iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-12 ~ December-2016

Abstract: Background: Acute abdomen is a serious surgical emergency that if not treated properly may lead to significant morbidity and sometimes mortality since historic times. The abdomen is a Pandora's Box. Hollow viscus perforation is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen. Evaluating patients who have hollow viscus perforation remains one of the most challenging and resource-intensive aspects of acute surgical care. Missed diagnosis and late intervention are frequent causes of increased morbidity and mortality, especially in patients who survive the initial phase of insult. Physical examination findings are sometimes unreliable for several reasons. Successful treatment requires a thorough understanding of anatomy, microbiology, pathophysiology of the disease process and in-depth knowledge of the therapy, including resuscitation, antibiotics, source control, and physiologic support..............

Keywords: Hollow viscus, perforation, management, mortality, treatment modalities

[1]. Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ. Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. Med Clin N Am 2008;92:599-625.
[2]. Kellog LC. A treatise on peptic perforations. Surgery 1939;6:524-30.
[3]. Dhikav V, Singh S, Pande S, Chawla A, Anand KS. Non-steroidal drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity: Mechanisms and
management. JIACM 2003;4:315-22
[4]. Donovan AJ, Berne TV, Donovan JA. Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan. Arch Surg 1998;133:1166-71.
[5]. Beniwal US. Comparative study of operative procedures in typhoid perforations. Indian J Surg 2003;65:172-6.

Abstract: Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene function that are not dependent on DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes are reversible unlike genetic changes and are influenced by environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, modifications of histone protein structure and posttranslational repression by micro-RNA which contribute to alterations in gene expression. The rapidly evolving field of epigenetics help us to understand better the gene-environment interactions. This article aims to review the possible role of epigenetic modifications in periodontal disease pathogenesis.

Keywords: DNA methylation, Epigenetics, Gene regulation, Histone modification, Periodontitis

[1]. Bayarsaihan D. Epigenetic mechanisms in inflammation. J Dent Res 2011;90:9-17.
[2]. Egger G, Liang G, Aparicio A, Jones PA. Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature 2004;429:457-63.
[3]. Herman JG, Baylin SB. Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2042-54.
[4]. Nile CJ, Read RC, Akil M, Duff GW, Wilson AG. Methylation status of a single CpG site in the IL6 promoter is related to IL6 messenger RNA levels and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:2686-93.
[5]. Barros SP, Offenbacher S. Epigenetics: connecting environment and genotype to phenotype and disease. J Dent Res 2009;88:400-408.

Abstract: When alveolar ridges lack the appropriate bone volume for implant placement, additional surgical procedures are necessary. In the posterior maxilla, the pneumatization of the maxillary sinus reduces the residual crestal height, and to perform implant placement, several sinus floor elevation techniques have been developed. These techniques involve specific instruments that require some experience, especially when performing sinus membrane lifting because of its importance for surgery success. A minimally invasive transalveolar sinus floor elevation technique is presented, in which a diamond burr used in cranial base surgery is employed. Surgery was performed.................

Keywords: Diamond burr, Sinus floor augmentation, Sinus lift, Transalveolar technique.

[1]. T.L Aghaloo and P.K Moy. Which hard tissue augmentation techniques are the most successful in furnishing bony support for
implant placement? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 22, 2006, 49-70. PMID: 18437791.
[2]. M.S Block and J.N Kent. Maxillary sinus grafting for totally and partially edentulous patients. J Am Dent Assoc, 124 (5), 1993,
139-143. DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.1993.0127
[3]. M. Hof, G. Tepper, B. Semo, C. Arnhart, G. Watzek and B. Pommer. Patients' perspectives on dental implant and bone graft
surgery: questionnaire‐based interview survey. Clin Oral Implants Res, 25(1), 2014, 42-45. DOI: 10.1111/clr.12061.
[4]. B. AlNawas, J. Wegener, C. Bender and W. Wagner. Critical soft tissue parameters of the zygomatic implant. J Clin Periodontol, 31
(7), 2004, 497-500. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00505.x.
[5]. S.V. Raja. Management of the posterior maxilla with sinus lift: review of techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 67 (8), 2009, 1730-
1734. DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.03.042.

Abstract: Primary extranodal lymphomas are rare in sites like ovary, thyroid, nasopharynx and central nervous system(CNS). It is usually a well-known late manifestation of disseminated nodal disease. Five rare cases of extranodal lymphomas were reported at Department of Pathology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Secunderabad. All five cases were diagnosed as Non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) based on histopathological, radiological and immunohistochemistry findings. Primary extranodal lymphomas usually they present with features of carcinomas. But immunohistochemistry plays an important role in diagnosis and classification of extranodal lymphomas in these sites.

