a warning signal of noxious stimulus.Pain is a subjective experience, it occurs only in consciousness, in the mind. Pain can be experienced in response to both external perceived events and can sometimes follow from nociception. Analgesics are the drugs which possess significant pain relieving properties by acting in the CNS or on peripheral pain receptors without significantly affecting consciousness.. The main aim of this study is to compare analgesic effect of Diacerein with standard drugs like Meloxicam (preferential COX2 inhibitor) and Etoricoxib (selective COX2 inhibitor).

[1]. Lynn, B "Cutaneous nociceptors" in Holden, AV & Winlow W., The neurobiology of pain. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1984, page no: 106.
[2]. Vanderah TW. "Pathophysiology of pain". Medical clinics of North America., 2007, vol: 91 (1), page no: 1–12.
[3]. Fidelix TS, Soares BG, Trevisani VF. "Diacerein for osteoarthritis". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1) (2006): CD005117.
[4]. Solignac M. Mechanisms of action of diacerene the first inhibitor of interleukin-1 in Osteoarthritis. Presse Med 2004, Vol: 33, Page no: S 10-2.
[5]. Noble, S; Balfour, JA (Mar 1996). "Meloxicam". Drugs ,Vol:51 (3),Page no: 424–30; discussion 431–32.
[6]. Panara MR, Renda G, Sciulli MG, Santini G, Di Giamberardino M, Rotondo MT, Tacconelli S, Seta F, Patrono C, Patrignani P: Dose-dependent inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 and monocyte cyclooxygenase-2 by meloxicam in healthy subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Jul, Vol: 290(1), page no: 276-80.

Abstract: Effective postoperative pain relief is an essential component of the peri-operative care of the surgical patient. Opioids are commonly employed analgesics for managing postoperative pain. The present study was aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of nalbuphine and fentanyl for postoperative pain relief in short surgical procedure. Sixty patients, scheduled for various short surgical procedures belonging to ASA I & II assigned randomly into two groups (n=30). Group N and Group F received nalbuphine 0.25 mg\kg and fentanyl 1.5 ug\kg respectively before 5 minutes of induction of anesthesia .The patient observed for post-operative analgesia, recovery criteria and side effects.

[1]. Bailey LP, Pace NL, Aschburn MA, Moll JWB, East KA, Stanley TH: Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1990;73: 826-830.
[2]. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Frost A, Tooley M: High dose nalbuphine (0.8 mg/kg) during balanced anesthesia will not produce apnea. Anesth Analg 1989;68: S34
[3]. Gal TJ, Difazio CA, Moscicki J: Analgesic and respiratory depressant activity of nalbuphine: A comparison with morphine. Anesthesiology 1982;26 367-374.
[4]. Collins KM, Plantevin OM, Whitburn RH, Doyle JP; Outpatient termination of pregnancy: halothane or alfentanil supplemented anesthesia. British Journal of Anesthesia 1985;57 1226-1231.
[5]. Hackett GH, Harris MNE, Plantevin OM, Pringle HM, Garrioch DB, Avery AJ; Anesthesia for outpatient termination of pregnancy. British Journal of Anesthesia 1982;54 865-870.
[6]. Bone ME, Dowson S, Smith G; A comparison of nalbuphine with fentanyl for postoperative pain relief following termination of pregnancy under day care anaesthesia. Anesthesia 1988;43 194-197.

Abstract: Introduction: Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease of the human nervous system. EEG in Neurocysticercosis is used to analyse epileptic activity in patients. There are few studies which show exact correlation of Electroencephalographic (EEG) findings to type of seizure activity in children with neurocysticercosis. Methods: This was an observational study in which 57 patients were selected for study (JULY 2012 to DECEMBER 2013) who met the definitive or probable diagnosis of neurocysticercosis as per the revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis5.

