iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2016

Abstract: 25 year old male presented to the department of general surgery with the complaints of pain in the right side of lower abdomen for 1 day. Patient had history of low grade fever and vomiting. After thorough Clinical examination and investigations, suspecting acute appendicitis, emergency open appendectomy was planned and executed which revealed an intra abdominal testicular torsion intra operatively. Intra abdominal testicular torsion is an uncommon presentation. The purpose of this report is to highlight a case of torsed intra abdominal testis which presented with features of acute appendicitis.

[1]. Hack WW, Sijstermans K, van derVoortDoedens LM, Meijer RW, Heij HA, Delemarre-van de Waal HA et al.; Undescended testis: current views and advice for treatment. Ned TijdschrGeneeskd, 2008; 152(5): 246-252
[2]. Ormond JK; Torsion of an intra-abdominal testis. Ann Surg., 1927; 85(2): 280-283
[3]. Francis X.Schneck, Mark F Bellinger. Abnormalites of the testis and scrotum andtheir surgical management. Campbell's Urology 67:2353-84
[4]. F. J. Candocia and K. Sack-Solomon, "An infant with testicular torsion in the inguinal canal," Pediatric Radiology, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 722–724, 2003
[5]. Chou YH, Chen CH, Huang CJ, Li HH, Huang CH, Huang TJ. Torsion of a malignant undescended testis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1998;14:308-10.

Abstract: Breast milk is safe, clean, cheap, hygienic & fully meets the nutritional requirements of the infant in first few months of life. It also protects mother from ovarian, breast cancers & osteoporosis, but a considerable numbers of women in India have lack of correct knowledge regarding breast feeding. A cross sectional observational study was conducted among 288 pregnant mothers attending the antenatal OPD of NRS medical college, Kolkata during three months period to assess their knowledge of breastfeeding. 86.5% of study populations were aware about the benefits of breast feeding, but overall awareness score regarding breast feeding was satisfactory (≥11) only in 32.3% cases. A higher proportion of satisfactory awareness score was found in mothers aged ≥20 years, muslims, belonging to reserved caste, from nuclear families and multigravida. The major source of information was family and neighbours. So emphasis must be given on involvement of health workers and mass media to impart correct knowledge on breast feeding practices among women for future benefit.

[1]. V Shaili, S Parul, SD Kandpal, S Jayanti, S Anurag, N Vipul. A Community Based Study on Breastfeeding Practices in a Rural Area of Uttarakhand. National Journal of Community Medicine. 2012;l3(2):283–87.
[2]. V Beral, NT Fear, P Alexander. Breastfeeding and childhood cancer. British Journal of cancer. 2000;82(5):1073–1102. [PMC free article] [Pub Med]
[3]. D Bhas. Breastfeeding is the key to infant and child survival [Internet]. [December 2009]. Available at: http://infochangeindia.org/public-health/features/breastfeeding-is-the-key-to-infant-and-child-survival.html [Accessed on 2/12/2015]
[4]. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2008. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06 (page 18): West Bengal. Mumbai: IIPS. Awareness Of Breast Feeding Among Mothers Attending Antenatal OPD Of NRS Medical College DOI: 10.9790/0853-152120308 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
[5]. The lancet series on maternal and child undernutrition executive summary. Available at: http://www.imagine.in/Sem6-ExeSum.pdf [Accessed on 2/12/2015]

Abstract: Background: Sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL) is the one end result of ageing , exposure to loud noise produced by occupational , electronics and industrial machines, infective, traumatic, systemic disease, exposure to ototoxic drugs and idiopathic.

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[2]. HHS publica Aans,april 2013,suppl 21,page 107-115.
[3]. Acta Otorrino Laringologica (English edition) vol 63,issue 5,page 382-390.
[4]. International journal of Paediatric otolaryngology.N.Yehudai.jan 2015,vol.79-issue 1page26-30.
[5]. Mayo clinic, C.Aimoni, Audiology-Neurotology March 2009

Abstract: Background: Ocular disorders causing defective vision is common in middle age. There is a high prevalence of ocular comorbidities associated with systemic diseases. Early signs of age-related eye diseases, begin in middle age and hence a baseline comprehensive eye exam is necessary.