Keywords: Extranodal, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, immunohistochemistry

[1]. D'Amore F, Christensen BE, Brincker H et al. Clinicopathological features and prognostic factors in extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1201–8.
[2]. Newton R, Ferlay J, Beral V et al. The epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: comparison of nodal and extra-nodal sites. Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 923–30.
[3]. Otter R, Gerrits WB, Sandt MM et al. Primary extranodal and nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A survey of a population-based registry. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 1203–10.
[4]. Marshalla, Ernest beutler, Thomas J. Kipps, Williams Hematology, 7th edition,2006; 1410- 12.
[5]. MonterrossoV, Jaffe ES, Merino MJ, Medeiros LJ.Malignant lymphomas involving the ovary: A clinicopathologic analysis of 39 cases.Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:154- 70.

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of hysterectomy on ovarian function in women aged 40 yrs or younger by measuring serum FSH levels and also to find out whether or not hysterectomy leads to an earlier onset of menopause. Materials and Methods: The study includes a a total of 100 women aged 40 yurs or younger attending the gynecology OP Dpartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Victoria General Hospital,Visakhapatnam during the period july 2014 to August 2016.They were taken as 50 cases and 50 controls.Cases included 50 women who underwent Hysterectomy(Abdominal/vaginal) done 5yrs or above for benign deseases of uterus with conservation of one or two ovaries.Controls included 50 women with intact uterus and having regular menstrual cycles.Both were matched with age and BMI...............

Keywords: Hysterectomy,FSH,reproductive age

[1]. Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub (2013). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (6th ed.). Glenview, IL: Pearson Education. pp. 850–890.
[2]. Puttabyatappa M, Al-Alem LF, Zakerkish F, Rosewell KL, Brännström M, Curry TE Jr.
[3]. Endocrinology. 2016 Nov 4:en20161544
[4]. Sahin M, Sahin S, Sari FN, Tatar EC, Uras N, Oguz SS, Korkmaz MH.
[5]. J Voice. 2016 Nov 9. pii: S0892-1997(16)30211-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.10.005.

Abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It is a real threat to maternal and foetal health and complicates 3% to 5% of pregnancies. So the observational institution based study was undertaken to evaluate the relation between pregnancy-diabetes, hypertension, and foetal outcome (prematurity, macrosomia, APGAR score, congenital lesions) and maternal outcome (incidence of lower uterine caesarean section, sepsis) in case of GDM mothers(n=54) and normal pregnancy state (n=54) .It was found that women with GDM are at significantly increased risk of hypertension compared with women who do not have GDM. Women with Sub-optimal control of blood glucose had a higher occurrence of macrosomia, , premature labour .caesarean section .Women with GDM present a unique population in which early interventions targeting improvement of CVD risk factors can benefit a significant portion of the female population

[1]. Bond MJ, Umas JG. Microvascular Complications and the diabetic pregnancy. Curr diab Rep 2006; 6: 291-6.
[2]. Gillmer MDG, Hurley PA. Diabetes and endocrine disorders in pregnancy. In: Edmonds DK, Editor. Dewhurst's Textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology for postgraduates. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science 1999. p. 197-209.
[3]. Perveen N, Saeed M, Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome: Experience at Sheikh Zayed Hospital. Mother and child 1996; 34: 83-8.
[4]. Farooq MU, Ayaz A, Ali B L et al. Maternal & Neonatal Outcome in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2007;3:109-115
[5]. Falls J, Millo L. Endocrine Disorders of pregnancy. In: Bankowski BJ, Hearne AE, Lambrou NC, Fox HE, Wallch EE, editors. The Johns Hopkins manual of Gynaecology and obstetrics. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. A Wolter Kluwer company 2002. p. 162-75.

Abstract: This study was aimed at finding out the correlation between anthropometric measurements of mother, mainly weight, weight gain during the ante-natal period, and the influence of previous obstetric history on the birth weight of the infant.A hundred patients were followed up from the beginning of gestation until delivery.The average weight gain in our study was 8.31 kilograms. The average pre-gestational weight of mothers in our study was 43.71 kgs. Pre-gestational weight appears to have a greater effect on birth weight than even weight gain in pregnancy..............