[1]. It o A, Nakao M, Wandra T. Human taeniasis cysticercosis in Asia. Lancet 2003; 362: 1918- 20.2.
[2]. Cameron ML, Durack DT. Helminthic infections. In: W.M. Scheld, R.J. Whitley and D.T. Durack, eds. Infections of the Central Nervous System. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 2nd edn.1997; 845-78.
[3]. Del Brutto OH, Santibanez R, Noboa CA, Aguirre R, Diaz E, Alarcon TA. Epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis: analysis of 203 patients. Neurology 1992; 42: 389-392.
[4]. Medina MT, Rosas E, Rubio-Donnadieu F, Sotelo J. Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late-onset epilepsy in Mexico. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 325-327.
[5]. Del Brutto OH, Wadia NH, Dumas M et al. Proposal of diagnostic criteria for human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Sci 1996;142:1-6.
[6]. Rajshekhar V. Etiology and management of single small CT lesions in patients with seizures: understanding a controversy . Act a Neurol Scand 1991; 84: 465-70.

Abstract: Background: Medical education is highly stressful. Stepping into a new environment, huge course syllabus which has to be mastered in a short period of time besides continuous assessments, examinations and other social and personal issues makes a newly joined medical student prone to develop negative emotional symptoms. Objective: This study is an attempt to assess the level of depression, anxiety and stress among first year medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 143 first year medical students of MIMS, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. Depression, anxiety and stress was assessed by administering a self reporting DASS-42 questionnaire.

[1]. Coumaravelou Saravanan and Ray Wilks, "Medical Students' Experience of and Reaction to Stress: The Role of Depression and Anxiety," The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 737382, 8 pages , 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/737382

[2]. Abdulghani HM, AlKanhal AA, Mahmoud ES, Ponnamperuma GG, Alfaris EA. Stress and Its Effects on Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study at a College of Medicine in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2011 Oct;29(5):516-522.
[3]. Abdus Salam, Rabeya Yousuf, Sheikh Muhammad Abu Bakar, Mainul Haque. .Stress among Medical Students in Malaysia: A Systematic Review of Literatures. International Medical Journal. December 2013; Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 649 - 655 .

[4]. Yusoff MS, Abdul Rahim AF, Baba AA, Ismail SB, Mat Pa MN, Esa AR.The impact of medical education on psychological health of students: a cohort study. Psychol Health Med. 2013; 18(4):420-30. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2012.740162. Epub 2012 Nov 12.
[5]. Dahlin M, Joneborg N, Runeson B. Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study. Med Educ 2005; 39: 594-604.

Abstract: High risk pregnancy is broadly defined as one in which mother, fetus or newborn is or will be at increased risk for morbidity or mortality before or after delivery. Although only 10-30% of the mothers seen in antenatal period can be classified as high risk they account for 70-80% of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Aim of the study is to know the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies and its association with socio-demographic factors in rural field practice area, which are attached to Department of Community Medicine, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad. Pregnant women who are attending health centers in that particular area are the participants of the study.

[1]. Dutta DC (2006). Text book of obstetrics. Calcutta, India: New central book agency (P) Ltd.
[2]. Mufti S and Mufti S. Identification of High Risk Pregnancy by a Scoring System and its Correlation with Perinatal Outcome. Indian Journal for the Practising Doctor. 2008; 5(1): 1-7.
[3]. Maternal and child health: regional estimates of perinatal mortality. Weekly epidemiological record, 64 (24) 184-186 (1989).
[4]. Registrar General India (2012). [Online] SRS Bulletin 47(2), Vital Statistics Division, New Delhi. Available from:http://nrhmmanipur.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/SRS-Bulletin-2011-October-2012.pdf [Accessed on October 20, 2013].
[5]. Dangal G. High-risk Pregnancy. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007; 7(1): 32-9.
[6]. Bharti, Kumar V, Kaur A, Chawla S, Malik M. Prevalence and correlates of High risk pregnancy in rural Haryana: A community based study. Int J App Basic Med Res. 2013; 3(2): 212-17.
[7]. Park K. Chapter 10, Preventive Medicine in Obstetrics, Paediatrics and Geriatrics. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 22nd Ed. Jabalpur: Bhanot B; 2013. 516-30.

