iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2016

Abstract: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine its association with metabolic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS : All the patients attending the diabetic clinic at tertiary care hospital were evaluated for the eligibility to be enrolled into the study. Descriptive data like name, age, sex, religion, occupation, personal history like diet, addiction were obtained by interviewing the patients. They underwent thorough physical examination which included weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference. BMI and waist/hip ratio was also calculated. All patients were subjected to various investigations at the time of inclusion into the study. NAFLD was diagnosed on utrasonography.

[1]. Kalra S, Vithalani M, Gulati G, Kulkarni CM, Kadam Y, Pallivathukkal J, Das B, Sahay R, Modi KD. Study of prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes patients in India (SPRINT). J Assoc Physicians India. 2013 Jul;61(7):448-53.
[2]. Manal F.Abdelmalek, Anna Mae Diehl. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 19th edition; 2054-57. [3]. Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 Jul 15;106(2):171. [4]. Gupte P, Amarapurkar D, Agal S, Baijal R, Kulshrestha P, Pramanik S, Patel N, Madan A, Amarapurkar A. Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2004 Aug 1;19(8):854-8.. [5]. Amarapurkar D, Kamani P, Patel N, Gupte P, Kumar P, Agal S, Baijal R, Lala S, Chaudhary D, Deshpande A. Prevalence of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: population based study. Ann Hepatol. 2007 Jul 1;6(3):161-3. [6]. Mohan V, Farooq S, Deepa M, Ravikumar R, Pitchumoni C1. Prevalence of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in urban south Indians in relation to different grades of glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2009 Apr 30;84(1):84-91.

Abstract: Very often, the treatment of carcinoma of palate /maxillary antrum involves surgical excision. However, the extent of resection is dependent on the size, location and potential behaviour of the tumour. Post-surgical maxillary defects predispose the patient to hyper nasal speech, fluid regurgitation into the nasal cavity and impaired masticatory function. Rehabilitation is important because functional impairments have a detrimental effect on the quality of life and self esteem of the victims. Prosthetic rehabilitation of two dentate patients with acquired palatal defect is described Prosthetic treatment could restore function, aesthetics and confidence, thereby improving the quality of life of the patient.

Keywords: Maxillectomy, Definitive Obturator

[1] Taylor, Thomas D; Clinical maxillofacial prosthetics 1st edition, chapter 6 page 85
[2] Rieger.J,Wolfaardt J, Seikaly H, Jha N. Speech outcomes in patients in patients rehabilitated with maxillary obturator prosthesis after maxillectomy :A prospective study.Int J Prosthodont 2002 ;15:139-44
[3] Dhiman R, Arora V, Kotwal N (2007) Rehabilitation of a Rhinocerebralmucormycosis patient. J Indian ProsthodontSoc 7:88–91.
[4] Kreissl ME., Heydecke G, Metzger MC, Schoen RZygoma implant supported prosthetic rehabilitation after partial maxillectomy using surgical navigation:Aclinicalreport,J Prosthetic Dentistry 2007;97;121-128

Abstract: Delirium is a disturbance in attention awareness which develops in short period of time & fluctuate in severity. Its associated with functional disability, cognitive impairment, dementia & death in ICU inpatients. Objective: To Study the incidence & risk factors of delirium in intensive care unit (ICU) patients . Method: In an observational, non-interventional study, 486 ICU patients were assessed in a tertiary care center for delirium. 163 patients had a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale value (RASS) ≤-3 were excluded from the study. Remaining, 323 subjects were evaluated for delirium using CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for ICU). Apart from socio-demographic profile, admission details, clinical profiles, use of invasive mechanical ventilation, invasive devices & medication were examined. SPSS version 14.0 was used for statistical analysis.