Key words: fetal weight, maternal weight, obstetric history, pregestational weight, weight gain

[1]. Arthur Leader, Kevin H. Wong And Mervyndietl, Maternal Nutrition Obstet. Gynaecol. Surv. 37 : 229, 1982.
[2]. Barbars Luke, Maternal Nutrition, Little Brown & Company, Boston, 1982.
[3]. Charles H. Peckham, Roberts E, Chritianson, Relationship Between Pre-Pregnant Weight And Certain Obstetric Factors, Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 111 : 1, 1971.
[4]. Eastman, N.J., & Jackson E., Weight Relationships In Pregnancy Obstet. Gynaecol. Surv. 23 : 1003, 1968.
[5]. Funderburx S.J., Guthrie D. And Meldrum, D., Suboptimal Pregnancy Outcome Among Women With Prior Abortions And Premature Births. Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 126:55, 1976.

Abstract: The study of estimation of mid trimester serum Beta HCG for the prediction of PIH is one of the most important mile stone of modern obstetrics, in that it is a non invasive method to predict future PIH. The primary aim of the present study is prediction rather than prognostication. The idea of estimation of B HCG helps us to predict the development of PIH earlier to 20 weeks. Doppler velocimetry is costly when compared with estimation of B HCG.Estimation of mid trimester B HCG can be used to predict the early development of PIH and can be managed before developing the overt disease to give better fetal outcome and to decrease fetal as well as maternal morbidity and mortality. It is concluded in this study that it could be used as a cost effective test which could be easily performed as out patient basis.

Keywords: Doppler, PIH, Prediction of PIH, serum β hCG, uterine artery

[1]. Leon chesley : Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy New York : Appleton Century Crofts, 1978 : 628 PP.
[2]. Pankaj Desai, Sonal Rao et al 2002 : "Predictive Value of Raised Mid Trimester Beta HCG in PIH" Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Indian Vol. 52 No : 1
[3]. Tanya K. Soremson M.D, Michell. Williams et al, 1993 " Elevated Second Trimester Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Subsequent Pregnancy Induced Hypertension". Amj Obstetrics Gynecol 1993 ; 169 ; 834 – 8.
[4]. Emma J. Davidson et al 2003 : "Meternal Serum Inhibin, Human Chorionic Gondadotropin and Alpha – Feto Protein as Second Trimester Predictor of Pre Eclampsia" British Journal of obstetrics and gynecology Vol. 110.46 – 52.
[5]. Review Edition Lippman, et al 1993. "An Association Between Elevated Levels of Chorionic Gonadotropin in the Mid Trimester and Adverse Pregnancy Out Come" AMJ Obstet Gynecol : 168 : 1852 – 7.

Abstract: The study of enlargement of lymphnodes has always been fascinating. Its causes, presentation, and nature of occurrence has always been the area of research interest. Even in amidst of modern investigations, the clinical evaluation of lymphnode swelling still remains the corner stone.Amongst the lymphnode swellings in the neck, koch's lesion amounts to be the major etiological factor of presentation.Of the 20 patients who underwent surgical excision of lymph nodes, 12 were cured. Among the 8 patients who were not cured, 2 developed recurrences, 2 Developed sinuses and 4 showed emergence...........

Keywords: ATT, Cervical lymphadenitis, Koch's lesion, lymphnodes, Tuberculosis

[1]. Attah EB. Peripheral lympadenopathy in Nigeria. Trop Geogr Med. 1974Sept; 26(3): 257-60.
[2]. Cheesman AD. Pharnyx, Larynx and Neck. Chapter-52 in: Bailey Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 24th Edition, Mann. Charles
V,Russell RCG, William Norman S, Spain: ELBS with Chapman &Hall: 2004. 773.
[3]. Farhi DC, Wells ST, Sigel RJ. Syphilitic lymphadenopathy – Histology

Abstract: Background: Term infants (>37 weeks gestation) who weigh <2500 g have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and have a higher risk of mortality and morbidity. Few interventions likely to be beneficial like smoking cessation, balanced protein/energy supplementation during gestation which may prevent IUGR and its related complications. Aims and objectives: To study maternal physical and socio-economic risk factors responsible for Intra Uterine Growth Restriction at full term (Term IUGR) among inborn babies and also to identify significant modifiable risk factors for IUGR in the locality, if any, and point out strategic measures to favourably modify those identified risk factors............