[1]. Textbook of Ophthalmology – Myron Yanoff and Jay S.Duker; Third edition, 2009.
[2]. Clinical Ophthalmology- A Systematic approach-- Jack J Kanski; Sixth Edition, 2008.
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[4]. Shields Textbook of Glaucoma- R. Rand Alligham, Karim F. Damji, Sharon Freedam, Sayoko E. Moroi, George Shafranov, M. Bruce Shields ; Fifth Edition, 2005.
[5]. Zimmet P, Albertika, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001; 414:782-787.

Abstract: Introduction: Rubber band or dhaga which are usually tied around wrist though seems harmless can lead to chronic infections if left forgotten in children. These are popularly known as Dhaga syndrome or rubber band syndrome.

[1]. McIver MA, Gochman RF. Elastic bands on the wrist: a not so silly complication. PediatrEmerg Care. 2011;27(5):428-429
[2]. Rasool MN, Stathoulis B. Rubber band constriction of wrist. J hand surg Br. 199;21(6):806-807
[3]. Aggarwal, A.N., Kini, S.G., Arora, A., Singh, A.P., Gupta, S., Gulati, D. Rubber band syndrome—high accuracy of clinical diagnosis.J Paediarorthop 2010;30:e1–e4.
[4]. Gaur, S.C., Swarup, A. Progressive constriction band caused by black magic thread. J Hand Surg Br.1991;16:349.
[5]. R.sreekanth, Ronald L, Binu Thomas.The Elastic Band (Dhaga) Syndrome. J hand surgapril 2014 ;810-811

Abstract: .................

[1]. An Anthropometric Analysis of the Key Foramina for Maxillofacial SurgeryBrian Cutright, DDS,* Naomi Quillopa
[2]. Phillips JL, Weller RN, Kulild JC (1992) The mental foramen: 2. Radiographic position in relation to themandibular second premolar. J Endod 18, 271-274
[3]. The location of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population Wei Cheong Ngeow and Yusof Yuzawati Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
[4]. Position of mental foramen in North American white population - Julian RD, Moiseiwitsch, Chapel Hill (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:457-60)
[5]. Radiographic study of mental foramen in a selected population in Kheda District,Gujrat- Priti Pregnesh ,Kevin Kaushik, Mona Shah Journal of Indian Academy of oral medicine and radiology Jan March 2013 (25) 13-17

Abstract: Objective: Estimation of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in preeclamptic patients and to find out association between this biomarker and preeclampsia and also the role of this biomarker as predictor of the disease............

Keywords: Blood pressure, hsCRP, preeclampsia.

[1]. Dutta DC. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. In: Konar H, editor. Textbook of Obstetrics including Perinatology and
Contraception. 7 th ed. India: New central book agency (P) Ltd; 2011. p. 219-40.
[2]. Villar J, Betran AP, Gulmezoglu M. Epidemiological basis for the planning of maternal health services.WHO/RHR 2001;111:298-
02.
[3]. Khedun SM, Moodley J, Naicker T, et al. Drug management of hyper -tensive disorders of pregnancy. Pharmacol Ther
1997;74(2):221-58.
[4]. Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003 Jul;102(1):181-92.
[5]. Ness RB, Roberts JM. Heterogeneous causes constituting the single syndrome of preeclampsia: a hypothesis and its
implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996 Nov;175(5):1365-70.

Abstract: Aim: To assess the outcomes of sialastic T Tube and Keel in laryngotracheal surgeries . Study Methods: This is a retrospective study performed at Government ENT Hospital /Osmania Medical College Koti,Hyderabad,Telangana State,INDIA A total of 40 cases of laryngotracheal stenosis were included in the study and operated with Shiaan Yaan Lee technique and outcome with respect to successful decannulation was assessed .............