[1]. Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA2004;291:1753-62.
[2]. Lin S, Liu C, Wang C, et al. The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients.Crit CareMed2004;32:2254-59.
[3]. Pompei P, Foreman M, Rudberg MA, et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: outcomes and predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc1994;42:809-15.
[4]. Buss MK, Vanderwerker LC, Inouye SK, et al. Associations between caregiver-perceived delirium in patients with cancer and generalized anxiety in their caregivers. J Palliat Med2007;10:1083-92.
[5]. Shankar KN, Hirschman KB, Hanlon AL, et al. Burden in caregivers of cognitively impaired elderly adults at time ofhospitalization: a cross-sectional analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc2014;62:276-84.
[6]. Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med2004;32:955-62.

Abstract:Osteoporosis is a major disease which has significant implications on public health. Osteoporosis is three times more common in women as compared to men. The main purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in females in 19 to 65years of age group. Methodology: This was a prospective cross sectional study carried out in the OPD of a private medical college. Healthy relatives of patients attending the Orthopaedics OPD were selected. BMD was tested using calcaneal quantitative ultrasound.

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therapy.JAMA.2001; 285:785-795.
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Geneva, World Health Organization, 1994 ( WHO Technical Report series, No. 843).
[3] National Institute of Nutrition. Dietary guidelines for Indians – a manual. Hyderabad, India: Indian Council of Medical Research; 1998.
[4] Mitra S, Desai M, Ikram M. Association of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisims with bone mineral density in post menopausal
Indian women. Mol Genet Metab 2006;87:80-7.
[5] Bauer DC, Gluer CC, CauleyJA, Vogt TM, Ensrud KE, Genant HK et al. Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts fractures
strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. A prospective study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Arch
Intern Med 1997; 157:629-634

Abstract:Inflammatory markers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), are useful prognostic factors for cardiovascular events in several situations.Acute myocardial infarction (MI) triggers an acute phase response which is induced by proinflammatory cytokines, which stimulate the liver to synthesize Creactive protein (CRP).The present study is to elucidate the significant link between plasma hsCRP levels and AMI. Objective: Role ofAcute plasma hsCRP levels in predicting the Acute Myocardial infarction.

[1]. Itsuromorishima,M.D., Takahitosone, M.D., Hideyukitsuboi, M.D., Junichirokondo, M.D., Hiroakimukawa et al .
[2]. "Plasma C-reactive protein predicts left ventricular remodeling and function after a first acute anterior wall myocardial infarction
treated with coronary angioplasty: comparison with brain natriuretic peptide". Clin.Cardiol. 25, 112–116 (2002)
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among Apparently Healthy Women". (1998) Prospective Circulation, 98, 731-733.
[4]. HisatomiArima, Michiaki Kubo,Koji YonemotoYasufumiDoi ,ToshiharuNinomiya et al ."High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
and Coronary Heart Disease in a General Population of Japanese: The Hisayama Study".Arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular
biology. 08/2008; 28(7):1385-91.

Abstract: The present study has been taken as a means of evaluation through checklist the current methods/procedure for central venous catheterisation in routine and emergency situation as per the needs for patients, e.g. for administration of IV fluids, medication as well as monitoring of Central Venous Pressure, etc. Central venous catheterization is an important bedside procedure routinely performed by the resident in routine and emergency situation. It however requires a lot of practice and extreme care, otherwise it could lead to minor and major complication, prolonging hospital stay further adding to complication in already critical patients.

[1]. Lower R, king E (1662). An account of the experiment of transfusion. Philosophical Transaction 2:557-564.
[2]. Major JD (1667). Chirurgia Infusorii. Reumannnus, Kilonia, Germany .
[3]. William Harvey (ed.) (1578-1657). The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle in Five Volumes. Millar, London, UK.
[4]. Rolleston (1887). The Diary of Samule Pepys. Vol. II. Random House, New York.
[5]. Sir Christopher wren (1671). Lettres Touchant Deux Experiences de la Transfusions Fites sur des Hommes. Cusson, Paris, pp. 12-13.
[6]. Stephen hales (1733). Medico-Chirur. Trans. 9:56-92.

Abstract: Dermatological disorders are common in all countries but the spectrum varies greatly with wide histological variation including both benign and malignant forms. Study of histopathological spectrum of skin diseases becomes very important as no such previous study was conducted in this region. .AIMS AND OBJECTIVE:To study the histopathological spectrum of skin lesions with special reference to skin adnexal tumor in a tertiary centre of southern Assam, India ..