Keywords: IUGR, Maternal risk factor, LBW, Gestational weight gain

[1]. Mavalankar DV, Gray RH, Trivedi CR. Risk factors for preterm and term low birthweight in Ahmedabad, India. Int J Epidemiol 1992;21(2):263–72.
[2]. Park K Park. Park K. Park's Text book of preventive and social medicine. page Jabalpur: M/s BanarsidasBhanot, 2005: 395–396.
[3]. Kramer MS. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 1987;65(5):663–737.
[4]. McCormick MC. The Contribution of Low Birth Weight to Infant Mortality and Childhood Morbidity. N Engl J Med 1985;312(2):82–90.
[5]. Sachdev. Low Birth Weight in South Asia. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 211 2001;

Abstract: Background: Parents dealing with their child's specific learning disability go through a stressful experience and have to put lot more effort physical and emotional than regular parenting, putting their mental well-being at risk. Aims: To assess the psychopathology and quality of life in parents of children with specific learning disability, and correlate the effects of socio-demographic factors. Methodology: 100 consecutive consenting parents of children with diagnosed specific learning disability were interviewed in learning disability clinic. A semi structured proforma, SCL 90 R scale and WHO QOL-BREF scale were used for assessment.Data obtained was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests........

Keywords: Learning disability, Parents, Psychopathology, Quality of life..

[1]. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Arlington, VA, American
Psychiatric Association, 2013.
[2]. Huber CH. Parents of the handicapped child: Facilitating acceptance through group counseling. Person Guid J. 1979;57:267-69.
[3]. Ben Thabet J, Sallemi R, Hasïri I, Zouari L, Kamoun F, Zouari N, et al. Psycho-emotional impact of a child's disability on parents.
Arch Pediatr. 2013;20:9-16.
[4]. Kandel I, Merrick J. The child with a disability: parental acceptance, management and coping. ScientificWorldJournal.
2007;7:1799-809.
[5]. Thornton M, Travis SS. Analysis of the reliability of the modified caregiver strain index. J Gerontol B PsycholSciSoc Sci.
2003;58:127-32.

Abstract: Background: Tobacco abuse is leading cause of morbidity and mortality in India and worldwide, accounting for millions of death every year. The trend has been increasing globally. Smoking has been a major form of tobacco abuse, though recent trend of alternative ways is seen globally. India has both smoking and chewing of tobacco as popular methods. The abuse of tobacco by psychiatric patients has been noticed worldwide, with studies linking nicotine and symptom changes. Majority of the studies have been on smoking and psychiatric illness. Aim: To study the pattern of tobacco use in psychiatric patients. Methodology: Tobacco use was studied in 500 outpatient psychiatric patients keeping in mind significant non-smoking use in India. Fagerstrom scale was used for assessing dependence in smoking use of tobacco and modified scale for smokeless use of tobacco. Subjects were divided on the basis of diagnosis into Psychotic and Non-psychotic groups.............

Keywords: Tobacco, Smoking, Smokeless, Mental illness.

[1]. Jha P, Peto R. Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370: 60-68.
[2]. Gajalakshmi CK, Jha P, Ranson MK, Ngyen SN. Global Patterns of Smoking and Smoking Attributable Mortality. In: Jha P,
Chaloupka E. (ed). Tobacco Control in Developing countries. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University of Press ; 2000: p11-39.
[3]. Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 ;54:1121-4.
[4]. Arrazola R, Dube S, Engstrom M. Current tobacco use among middle and high school students–United States, 2011. MMWR Morb
Mortal WklyRep . 2012; 61: 581–85.
[5]. Jha P, Jacob B, Gajalaksmi V, Gupta P, Dhingra N, Kumar R, et al. A nationally Representative Case-Control study of smoking
and death in India. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 1-11.

Abstract: Patients treated with cranial radiotherapy often develop dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis. The endocrine system was the organ system most commonly affected among childhood survivors, Growth hormone is disrupted most often, followed by gonadal, adrenal, and thyroid hormones . The severity and rate of development of hypopituitarism is determined by the dose of radiotherapy delivered to the hypothalamic–pituitary axis. The objective of this study was to report the frequency of anterior pituitary insufficiency post-radiotherapy in children and adolescents

Keywords: Radiotherapy, hypopituitarism, Thyroid insufficiency, Gonadal insufficiency

[1]. Bhatia S: Cancer survivorship – pediatric issues. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2005;507–515.

[2]. Armenian SH, Sun CL, Kawashima T, et al. Long-term health-related outcomes in survivors of childhood cancer treated with HSCT versus conventional therapy: a report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study (BMTSS) and Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) Blood. 2011;118:1413–1420

[3]. Cohen LE: Endocrine late effects of cancer treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2005;34:769–789.

[4]. Marina N: Long-term survivors of childhood cancer. The medical consequences of cure. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997;44:1021– 1042.

[5]. Chemaitilly W, Sklar CA. Endocrine complications in long-term survivors of childhood cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010;17:R141–R159.