Keywords: Laryngotracheal stenosis(LTS), silicon T tube stenting (STTS), Laryngeal keel(LK).

[1]. Gelbard A, Francis DO, Sandulache VC, Simmons JC, Donovan DT, Ongkasuwan J. Causes and consequences of adult laryngotracheal stenosis. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(5):1137-1143. doi:10.1002/lary.24956.

[2]. Kelkar P, Shah R, Mahandru JP, Kasbekar V. Management of laryngo-tracheal stenosis by shiann - yann lee technique. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;56(1):1-4. doi:10.1007/BF02968761.

[3]. Mandour M, Remacle M, Van de Heyning P, Elwany S, Tantawy A, Gaafar A. Chronic subglottic and tracheal stenosis: endoscopic management vs. surgical reconstruction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;260(7):374-380. doi:10.1007/s00405-002-0578-3.

[4]. Park JS, Kwon Y-S, Lee S, Yon JH, Kim DW. Airway management using laryngeal mask airway in insertion of the Montgomery tracheal tube for subglottic stenosis -A case report-. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010;59 Suppl:S33-S36. doi:10.4097/kjae.2010.59.S.S33.

[5]. Amorós JM, Ramos R, Villalonga R, Morera R, Ferrer G, Díaz P. Tracheal and cricotracheal resection for laryngotracheal stenosis: experience in 54 consecutive cases. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2006;29(1):35-39. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.10.023.

Abstract: Club Foot is the most common congenital deformity. It can be identified at birth by observing forefoot adduction, hind foot inversion,pes cavus and equinus deformity. The study was conducted to evaluate the functional outcome of controlled fractional differential distraction in the management of neglected and resistant club foot by Joshi's external Stabilization System (JESS)...........

Keywords: Adduction, Club foot, Equinus, JESS, Resistant

[1]. K. Ikeda, "Conservative treatment of idiopathic clubfoot,"Journal of Paediatric Orthopaedics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 217–223, 1992.
[2]. Dobbs MB, Nutley R, Schoenecker PL. Long‑term follow‑up ofpatients with clubfeet treated with extensive soft‑tissue release.J
Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:986‑96.
[3]. Ponseti IV, Smoley EN. Congenital clubfoot the results oftreatment. J Bone Joint Surg 1963; 45:134‑41.
[4]. Turco VJ. Surgical correction of the resistant club foot. One‑stage posteromedial release with internal fixation: A preliminaryreport.
J Bone Joint Surg Am 1971; 53:477‑97.
[5]. Khan SA, Kumar A. Ponseti's manipulation in neglectedclubfoot in children more than 7 years of age: A prospectiveevaluation of
25 feet with long‑term follow‑up. J PediatrOrthopB 2010; 19:385‑9.

Abstract: Holt –oram syndrome is clinically characterised by morphological abnormalities of upper limbs and congenital heart defects.Although the disease is congenital,the diagnosis may only be made later in life.We describe the case of one year female child with hypoplasia of upper limbs since birth and congenital cardiac defect,patent ductus arteriosus which is not common in this syndrome.

Keywords: Congenital heart defects ,hypoplasia of upper limbs.

[1]. Holt M, Oram S. Familial heart disease with skeletal malformations. Br Heart J. 1960;22(2):236–42.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [2]. Bohm J, Heinritz W, Craig A, Vujic M, Ekman-Joelsson BM, Kohlhase J, et al. Functional analysis of the novel TBX5 c.1333delC mutation resulting in an extended TBX5 protein. BMC Med Genet. 2008;9:88.[PMC free article] [PubMed]

[3]. Garne E. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies by fetal ultrasonographic examination.Ultrasound Obst Gyn. 2001;17:386–91. [PubMed]

[4]. Forster UG, Kujat MA. Genotype-Phenotype correlation in Holt-Oram Syndrome [Project] Leipzig: Institut fuer Humangenetik-Leipzig; 2001.