[1]. Epidemiology and Management of Common Skin Diseases in Children in Developing Countries. World Health Organization. 2005. Available from: URL: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_FCH_CAH_05.12_eng.pdf?ua=1
[2]. Stantaylor R, Perone JB, Kaddu S, Kerl H. ―Appendage Tumors and Hamartomas of the Skin‖. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith L, Katz S, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, edi. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008. p. 1068–87.
[3]. Gulia S.P,Wadhai S.A, Lavanya M , Menon R, Chaudhary M, Kumar S.P. ―Histopathological Pattern of Skin Diseases in Teaching Hospital Puducherry‖ in International Journal of Recent Trends in Science And Technology, ISSN 2277-2812 E-ISSN 2249-8109, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2014 pp 45-50
[4]. Thamilselvi R, Sivakami K, Subramaniam P.M., ― clinico-morphological study of skin diseases‖ in international journal of current research and review ,july 2014,/vol 06, page 57

Abstract: Obturator hernia is a rare type of pelvic hernia which generally occurs in elderly patients with accompanying diseases. Because it is difficult to diagnose before surgery ,the morbidity and mortality rates are high. The most common clinical presentation is intestinal obstruction with or without features of strangulation. We operated a case of 60 year old, multiparous, female patient admitted in the emergency with 5 days history of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, constipation & inability to pass flatus. On examination abdomen was distended but soft with few visible loops and increased peristaltic bowel sounds. Her lab investigation were normal.

[1]. D. W. Ziegler and J. E. Rhoads Jr., "Obturator hernia needs a laparotomy, not a diagnosis," American Journal of Surgery, vol. 170, no. 1, pp. 67–68, 1995.
[2]. S. W. Gray, J. E. Skandalakis, R. E. Soria, and J. S. Rowe Jr., Strangulated obturator hernia, Surgery, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 20– 27, (1974).
[3]. R. Ijiri, H. Kanamaru, H. Yokoyama, M. Shirakawa, H. Hashimoto, and G. Yoshino, Obturator hernia: the usefulness of computed tomography in diagnosis, Surgery, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 137–140 (1996)
[4]. C. H. Hsu, C. C. Wang, L. B. Jeng, andM. F. Chen, Obturator hernia, Surgery, Gynecology&Obstetrics, vol. 167, no. 3,pp. 217– 222 (1988)
[5]. S. K. Dundamadappa, I. Y. Y. Tsou, and J. S. K. Goh, Clinics s no. 1, pp. 89–94 ( 2006)
[6]. S. S. Chang, Y. S. Shan,Y. J.Lin,Y. S.Tai, andP.W. Lin, "Areview of obturator hernia and a proposed algorithm for its diagnosis and treatment," World Journal of Surgery, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 450– 454, 2005.

Abstract:ABO and Rh blood groups were tested for one hundred and thirty one government high school children as part of an awareness programme about knowing one's own blood group. The data was analyzed to understand the distribution of ABO blood groups among them. Blood samples were collected by finger-prick method and blood groups were examined by slide-test haemagglutination method using commercially available anti-sera A, B, and Rh (D). The highest percentage frequency was observed for the blood group O (41.20%) followed by B (35.86%), A (18.31%) and the least percentage frequency was for AB (4.58%). In the case of Rh(D)+ve, the frequency observed was 96.18% and that for Rh(D)-ve was 3.82%.
Keywords: ABO, Rh (D), Blood group system, Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB.