Abstract: Background: Periodontal diseases represent one of the most prevelant diseases around the world and the main etiologic factor behind it is plaque accumulation, in addition certain kinds of bacteria have been detected frequently in subjects suffering from periodontitis, Several studies suggested that the outcome of periodontal treatment is better if particular pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis can no longer be detected after therapy. Green Tea is reported to contain thousands of bioactive ingredients including catechins which have shown great promise for having antimicrobial effects.There are four main catechins in green tea: epicatechin (EC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). This study investigates the inhibitory activity of green tea extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis .

[1] Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, et al (2010): Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review. Chin Med; 5: 1–13.
[2] Taylor PW, Hamilton-Miller JM, Stapleton PD. (2005): Antimicrobial properties of green tea catechins. Food Sci Technol Bull; 2: 71–81. [PMC free article][PubMed] .
[3] Schneider C, Segre T (2009): Green tea potential health benefit. Am Fam Physician 2009; 79:591-594.
[4] Sakanaka S, Aiwaza M, Kim M, Yamamoto T. (1996): Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on growth and cellular adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. ;60:745–9. [PubMed]
[5] Yam TS, Shah S, Hamilton-Miller JTM (1997): Microbiological activity of whole and fractionated crude extract of tea (Camellia sinensis) and of tea components. FEMS Microbiol Lett; 152:169-174.
[6] Tiwari RP, Barti Sk, Kaur HD, et al (2005): Synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea and antibiotics. Indian J Med Res; 122:80-84.
[7] Stoicov C, Safari R, Houghton J (2009): Green tea inhibits Helicobacter growth in vivo and in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents; 33:473-478.

Abstract: Background: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important pathogen globally in various infections especially in hospital acquired infections. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii from various clinical samples. Materials and Methods: The study included a total of 4269 clinical samples, collected from patients at a multi super speciality hospital in Dehradun, India from September 2013 to August 2014. Identification and sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii were performed by fully automated Vitek 2 compact system.

[1]. Gerner-Smidt P. Taxonomy and epidemiology of Acinetobacter infections. Rev Med Microbiol 1995;6:186-97.

[2]. Towner KJ. Clinical importance and antibiotic resistance o Acinetobacter spp. J Med Microbiol 1997;46:721-46.

[3]. Levi I, Rubinstein E. Acinetobacter infections-overview of clinical features. In : Bergogne-Berezin I, Joly-Guilloo MI, Towner KJ,editors. Acinetobacter : microbiology, epidemiology, infections, management. Boca Raton, CRC Press. 1996;101-15.

[4]. Glew RH, Moellering RC, Kunz LJ. Infections with Acinetobacter calcoaeceticus (Herellea vaginicola) : Clinical and laboratory studies. Medicine 1997;56:79-97.

[5]. Henricksen SD. Moraxella, Acinetobacter and Mimae. Bacterial Rev 1973;37:522-61.

[6]. Colle JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A. PracticalMedical Microbiology. Churchill Livingstone 14th ed. 1996:294-6.

[7]. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Jande WM, Schreckenberger PC, Winn Jr WC. Colour atlas and text book diagnostic Microbiology. Lippincot 5thed 1997;286-7.

Abstract: Background: Distressed personality commonly referred as type D personality is characterized by negative attitude towards life combined with person's preference to suppress their emotions. It is associated with anxiety depression and psychological stress. It is one of the risk factor for coronary heart disease. The present study is conducted to assess the incidence of Type D personality in medical under graduate students who are prone to excessive stress in their education. Aim and objective: Study of Type D personality in second year medical students.

[1]. Heilbrun AB Jr, Friedberg EB. Type A personality, self-control, and vulnerability to stress. J Personality Assessment 1988; 52:420–33

[2]. Williams RB, Littman AB. Psychosocial factors: role in cardiac risk and treatment strategies. Cardiol Clinics1996; 14:97–104.

[3]. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:580–92

[4]. Sher L. Effects of psychological factors on the development of cardiovascular pathology: role of the immune system and infection. Med Hypotheses 1999; 53:112–13.