[5]. Basson CT, Huang T, Lin RC, Bachinsky DR, Weremowicz S, Vaglio A, et al. Different TBX5 interactions in heart and limb defined by Holt-Oram syndrome mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(6):2919–24.[PMC free article] [PubMed]

Abstract: This study focuses on employee workplace and demographic predictors to know the employee attitudes and behaviours regarding organisational change. The findings indicate significant relationships between readiness for change and workplace and demographic factors. The economic and social environment is so dynamic that without adopting to such change even the most successful organization can not survive in the changed environment...........

Keywords: Organizational change, Employees attitude, Job satisfaction, Job security and Commitment.

[1]. Stephen P.Robbins(2011).organizational behaviour-Pearson.
[2]. K.Aswathappa(2013).Human resource management-Tata McGraw hill publication
[3]. M.N.Mishra(2010).Organizational behaviour & corporate development-Himalya publishing house.
[4]. Drucker, P.F. (1999). Management Challenges for the 21st Century. New York: Harper
[5]. Business.Eby, L.T., Adams, D.M., Russell, J.E.A. and Gaby, S.H. 2000. 'Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees' reactions to the implementation of teambased selling.' Human Relations, 53(3): 419-442.

Abstract:We report a case of skeletal multiple dysplasia at term pregnancy delivered vaginally at Regional institute of Medical sciences, Imphal. The skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of more than 350 disorders frequently associated with orthopaedic complications and varying degrees of dwarfism or short stature. Because of high lethality and morbidity rate as well as high possibility to be found again in the next pregnancy, they need to be actively looked for future ultrasounds..

Keywords: Thanatophoric, dysplasia, ultrasound, skeletal

[1]. Superti-Furga A, Bonafe L, Rimoin DL. Molecular-pathogenetic classification of genetic disorders of the skeleton. Am J Med
Genet. 2001;106:282-293. (PubMed]
[2]. Hall CM. International nosology and classification of constitutional disorders of bone (2001) Am J Med Genet. 2002;113:65-77.
[PiihMecl]
[3]. Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Barbosa-Neto 1G. The birth prevalence rates for the skeletal dysplasias. J Med Genet 1986;23:328-332.
[4]. Noe EJ, Yoo HW, Kim KN, Lee SY. A case of thanatophoric dysplasia type I with an R248C mutation in the FGFR3 gene. Korean
J Pediatr 2010;53:1022-5.
[5]. Sutton VR, McAlister WH, Bertin TK, et al. Skeletal defects in paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14 are re-capitulated
in the mouse model (paternal uniparental disomy 12) Hum Genet. 2003;113:447-451. [PuhMed]

Abstract: Lemierre's syndrome also known as postanginal shock including sepsis and human necrobacillosis refers to thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It most often develops as a complication of a bacterial sore throat infection in young, otherwise healthy adults. It creates a peritonsillar abscess, a blood clot, filled with bacteria near the tonsils in the jugular vein. An Incision & Drainage must be done. We are reporting two such cases that were managed in our hospital.

Keywords: Lemierre's syndrome, Necrobacillus, Peritonsillar abscess, Postanginal shock,

[1]. Chirinos JA, Lichtstein DM, Garcia J, Tamariz LJ (November 2002). "The evolution of Lemierre syndrome: report of 2 cases and review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore) (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 81 (6):

[2]. Sinave CP, Hardy GJ, Fardy PW (March 1989). "The Lemierre's syndrome: suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein secondary to oropharyngeal infection". Medicine (Baltimore) (Williams & Wilkins) 68 (2):

[3]. NCBI PubMed, Bentley TP, Brennan DF (August 2009). "Lemierre's syndrome: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) finds a new home.". Medicine (Orlando) (Bentley & Brennan) 37 (2): 131

Abstract: Aims: Diabetes Mellitus has become an increasing global health problem and is a major health problem in India. Even though lot of research has been done for the treatment and prevention of this disease, still research in Southeast India is limited. Recent studies show a correlation between Vitamin D and diabetes; however other contributory factors also influence this correlation........