Abstract: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes are defined by the association in the same patient of at least two endocrinopathies with other non-endocrine autoimmune disorders. There are several types, the most common is polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II Some diseases are not serious and require a good follow-up; Others, on the contrary, are more severe and involve the functional and sometimes vital prognosis of the affected patients(1). The endocrine system appears particularly vulnerable mainly to the thyroid gland, the pancreas and the adrenal cortex. Although the occurrence of these autoimmune pathologies separately is frequent,their manifestation in the context of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes remains very rare. Among them, diabetes mellitus should be sought systematically and treated efficaciously(2)(3).

[1]. Obermayer-Straub P, Manns MP. Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1998 Jun. 12(2):293-315. [2]. Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 13. 350(20):2068-79. [3]. Baker JR Jr. Autoimmune endocrine disease. JAMA. 1997 Dec 10. 278(22):1931-7. [4]. Betterle C, Lazzarotto F, Presotto F. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 2: the tip of an iceberg?. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Aug. 137(2):225-33. [5]. Cooper GS, Stroehla BC. The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2003 May. 2(3):119-25.

Abstract: This is a hospital based prospective randomized study conducted at department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Guntur Government Hospital , Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Objective : To compare efficacy of intravenous Labetolol versus oral Nifedipine in their rapidity to control hypertensive emergencies. Conclusion: Our study showed that both intravenous Labetolol and Nifedipine are equally effective and well tolerated.

Keywords: Eclampsia, Labetolol, Nifedipine, Pre-eclampsia

[1]. Cunningham F, Leveno K, Blomm S, Hauth J, Rouse D, Spong C. Williams Obstetrics. 23ra ed. Bethesda, Maryland: McGraw - Hill Companies. 2010.
[2]. Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF. W HO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. The lancet. 2006 Apr 7; 367(9516):1066 -74.
[3]. Payne B, Magee LA, von Dadelszen P. Assessment, surveillance and prognosis in pre-eclampsia. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2011 Aug 31;25(4):449 -62
[4]. Berg CJ, Callaghan W M, Syverson C, Henderson Z. Pregnancy - related mortality in the United States, 1998 to 2005. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010 Dec 1;116 (6):1302 - 9.
[5]. Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Morris CD, DerSimonian R, Esterlitz JR, Raymond EG, Bild DE, Clemens JD. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 Jul 10;337(2):69 -77.

Abstract: Caesarean section (C/S) rate is increasing globally, justified by increased fetal salvage rate and reduction in maternal mortality and morbidity. The objectives were to determine the incidence of caesarean section in our centre, assess the pattern and factors that influence the caesarean section rate and outcome in our environment. This was a five year retrospective study of all the patients that had caesarean section in our centre between January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. Statistical analysis was done using simple percentages and ratios. Out of the 13,906 deliveries,..............

Keywords: Caesarean section, cephalopelvic disproportion, repeat caesarean section, complications, maternal mortality, Calabar

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obstetrics and gynaecology. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2007, 461-76.
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588-597.

Abstract: The development of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPS) is a high sensitivity and specificity in the positive diagnosis of Cushing disease when the pituitary imaging is normal or in the presence of adenoma with non-typical dynamic tests. It is a technique that alleviates the inadequacy of medical imaging to attest to the pituitary origin of a Cushing's disease (1). It is an invasive technique that allows the detection of a gradient of hormonal concentration between the drainage system of the pituitary gland and a peripheral vein (central peripheral gradient) or between the petrous venous sinuses themselves (gradient Inter-sinus). Its disadvantages are exceptional complications.

[1]. Corrigan DF, Schaaf M, Whaley RA, Czerwinski CL, Earll JM. Selective venous sampling to differentiate ectopic ACTH secretion from pituitary Cushing's syndrome. N. Engl. J Med 1977 ; 296 : 861-2.
[2]. Pivonello R, De Leo M, Cozzolino A, Colao A. The Treatment of Cushing's Disease. Endocr Rev. 2015 Aug;36(4):385-486.
[3]. David N. Orth, M.D. Cushing's Syndrome
[4]. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:791-803
[5]. Allolio B, Gunther RW, Benker G, Reinwein D, Winkelmann W, Schulte HM. A multihormonal response to corticotropin- releasing hormone in inferior petrosal sinus blood of patients with cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990 ; 71 : 1195-1201.

Abstract: The differentiated thyroid carcinomas are considered to have a good prognosis: 90% survival at 5 years. However, advanced age is a factor aggravating the prognosis with a marked increase in aggressive forms and a greater frequency of metastasis. We report a series of 60 cases collected in our department between 1994-2016.The anamnestic, clinical and histological characteristics, the results of the extension report were analyzed and compared with the data of the literature. Our results were the following: average age at diagnosis is 66.58 years (60-82 years).................