[1] Honig CL, Bore JR . Transfusion associated fatalities: A review of Bureau of Biologic reports 1976 – 1978. Transfusion, 20, 1980,
653 –661.
[2] M. K. Sukumaran, A. Sai Padma, D. Rajani, S.Vanitha and S. Padma, Distribution of ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Students
of Bhavan's Vivekananda College, Secunderabad, Telangana, India, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS),
Volume 14, Issue 12 Ver. X (Dec. 2015), 59-62.
[3] N. Mohan Rao , Bhavana Grandhi, Vissa Shanthi, Syam Sundar Rao Byna, Swathi Sreesailam & B. Krishna Murthy, Study of
Blood Groups in Blood Donors in Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Nellore, (AP), India, International Journal of Current
Medical And Applied Sciences, vol.6. Issue 2, April: 2015. PP: 110-113
[4] Das PK, Nair SC, Harris VK, Rose D, Mammen JJ, Bose YN, Sudarsanam A, Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups among
blood donors in a tertiary care centre in South India. Jan;31(1), 2001:47-8.
[5] Sundar Periyavan, SK Sangeetha, P.Marimuthu, BK Manjunath, and DM Seema, Distribution of ABO and Rhesus-D blood groups
in and around Bangalore, Asian Journal of Transfusion science.2010,Jan ;4(1):41
[6] Shashiraj HK, Venkatesh .G, Sendilkumaran D, and Sachin JI, Frequency and Distribution of Blood groups among Rural and Urban
population of Tumkur District, Karnataka, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical , Biological and Chemical Sciences, Jan-
Feb.5(1):2014, 564.

Abstract: Objective :The objective of this study is preserving the joint by preventing the collapse of femoral head in Osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) Methods :In this study patients with early ONFH are treated with core decompression and augmented with bone marrow aspirate concentrate spread on a collagen scaffold . Results : Core decompression augmented with bone marrow aspirate concentrate seems to be beneficial. Conclusion: With the addition of autologous bone marrow along with core decompression, better results have been obtained..

[1]. Mont MA, Jones LC, Hungerford DS. Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
[2]. Ten years later- current concepts review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:1107–29. [PubMed]
[3]. Sroujia S, Livneb E. Bone marrow stem cells and biological scaffold for bone repair in aging and disease. Mech Age Dev.2005;126:281–7. [PubMed]
[4]. 3 Mitchell DG, Steinberg ME, Dalinka MK, Rao VM, Fallon M, Kressel HY. Magnetic resonance imaging of the ischemic hip: Alterations within the osteonecrotic, viable and reactive zones. ClinOrthopRelat Res. 1989;244:60–77. [PubMed]
[5]. Koo KK, Dussayult RG, Kaplan PA, Ahn IO, Kim R, Devine MJ, et al. Fatty marrow conversion of the proximal femoral metaphysis in the osteonecrotic hips. ClinOrthopRelat Res.1995;361:159–67. [PubMed]

Abstract: The pre-anesthetic management in children can be challenging.The centrally acting alpha2 agonist,Dexmedetomidine provides unique sedation,with quick arousal and minimal respiratory depression.These properties render the sedative and hemodynamic effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine in children.

[1]. Gyanesh P, Haldar R, Srivastava D, Agrawal PM, Tiwari AK, Singh PK. Comparison between intranasal dexmedetomidine and intranasal ketamine as premedication for procedural sedation in children undergoing MRI: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Anesth. 2014;28(1):12–8.
[2]. VM Yuen, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yao TJ, Chan L, Wong GL, et al. A randomised comparison of two intranasal dexmedetomidine doses for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2012;67:1210–6
[3]. Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yao TJ, Wong GL, Yuen MK. Optimal timing for the administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(9):922–9
[4]. Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yuen MK. A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric anaesthesia: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008; 106: 1715–21.

Abstract: Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disorder that occurs as a consequence of disturbances inthe ectoderm of the developing embryo.Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a congenital syndrome, characterized by hypotrichosis (hair is sparse, fine andweak; anomalies in the skin and nails), hypohidrosis (due to the paucity of sweat glands which in turn gives rise to sweat disorders) and hypodontia (partial, and occasionally total, absence of primary and/or permanent dentition).