Keywords: Insulin resistance; Vitamin D; Inflammation; Dyslipidemia; Cause-effect relationship.

[1]. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Bicree R and King H. Global prevalence of diabetes estimate for the year 2000 and projection for 2030. Diabetes care 2004: 27:1047- 1053
[2]. Shetty P.public health: India Diabetes Time Bomb. Nature.2012; 485: 14-16
[3]. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes -2011. American Diabetes Associaton. Diabetes care. 2011 January.Volume 34 (1)
[4]. Ramchandran A et al. Increasing expenditure on health care increased by diabetic subjects in a developing country: a study from India. Diabetes Care, 2007. 30: 252 – 256.
[5]. Powers AC. Diabetes mellitus. In: Fanci AS, kasper DC,longo Dl,brunwald e,hauser sl,jameson jl and loscalzo j (editor). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Mcgraw Hill Medical, New York, 2008, 17 th edition, Vol 2, 2275-2304.

Abstract: Breast diseases constitute a wide spectrum of disorders and the pattern varies across countries and ethnic groups. A diagnosis of breast cancer is usually associated with anxiety among women, with the result that those who actually have it, present late leading to increased adverse outcome. Most studies on breast disease spectrum in our environment are hospital based...........

Keywords: Breast disease, Benign breast disease, Breast cancer, Common, Fibroadenoma

[1]. Murillo Ortiz B, Botello Hernandez D, Ramirez Mateos C Reynaga Garcia FJ. Benign breast diseases: Clinical radiological and pathological correlation. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2002; 70. 613 – 8.
[2]. Malik M, Salahuddin O, Azhar M, Dilawar O, Irshad H, Sadia SA: Brest diseases: spectrum in Wah Cantt; POF hospital experience. Professional Med J Sept 2010, 17(3); 366 – 372.
[3]. Siddiqui M, Kayani N, Gill M, Pervez S, Muzatter S, Aziz S, Setna Z, Israr M, Hasan S: Breast diseases: a histopathological analysis of 3279 cases at a tertiary care centre in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2003, 53(3): 94 – 97.
[4]. Olu Eddo A, Ugiagbe EE. Benign breast lesions in African population: A 25year histopathological reviews of 1864 cases, Niger J Med: J Niger Med Assoc 2011, 52(4): 211.
[5]. Harris J, Morrow M, Norton L. Malignant tumors of breast.In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer principles and practice of oncology 5th edition. ( lippincot Philadelphia 1997): Pp 1557 – 1616.

Abstract: .................

Keywords:....

[1]. Longui C.A. Cryptorchidism: diagnosis and treatment. Arq Bras EndocrinolMetabol. 2005;49(February (1)):165–171.

[2]. Jensen M.S., Toft G., Thulstrup A.M., Bonde J.P., Olsen J. Cryptorchidism according to maternal gestational smoking. Epidemiology. 2007;18:220–225.

[3]. Kaftanovskaya E.M., Huang Z., Barbara A.M., De Gendt K., Verhoeven G., Gorlov I.P., Agoulnik A.I. Cryptorchidism in mice with an androgen receptor ablation in gubernaculum testis. Mol Endocrinol.2012; 24(April (4)):598–607.

[4]. Kassir R., Tarantinob E., Lacheze R., Brek A., Di Bartolomeo A., Tiffet O. Management of Spigelian hernia caused by necrobiotic fibroma of theuterus in a pregnant woman#. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2013; 4:1176–1178.

[5]. Tasian G.E., Copp H.L., Baskin L.S. Diagnostic imaging in cryptorchidism: utility, indications, and effectiveness. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(December (12)):2406–2413.