Keywords: Undifferentiated carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, TNM classification, agresivity

[1]. Ranjani ramanathan, md, and henry g, fein, md. thyroid cancer in the elderly clinical geriatrics volume 15- number 12- december, 2007. [2]. Mr pelizzo, a piotto, i merante boschin, c pagetta, e casalide and a toniato. differentiated thyroid carcinoma in elederly patients (over 70 years). bmc geriatrics 2009, 9 (suppl 1) : a7. [3]. Louiza Vini, Stephen L. Hyper, Jennifer Marshall, Rogr A'Hern, Clive Harmer. Long-term results in elderly patients with differentiated thyroid carcinome. Cancer volume 97, issue 11, pages : 2736-2742 june 2003. [4]. Gupta KL. Neoplasm of the thyroid gland. Clin Geriatr Med 11:271-290, 1995. [5]. Lerch H, Schober O, Kuwert T, et al. Survival of differentiated thyroid carcinoma studied in 500 patients. J Clin Onc 15:2067-2075, 1997.

Abstract: It is a retrospective study involving 26 patients with thyroid differentiated cancers whose age is less than 20 years collected in our service between 1982 and 2015. The sex ratio is 22 girls per 4 boys with a Average age of 15.3 years (4 -20). In all cases, it was papillary carcinoma. The association with a vesicular component was found in 30%. The extension report found ganglion metastases (15.8%) of the pulmonary metastases (15.8%), bone metastases And adrenal adenomas each in 7.7% .The capsular fracture was noted in 80, 8%. After a mean follow-up of 8.9 ± 1.2 years, no mortality was observed. 8 (30.8%) are in complete remission, the other patients are always evolutionary and benefit from iterative treatment by I131

Keywords: Thyroid papillary carcinoma, metastasis, I131, TNM classification

[1]. R. T. Greenlee, M. B. Hill-Harmon, T. Murray, and M. Thun, "Cancer statistics, 2001," Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 15–36, 2001. [2]. L. Bernstein and J. Gurney, "Carcinomas and other malignant epithelial neoplasms," in Cancer Incidence and Survival among Children and Adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995, pp. 139–148, Cancer Statistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md, USA, 1999. [3]. J. K. Harness, N. W. Thompson, M. K. McLeod, J. L. Pasieka, A. Fukuuchi, and P. L. Gerfo, "Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents," World Journal of Surgery, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 547–554, 1992. [4]. M. Niedziela, E. Korman, D. Breborowicz et al., "A prospective study of thyroid nodular disease in children and adolescents in western Poland from 1996 to 2000 and the incidence of thyroid carcinoma relative to iodine deficiency and the Chernobyl disaster," Pediatric Blood and Cancer, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 84–92, 2004. [5]. Hogan AR, Zhuge Y, Perez Y, Koniaris LG, Lew JI, Sola JE. 2009 Pediatric thyroid carcinoma: incidence and outcomes in 1753 patients. J Surg Res 156: 167-172.

Abstract: Corticotropic adenoma causes chronic hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) responsible for Cushing's disease. This is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome, or chronic excess of endogenous cortisol. Ninety percent of corticotropic adenomas are microadenomas, sometimes not visible in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Corticotropph macroadenomas are rare, but often cause tumor scalability issues

[1]. Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Mohammed S, Morris DG, Jenkins P, Chew SL, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB . Discriminatory value of the low dose dexamethasone suppression test in establishing the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5299–5306 [2]. Invitti C, Giraldi FP, de Martin M, Cavagnini F .Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; 1999, 84:440–448 [3]. Woo YS, Isidori AM, Wat WZ, Kaltsas GA, Afshar F, Sabin I, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, & Grossman AB . Clinical and biochemical characteristics of adrenocorticotropin-secreting macroadenomas Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism ; 2005, 90 4963-4969 [4]. Selvais P, Donckier J, Buysschaert M, Maiter D ;Cushing's disease: a comparison of pituitary corticotroph microadenomas and macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 1998 ;138:153–159 [5]. Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T, Ogawa Y, Mizoi K, Murakami O Clinico-pathological study of Cushing's disease with large pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997 , 46:669–67

Abstract: Individualized by Pierre Marie in 1886 Acromegaly is a disease characterized by a dysmorphic syndrome acquired, to which it owes its name and by many consequences (rheumatologic, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic effects ) that determine prognosis (1). They are in fact all the more severe as the excess of GH has been prolonged and important. Among these complications, cardiovascular disorders are important to treat precociously because they cause increased morbidity and mortality. Analysis of the determinants of this mortality indicates that approximately 60% of patients die from cardiovascular pathologies, 25% from respiratory complications and 15% from cancer