[5]. Ursano RJ, Epstein RS, Lazar SG. Behavioral responses to illness: personality and personality disorders. In: Wise MG, Rundell JR, eds. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry.Psychiatry in the Medically Ill, 2nd edn. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2002:107–2

Abstract: Introduction: To estimate awareness of the common cancers in the region among the rural population in Wardha. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were prepared and distributed to the patients in AVBRH, Sawangi. Questions were designed to determine the knowledge about the common cancers in the region, their signs and risk factors. Result: The general awareness, knowledge of signs and risk factors of the cancers considered were found to be very low when compared with the other researches conducted in urban areas of India and other countries. A good number of people felt positive about prevention of cancer though a very few recognized the specific screening tests for the cancers considered.

[1]. World Health Organization "Cancer Fact sheet N°297" February 2014. Last accessed on 14.08.2015

[2]. World Health Organization "World Cancer Report" 2014; volume 3. Last accessed on 14.08.2015

[3]. Jemal A. Global cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.2011. 61; 2: 69-90.

[4]. Government of India (1998) SRS based abridged life tables 1990-94 and 1991-95. New Delhi, Registrar general of India. SRS Analytical Studies Report No. 1 of 1998.

[5]. Dikshit R. Cancer mortality in India: A nationally representative survey. Lancet.2012. 379; 9828: 1807–16.

[6]. Rural-Urban distribution Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance, Rural-Urban Distribution. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Last accessed on 14.08.2015

Abstract: It is an established fact that right cerebral hemisphere is specialized for musical tones and left is for verbal tones. Aim of the study:This study is aimed at exploring whether there is any specialization in right and left auditory pathways as well like in cerebral hemispheres, by recording the inter peak latencies of brainstem auditory evoked potentials with a musical acoustic stimulus in normal healthy individuals.

[1]. Hashimoto I, Ishiyama Y, Tozuka G. Bilaterally Recorded Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Responses: Their Asymmetric Abnormalities and Lesions of the Brain Stem. Arch Neurol. 1979; 36 (3):161-167.
[2]. Chiappa KH, Choi S and Young RR, The results of new method for the registration ofhuman short latency somatosensory evoked responses. Neurology, 1978;28:385.
[3]. Moller AR, Jannetta PJ.Neural generators of the auditory brainstem response. In: Jacobson JT, ed. The Auditory Brainstem Response. San Diego: College-Hill Press,1985; 13-32.
[4]. Row MJ III,Normal variability of the brainstem auditory evoked responses in young and old adult subjects. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1978; 44:428-459.
[5]. Tervaniemi.M, Kujala A, Alho K, Virtanen J, Ilmoniemi, and NaatanenR. Functional specialization of the human auditory cortexin processing phonetics and musical sounds A Magneto encephalographic study.Neuro Image 1996; 9:330-336.
[6]. Yogananda Reddy Indla, Ram Reddy B, Confirmation of Right Cerebral Hemisphere Specialization by Brainstem Audotory Evoked Potentials-An Electrophysiological Study, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2012;3:(3) 143-147.

Abstract: This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, J. L. N. Medical College, Ajmer (Raj.) for a period of 6 months. A total of randomly 100 pus samples received in the bacteriology section of microbiology department from the various wards of J.L.N Hospital to identify the common aerobic bacterial isolates and to study their antimicrobial susceptibility. Out of 100 culture, 48 (48%) were gram negative and 25 (25%) were gram positive. Mixed growths were seen in 20 (20%) samples and no growth in (7%) cases. The most common organism isolated was Klebsiella (28%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20 (20%), Coagulase negative staphylococcus 10 (10%), Staphylococcus aureus 8 (8%), Proteus mirabilis 5 (5%), Enterococcus faecalis 4 (4%), E.coli 3 (3%), Citrobacter 2(2%) and Streptococcus pyogens in 3 (3%) of case. It was observed from that gram positive organisms were sensitive to Gentamicin, Amoxyclav, Linezolid and Vancomycin but resistant to Ampicilline and Cotrimoxazole. For Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin sensitivity was moderate.