[1]. Sharma J ,Mamatha GP. HEREDITARY ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA: diagnostic dilemmas. Rev ClínPesqOdontol. 2008 jan;4(1):35-40.
[2]. Grange DK. Ectodermal dysplsias.Elsvier ltd. 2013;1-26.
[3]. Chaiban o, chaiban w. ectodermal dysplsia: dental management and benefits, a case report. Europian journal of paediatric dentistry. 2011;12(4):282-4.
[4]. Kliegman, Stanton, St.geme, Schor,Behrman. Nelson text book of pediatrics. 19th edition.
[5]. Prasad R, Abdullah A, kathuria N, Mdhav VNV, Bhide SV and Ramakrishnaiah R. Ectodermal dysplsia: dental management and complete denture therapy. World applied sciences joural. 2012;20(3):423-8.
[6]. Fernández M, Blanco-Moreno-Alvarez-Buylla F. Treatment with removable prosthesis in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. A clinical case.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008 Feb1;13(2):E119-23.
[7]. Clarke AJ. Ectodermal dysplsias. Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 448-50.

Abstract: Health care workers are at risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens through sharps such as needle-stick injuries hence the importance to compliance with antiretroviral post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among health care workers. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of needle-stick injuries and compliance with antiretroviral post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among health care workers in Onitsha Local Government Areas of Anambra State in South Eastern Nigeria. The study is cross-sectional and involved 750 health care workers.

[1]. Abdala R, (1999): Survival of HIV -1 In Syringes, Journal of Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 20: P73-80.
[2]. Adegboye AA, Moss GB, Soyinka F, Kreiss JK, (1994): The Epidemiology of Needle stick and Sharp Instrument Accident in a Nigerian Hospital. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology. 15:27- 31.
[3]. Adesunkanmi AK, Badmus TA, Ogunlusi JO, (2003). Accidental injuries and cutaneous contamination during general surgical operation in a Nigeria teaching hospital. East African Medical Journal 80(5); 227-234.
[4]. American Nurses Associations (2002): Needle-stick prevention Guide, www.nursingworld.Org

Abstract:Background: Diseases of Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT) are more common than any other systems in human body. GIT is the most commonly involved site of an extra nodal Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). Adenocarcinomas are more common in intestine. However, malignant tumors are less common than benign ones in small intestine. Aims and Objectives: To study the age, sex, and site wise distribution of various types of benign and malignant GI lesions. Materials and methods: It was a retrospective study over four years. Altogether 344 GIT specimens were fixed in 10% Formalin and processed in automatic tissue processor. Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and special stains were done and examined under the light microscope..

[1]. László Herszényi, Zsolt Tulassay ; Epidemiology of gastrointestinal and liver tumors; 2010; 14: 249-258 ;European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
[2]. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun Mj. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-249
[3]. Verdecchia A, Francisci S, Brenner H, Gatta G, Micheli A, Mangone L.et al. Eurocare-4 Working Group. Recent cancer survival in
Europe: a 2000-02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 784-796
[4]. P, Quaglia A, Tavilla A, Shack L, Brenner H, Janssenheijnen M, Allemani C.et al Eurocare Working Group. The cancer survival
gap between elderly and middle-aged patients in Europe is widening. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 1006-1016
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a European perspective. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 1067-1079
[6]. Devesta Ss, Blot Wj, Fraumeni Jf. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States.
Cancer 1998; 83: 2049-2053

Abstract:Low Birth Weight (LBW) Is A Major Public Health & Obstetrics Problem, Which Should Be Investigated. The Determinants Should Be Identified And Rationally Rectified To Decrease The Incidence Of LBW In Rural Areas Among The Tribal Mothers. Present Study Is Conducted In The Rural Field To Detect The Causative Factors Of LBW In The Rural Tribal Population. 720 Cases Of LBW Are Included In The Study. Cases Are Taken From Rural Institutional Delivery Of The Tribal Mothers From January To December 2015. The Incidence Of LBW Is 36.80% Among Tribals. The Maternal Factors Like Age, Education, Economic Status, Hb% & ANC Check Up Are Included And Their Consequences Are Hereby Analyzed