[1]. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Lombardi G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev 2004;25:102-52. [2]. Wright AD, Hill DM, Lowy C, Fraser TR 1970 Mortality in acromegaly. Q J Med 34:1–16.
[3]. Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya C. Epidemiology of acromegaly. Pituitary 1999;2:29-41.
[4]. Giustina A, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, Chanson P, Clemmons D, Frohman LA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26:1242-7.
[5]. Molitch ME. Clinical manifestations of acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1992;21:597-614

Abstract: The purpose of this study aims to determine the clinical effectiveness of color Doppler twinkling artifacts for diagnosis of kidney stone using unenhanced computed tomography as a reference standard. . This research was approved for retrospective investigation conducted between 2010 and 2014.The subject referred from different clinics from King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital. The study sample included 88 patients who demonstrated one kidney stone on unenhanced CT assessment of the kidneys .All the patients were examined the kidneys by B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound using ultrasound machine, and compared with the reference of non-contrast computed tomography (CT) results.............

Keywords: Computed tomography, kidney stones Ultrasound, Twinkling artifact

[1]. Smith RC, Verga M, McCarthy S, Rosenfield AT (1996) Diagnosis of acute flank pain: value of unenhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166(1):97–101
[2]. Boulay I, Foley WD, White B, Begun FP (1999) Ureteral calculi: diagnostic efficacy of helical CT and implications for treatment of patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:1485–1490
[3]. Dalrymple NC, Verga M, Anderson KR, et al. (1998) The value of unenhanced helical computerized tomography in the management of acute flank pain. J Urol 159(3):735–740
[4]. Catalano O, Nunziata A, Altei F, Siani A (2002) Suspected ureteral colic: primary helical CT versus selective helical CT after unenhanced radiography and sonography. Am J Roentgenol 178:378–387
[5]. Ripolle´s T, Errando J, Agramunt M, Martı´nez MJ (2004) Ureteral colic: US versus CT. Abdom Imaging 29(2):263–266.

Abstract: Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Thyroglobulin protein accounts for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. The protein is a precursor of the thyroid hormones; these are produced when thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues are combined with iodine and the protein is subsequently cleaved (1). Hence, thyroglobulin levels in the blood are mainly used as a tumor marker for certain kinds of thyroid cancer (particularly papillary or follicular thyroid cancer). After complete initial treatment, the serum thyroglobulin assay under stimulation By TSH (endogenous or exogenous) is the most factor of differentiated thyroid cancers to predict persistent disease or tumor recurrence (2). A subsequent elevation of the thyroglobulin level is an indication of recurrence of papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroglobulin is not produced by medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Evolution of thyroglobulin after the first Radioiodine (I -131) therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer

[1]. Boro WF (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1044. Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Spencer CA, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Wartofsky L, Haugen BR, Sherman SI, Cooper DS, Braunstein GD, Lee S, Davies TF, Arafah BM, Ladenson PW, Pinchera A (2003). "A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low-risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88(4): 1433–41. . [2]. Thyroid cancer gender disparity Reza Rahbari,1 Lisa Zhang,1 and Electron Kebebew† Future Oncology November 2010 ,Vol. 6, No. 11, Pages 1771-1779 [3]. Berger N, Borda A, Bizollon Mh. Le carcinome papillaire de la thyroïde et ses variantes. Expansion scientifique publications, Arch. Anat. Cytol. Pathol., 1998, vol. 46; n°1-2: pp. 45 - 61 [4]. Hiroshi Katoh*, Keishi Yamashita, Takumo Enomoto and Masahiko Watanabe
[5]. Classification and General Considerations of Thyroid Cancer. Ann Clin Pathol 3(1): 1045 (2015)

Abstract: Through a comparative prospective study of 51 control subjects matched for sex, body mass index and age, We investigated 46 patients with post-partum pituitary disease (Sheehan Syndrome), conventionally substituted and having a disease history of at least 10 years. The patients have an android obesity with a mean waist circumference significantly higher than that of the controls: average waist circumference at 100 cm versus 92.90 cm for the controls. 73.91% of patients had multiple metabolic syndrome (IDF 2005) compared to 33.33% of controls. 21% of patients have diabetes mellitus compared with only 3.92% of controls.