[1]. A. Ananth and S.Rajan. Isolation and Screening of Pathogenic Bacteria from Wound Infections. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research.2014; 6(3): 15-17.
[2]. A.R. Kumar. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from pus from tertiary care hospital and issues related to the rational selection of antimicrobials. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2013; 5 (11): 326-331.
[3]. Aizza Zafar, Naeema Anwar and Hasanejaz. Bacteriology of infected wounds – A study Conducted at Children's Hospital Lahore. Biomedica.2008;24:71-74.
[4]. Colle. J. G., Digcid J.P, Fraser A.G. Mackaie & MacCarteny , Practical Medical Microbiolgy. 14th edition: 1996; 413-418.
[5]. Cowan ST, Steel KJ. Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria (4th Ed1985)
[6]. Dr.R.Sarathbabu, Dr.T.V.Ramani, Dr. K.Bhaskara rao and Dr.Supriya Panda. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sputum, urine and pus samples. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences.2012;1:4-9.

Abstract: Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) is a hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal development of certain tissues and structures of ectodermal origin. The most frequently reported ED syndrome is X-linked hypohidrotic dysplasia, also known as Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome, which affects one to seven individuals per 10,000 live births. Orofacial characteristics of this syndrome include anodontia or hypodontia, hypoplastic conical teeth, underdevelopment of the alveolar ridges, frontal bossing, depressed nasal bridge, protuberant lips, and hypotrichosis. The characteristics associated with ED will often result in afflicted individuals having an abnormal appearance.

[1]. Pinheiro M, Freire-Maia N Ectodermal dysplasias: a clinical classification and a casual review. Am J Med Genet 1994,53:153–62
[2]. Lowry RB, Robinson GC, Miller JR. Hereditary Ectodermal Dysplasia : symptoms, inheritance patterns, differential diagnosis and management. Clin Pediatr 1966;5:395-402.
[3]. Blattner RI. Hereditary Ectodermal Dysplasia. J Pediatr 1968;73:444-47.
[4]. Nowak AJ.Dental treatment for patients with Ectodermal Dysplasia. Birth Defects 1988;24:24.3-52.
[5]. Pigno MA, Blackman RB, Cronin RI Jr, Cavazos E. Prosthodontic management of Ectodermal Dysplasia: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent 1996;76:541-45.
[6]. Ramos V Giebink DL, Fisher JG, Christensen C. Complete dentures for a child with hypohidrotic Ectodermal 4.Dysplasia: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1995;74:329- 31.
[7]. Bonilla ED, Guerra L, Luna O. Overdenture prosthesis for oral rehabilitation of hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: a case report. Quintessence Int 1997;28:657-65.

Abstract: Background: Laryngoscopy and intubation are mandatory for patients undergoing general anesthesia. Direct laryngoscopy and intubation along withpneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for laparoscopic surgery cause afferent sympatho-adrenal response, this causes increase in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac arrhythmias in some patients.Magnesiumsulphate has been recently shown to have a potential to prevent such harmful responses. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of administration of magnesium sulphate to attenuate hemodynamic responses due to laryngoscopy, intubation and pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery.

[1]. Bruder N, Granthil C, Ortega D. Consequences and prevention methods of hemodynamic changes during laryngoscopy and intubation.Ann FrAnaesthesiologyReanim 1992; 11(1):57-71.
[2]. Pyrs-Roberts C and GreaneLT.Studies of anaesthesia in relation to hypertension, haemodynamic consequences of induction and endotracheal intubation. Br J Anaesthesia 1971; 43:531-46.
[3]. Punnonen R, Viinamaki O. Vasopressin release during laparoscopy: role of increased intra abdominal pressure. Lancet 1982; 1:175-76.
[4]. Torrielli R, Cesarini M, Winnock S et al. Modifications hemodynamic quesdurant la coelioscopie: etude menee par bioimpedanceelectriquethoracique. Can J Anaesthesiology 1990; 374:51.
[5]. Solis-Hermzo A, Moreno D, Gonzalez A et al. Effect of intrathoracic pressure on plasma arginine vasopressin levels. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:607-17.
[6]. Ivankovich AD, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF et al. Cardiovascular effects of intraperitoneal insufflation with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the dog. Anesthesiology 1975; 42:281-87.

Abstract: Radon 222 is a colorless and odorless radioactive element that is available in the water, soil and air. It can endanger human health by alpha-ray emissions. Existing radon 222 in drinking water supplies in the long run can cause stomach and lung cancer. In this review study, concentration of Radon 222 tap drinking in Minab and Bandar Abbas cities was measured in past studies and compared by Independent Samples Test. The mean concentration of radon 222 tap water of Minab city at 5 and 15 ˚C was 0.78±0.06 and 0.46±0.04 Bq/l, respectively.