Keywords: Factors, Low Birth Weight, Tribal Women

[1]. MANZUR KADER, NIRMALA K P PERERA. SOCIO-ECONOMICS AND NUTRITIONAL DETERMINANTS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN INDIA.
N AM J MED SCI. 2014 JUL; 6(7): 302-308.
[2]. Dr Radha Kumari.P Et Al. A Study On Maternal Factors Affecting Low Birth Weight In Institutional Deliveries.
Www.Iosrjournals.Org.
[3]. M. M. Nagargoji Et Al. A Case Control Study Of Risk Factors For LBW In Nagapur City Of Maharasthra. Indian Journal Of
Community Health Vol.22 No.2(2010-11)
[4]. Slap GB, Schwartz JS. Risk Factors For Low Birth Weight To Adolescent Mothers. J Adolesc Health Care. 1989;10:267-74.
[5]. Sk Azimul, Amatin Et Al. Maternal Factors Affecting Low Birth Weight In Urban Area Of Bangladesh. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009;
18(1) : 64-69
[6]. Biswas R, Dasgupta A Et Al. An Epidemiological Study Of Low Birth Weight In New Born In The District Of Puruliya, West
Bengal. Indian Journal Of Public Health, Apr-June 2008. Vol 52.Issue No :2. P65-71.

Abstract: Dermatophytes are group of common fungal agent that cause superficial skin infection worldwide Three main genera Trichophyton , Epidermophyton and Microsporum are commonly spread in tropical and subtropical regions in which the incidence of the pathogen is the highest . The present work emphasizes importance of epidemiological data regarding to the prevalence of different dermatophyte species infecting human in ( Hail region, KSA) , and the different clinical factors as age, sex and nationality of patients .A total of 6844 patients suffering from different skin infections were visited the Outpatient Departments of Derma clinic of Hail general hospital(OPD) in the period of two years and two months from Jan 2013 to Feb 2015 . Only 755 cases ( 11,3% ) are suspected as dermatophytes , but the other 6089 cases ( 88.7 % ) were suffered from other skin diseases as cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Acne ,Chicken pox , psoriasis and impetigo .

[1] Vikesh Kumar Bhataia and Prakash chand Sharma (2014) , Epidemiological studies on dermatophytosis in human patients , Himachal Pradesh ,India springer plus ,a springer open journal 1:3-134. [2] Huda MM, Chakraborthy N and Bordoloi JNS (1995) A clinic-mycological study of superficial mycoses in upper Assam India J dermatol venereal leprol 61:329-332. [3] Simpanya M.F , (2000) Dermatophytes their taxonomy ecology and pathogenicity in biology of dermatophytes and all the keratinophilic fungi ,kushwaha , R.K.S and J.Guanro (Edu) . Revista iberoanericana demicologia bilbao , spain ,pp1-12. [4] Foster K.W ,M.A. Ghannoum and B.E. (LEWSKI, (2004) epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in the united states from 1999 to 2002 J.Am.acad.Dermatol , 50:748-752. [5] Niranjan HP , Padmaja N, Priyanka BV(2012) study of onychomycosis at a tertiary care hospital in south India , J.Evolmed dent sci 1(5):823-829 .

Abstract:The neck masses are relatively common problem. The differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with neck mass is often extensive and will vary with age. These neck masses are evaluated by history, clinical examination and investigation like FNAC,USG neck, CT Neck and excisional biopsy. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, quick and cost effective method to sample superficial masses in the neck but FNAC is not substitute for histology. Study aims at the clinical spectrum of the neck masses and efficacy of FNAC in the evaluation neck masses.

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[5]. Howlett DC, Harper B, Quante M, Berresford A, Morley M, Grant J, Ramesar K, Barnes S. Diagnostic adequacy and accuracy of
fine needle aspiration cytology in neck lump assessment: results from a regional cancer network over a one year period. J Laryngol
Otol. 2007 Jun; 121(6):571-9. Epub 201.

Abstract:Conventional cervical cytology is the most widely used cervical cancer screening test in the world. Squamous intra-epithelial lesions (SIL) and cervical cancer remain important health problems for women worldwide. The findings of this study confirm the role of conventional Pap testing as a screening test. Aims& Objectives: The Objective is to study the role of Pap smear in detecting premalignant and malignant lesions as well as non-neoplastic lesions of cervix and to determine the prevalence of various lesions.

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