Abstract: The link between inflammation and the development of cancer has gained interest in recent years. The interplay between chronic inflammation and cancer is very complex.In the present stud the alterations in lymphocytes ,monocytes and eosionophils counts in four major types of cancer namely Ovarian cancer , Colon cancer, Liver cancer and Prostate cancer was studied ...........

Keywords: Lymphocyte, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Prostate cancer, Ovarian Cancer

[1]. De Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM. Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev
Cancer. 2006;6 (1:24–37.
[2]. Cao Y, Shi YX, Chen JO, Tan YT, Cai YC, Luo HY, Qiu MZ, Cai XY, Jin Y, Sun YL, Jiang WQ. Serum C- reactive protein as an
important prognostic variable in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Tumour Biol. 2012;33 (4:1039–1044.
[3]. Mohri Y, Tanaka K, Ohi M, Yokoe T, Miki C, Kusunoki M. Prognostic significance of host- and tumor-related factors in patients
with gastric cancer. World J Surg. 2010;34(2:285–290.
[4]. Finn OJ. Immuno-oncology: understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in cancer. Ann Oncol. 2012. pp.
viii6–viii9.
[5]. Wahl LM, Kleinman HK. Tumor-associated macrophages as targets for cancer therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1583-4.

Abstract: Endodontically treated teeth with excessive loss of tooth structure would require to be restored with post and core to enhance the strength and durability of the tooth and to achieve retention for the restoration. Improvements in bondable dental glass fiber systems which contain polymer (PMMA) and resin impregnated (Bis-GMA) unpolymerised glass fiber post,.............

Keywords: Glass fiber reinforced post, anterior restoration, post and core, trauma.

[1]. Bastone EB, Freer TJ and McNamara JR (2000). Epidemiology of dental trauma: a review of theliterature. Aust Dent J, 45(1): 2-9.
[2]. Brin I, Ben-Bassat Y, Heling I and Brezniak N (2000).Profile of an orthodontic patient at risk of dental trauma. Endod Dent
Traumatol, 16(3): 111–115.
[3]. Mahajan N, Bansal S, Singla J. Glass fiber–reinforced composite post and core used for restoration of traumatically fractured
anterior teeth. Indian Journal of Oral Sciences.2015:6; 2; 73-77.
[4]. Makarewicz D, Ronnlof A M, Lassila L V, Vallittu P K. Effect of Cementation Technique of Individually Formed Fiber-Reinforced
Composite Post on Bond Strength and Microleakage. Open Dent J. 2013; 7: 68–75.
[5]. GCA everStick Brochure Operatory.
http://www.gcamerica.com/products/operatory/everStick%20Family/GCA%20everStick%20Brochure-Operatory.pdf Accessed on
31-12-2015.

Abstract: Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' satisfaction with dental implant therapy. Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital. All patients who received implants and completed their implant treatment between 2012 and 2015 were telephoneinterviewed by a single interviewer to give their perception on the implant therapy using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was focusing on the overall satisfaction,............

Keywords:Dental implant, Patients' satisfaction, dentistry

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Abstract: Purpose: To correlate the fundus fluorescein angiographic findings to the severity of diabetic maculopathy in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Materials: A hospital-based, prospective study of 236 eyes with diabetic retinopathy consisted of a detailed anterior segment and fundus examination with fundus fluorescein angiography. Grading of retinopathy and maculopathy was based on the international classification of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema respectively............

Keywords: Diabetic maculopathy, fundus fluorescein angiography, diabetic macular edema,

[1]. Yau JWY, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, et al. Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy. Dia Care 2012;35:556–64.
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[3]. Wilkinson CP. Ferris FL.Klein RE. Lee PP. et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales.Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1677-82.
[4]. Albert, Jakobiec. In: Principles and practice of ophthalmology. 3rd Edn., 1743-1800. [5]. MehaboobQ.Hussain Z. ArifM.Diagnosis of diabetic macular edema (DME) based on Fundus fluorescein angiography findings. JUMDC 2015;6:28-32.