Keywords: Sheehan Syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, recombinante growth hormone, vascular risk, insulin resistance

[1]. Abdu. . T. A, T. A. El Hadd, H. Buch, D. Barton, R. Neary, R. N. Clayton. Coronary risk in GH deficiency hypopituitary adults : increased predicted risk is due largely to lipid profile abnormalities. Clin Endocrinol (oxf), 55 : 209-216, 2001.
[2]. Beshyah. S. A, A. Henderson, V. Anyaokv, C. Baynes, W. Richmond, P. Sharp and P.G. Johnston. Metabolic risk factors for vascular disease in adult hypopituitarism. Abst poster 11- 03-053 (Abstract book) Nice 1992.
[3]. Beshyah Increased diabete and glucose intolerance in adults treated for hypopituitarism. . S. A, V. Anyaokv, E. Skinner, R. Nithyananthan, P. Sharp, D. G. Johnston. Abst. J Endocrinol, 132 (Suppl) 240, 1992.
[4]. Beshyah. S. A, A. H. Henderson, R. Nitheryanathan, P. Sharp, W. Richmond, D. G. Johnston. Metabolic abnormalities in growth hormone deficient adults : Carbohydrate tolerance and lipid metabolism. Endocrinol Metab, 1 ; 173-180, 1994 .
[5]. Beshyah. S. A and D.G. Johnston. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in adults with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) ; 50 : 1-15, 1999.

Abstract: Thyroid medullary carcinoma (MTC) is a rare cancer representing only 5 to 10% of thyroid cancers. Early and adequate surgery is capable of healing in 40% to 60% of cases. Plasma calcitonin is a sensitive and specific marker, useful for diagnosis, healing and evolution. Our work is a retrospective study of 25 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma, followed at the endocrinology department of the CHU BEO. It was about 16 women and 09 men. The average age was 41.5 years (19 - 75 years). Nodular goitre was the main reason for consultation. Preoperative determination of calcitonin was performed in 68% of our patients. The familial form of MT Cintegrating into.........

Keywords: MTC, TCT, surgery, MEN 2a , metastases

[1]. R. Cohen, H. Bihan, B. Franc. Cancer médullaire de la thyroïde. EMC (2008 Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris). 10-008-B-10
[2]. Jean-Louis Sadoul .J.L, d'Herbomez.M, Monpeyssen.H, Tramalloni.J, Leteurtre.E, et al .Recommandations de la Société française d'endocrinologie pour la prise en charge des nodules thyroïdiens Presse Med. 2011; 40: 793–826
[3]. Kloos R.T., Eng C., Evans D.B., Francis GL, Gagel RF, Gharib H, et al : Medullary Thyroid cancer : management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 2009,
[4]. Scheuba C., Kaserer K., Moritz A. et al : Sporadic hypercalcitoninemia : clinical and therapeutic consequences. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2009, 16 : 243-253
[5]. Cohen R., Campos J.-M., Salaün C. Heshmati HM., Kraimps JL., Proye C.et al : Préoperative calcitonin levels are predictive of tumor size and postoperative calcitonin normalization in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000, 85 : 919-922.

Abstract: Hyper androgenism is common in women. It can have two origins: adrenal and ovarian; It may be benign or malignant. The clinical symptoms are variable; It depends on the importation of the rate of androgens ranging from simple hirsutism to severe virilizing form with secondary amenorrhea. In all cases, a clinical and paraclinical approach is necessary to establish an etiological diagnosis and to adapt an effective therapy we report in this publication the observation of a patient with hyperandrogenism secondary to a virilizing ovarian tumor

Keywords: Hyper androgenism,tumor; MRI, Testosterone , surgery

[1]. C. Droumaguet, S. Salenave, S. Brailly-Tabard, J. Young. Hyper androgénie et hirsutisme. EMC endocrinologie et nutrition ; 10-033-G-10 ; 2010.
[2]. L. Maitrot, S. Christin-Maitre.Méthodes d'exploration de la fonction ovarienne. EMC endocrinologie et nutrition ;10-027-B-10, 2008
[3]. B. Oudet, J. Rigabert, J. Young, M-L.Raffin-Sansan. Physiologie et exploration des secrétions du cortisol et des androgènes par la surrénales. EMC endocrinologie et nutrotion ; 10-014-B-10, 2010
[4]. M.-A. Le Frère-Belda. Classification histopathologiquedes tumeurs ovariennes. EMC – Gynécologie ; Volume 9, n◦2, avril 2014.
[5]. B. Oudet, J. Rigabert, J. Young, M-L.Raffin-Sansan. Physiologie et exploration des secrétions du cortisol et des androgènes par la surrénales. EMC endocrinologie et nutrotion ; 10-014-B-10, 2010