[1]. Colmenero Sujo, L., et al., Uranium-238 and thorium-232 series concentrations in soil, radon-222 indoor and drinking water concentrations and dose assessment in the city of Aldama, Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2004. 77(2): p. 205-219.
[2]. Smith, B.J., L. Zhang, and R.W. Field, Iowa radon leukaemia study: a hierarchical population risk model for spatially correlated exposure measured with error. Statistics in medicine, 2007. 26(25): p. 4619-4642.
[3]. Fakhri, Y. and M. Mirzaei, Effective dose received Radon 222 tap drinking water in the Age groups humans. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS), 2015. 14(8): p. 101-104.
[4]. Ahmad, N., M.S. Jaafar, and Mohammed Saad Alsaffar, Study of radon concentration and toxic elements in drinking and irrigated water and its implications in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 2015.
[5]. Oner, F., et al., The measurements of radon concentrations in drinking water and the Yeşilırmak River water in the area of Amasya in Turkey. Radiation protection dosimetry, 2009. 133(4): p. 223-226.
[6]. Kam, E. and A. Bozkurt, Environmental radioactivity measurements in Kastamonu region of northern Turkey. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2007. 65(4): p. 440-444.

Abstract: Hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by an elevation of any or all lipid profile and/or lipoproteins in the blood. Although elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is thought to be the best indicator of atherosclerosis risk, (Amit et al., 2011) dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids in the blood) can also describe elevated total cholesterol (TC) or triglycerides (TG), or low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL).Hyperlipidemia is the major precursor of lipid related ailment such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and also involved in sudden death syndrome. The main cause of hyperlipidemia includes changes in lifestyle habits in which risk factor is mainly poor diet i.e. with a fat intake greater than 40 percent of total calories, saturated fat intake greater than 10 percent of total calories; and cholesterol intake greater than 300 milligrams per day or treatable medical conditions (Durrington, 1995).

[1]. Amit G, Vandana S, Sidharth M (2011). Hyperlipidemia: An Updated Review. Inter J of Biopharma & Toxicol Res; 1:81-89.
[2]. Ankur rohilla, Nidhi Dagar, Seema Rohilla, Amarjeet Dahiya, Ashok Kushnoor (2012).
[3]. Hyperlipidemia- a Deadly Pathological Condition. Inter J Curr Pharma Res; 4:15-18
[4]. Barbara G Wells, Joseph T DiPiro, Terry L Schwinghammer, Cindy Hamilton (2005).
[5]. Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 6thed. McGraw-Hill publications. p. 92-96.
[6]. Baron RB. Lipid Abnormalities. In: Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (2005). 44th ed.The McGraw-Hill Company. Pg.1202-13.

Abstract: Pancreatic pseudocysts belong to a large and heterogeneous group of cystic pancreatic lesions and represent a complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis. The objective of this observational study was to study the different etiologies, clinical features, investigations and management of pseudocyst of pancrease in patients being treated at KMC hospital Manipal. Methodology:A prospective observational study was carried out on patients diagnosed with a pancreatic pseudocyst in the Department of Surgery/Medicine/Gastroenterology in Kasturba hospital, Manipal. The study was conducted over a period of 2 years from 1st September 2012 to 31st August 2014. A total of 50 patients were included in the study.

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[4]. D'Egidio A, Schein M. Percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: a prospective study. World J Surg. 1992;16:141-145; discussion 145-146.
[5]. Vitas GJ, Sarr MG. Selected management of pancreatic pseudocysts: operative versus expectant management. Surgery. 1992;111:123-130.
[6]. Yeo CJ, Bastidas JA, Lynch-Nyhan A, Fishman EK, Zinner MJ, Cameron JL. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by computed tomography. SurgGynecol Obstet. 1990;170:411-417.
[7]. Bradley EL, Clements JL, Jr., Gonzalez AC. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management. Am J Surg. 1979;137:135-141.