iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2016

Abstract: Mental retardation is associated with deformities of head shapes. The study was undertaken to compare the mean cephalic index of mentally retarded children with apparently normal children in Southern Odisha. The study was carried out on 150 children of age ranging from 8-16 years. Of which 75 were normal and 75 were mentally retarded children who were taken from "MONOVIKAS KENDRA", Berhampur( A school of mentally handicapped children).............

[1] O.P.Ghai. Central nervous system, Essential pediatrics, 6th edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2004, P500-545.
[2] Imami-Mibodi MA and Mastri-Frahani R. Study of normal range of anatomical dimensions of one-day old newborn by cephalometry. J Med Council Islamic Republic of Iran.1996; 14: 1-8.
[3] Golalipur MJ, Jahanshaei M and Haidari K. Estimation of cranial capacity in 17-20 years old in south east of Caspian Sea Border (North of Iran). Int. Jr. Morphol. 2005; 23:301-304.
[4] Golalipur MJ. The of head shapes in 17-20 years old Native Fars male in Gorgan-North of Iran. Int. Jr. Morphol. 2006; 24(2):187-190.
[5] Del Sol M. Cephalic index in a group of mapuche individuals in the IX Region of Chile. Int. Jr. Morphology, 2005; 23(3):241-246.

Abstract: Posterior introsseous artery flap used to reconstruct defects of hand in our series of 20 cases. It is a single staged reliable procedure in preserving the vital structures of hand

Keywords: Posterior Interosseous Artery Flap, Electrical burns of the hand, Versatality of flap.

[1] Büchler U., Frey H.: Retrograde Posterior Interosseous Flap. J. Hand Surg. (Am), 16A: 283-92, 1991
[2] Brunelli F., Valenti P., Dumontier C., Panciera P., Gilbert A.: The Posterior Interosseous Reverse Flap: Experience With 11 Flaps. Ann. Plast. Surgery, 47: 25-30, 2001.
[3] Cavadas P.C.: Posterior Interosseous Free Flap With Extended Pedicle For Hand Reconstruction. Plast.Reconstr. Surg., 108: 897-901, 200
[4] Landi A., Luchetti R., Soragni O., De Santis G., Sacchetti G.L.: The Distally Based Posterior Interosseous Island Flap For The Coverage Of Skin Loss Of The Hand. Ann. Plast. Surg, 27: 527, 1991

Abstract: The complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in the karyotype of phenotypic females has an impact on occlusal morphology. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion, by analyzing the sagittal, transversal and vertical occlusion in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) compared with healthy controls..........

Keywords: Malocclusion, occlusal anomalies, occlusal morphology, Turner syndrome.

[1] Bajraktarova Miševska C, Kočova M, Kanurkova L, Curcieva Cuckova G, Bajraktarova B, Maneva M, Valjakova E. Craniofacial morphology in Turner syndrome karyotypes. South Eur J Orthod Dentofac Res. 2015;2(1):14-20.
[2] Kočova M, Anastasovska V, Ilieva G, Šukarova Angelovska E. Cytogenetic findings in girls with Turner phenotype. 4th Balkan Meetings on Human Genetics, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, Book of abstracts; 2001. p.17.
[3] Elsheikh M, Dunger DB, Conway GS, Wass JAH. Turner's Syndrome in Adulthood. Endocrine Reviews. 2002; 23(1):120-40.
[4] Szilagyi A, Madlena M, Nagy G. The role of the pediatric dentist to initially diagnose and provide early treatment of Turner's syndrome: a case report. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2000;1(4):185-90.
[5] Jensen BL. Craniofacial morphology in Turner syndrome. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1985;5(4):327-40.

Abstract: Intestinal parasitic infections are highly prevalent among the general population in developing country and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and among high risk groups. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children. Material and Method: Pediatric Patients taking treatment in P.D.U. Hospital and Medical College, Rajkot- a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India, were included in study. Naked eye physical and microscopic examination was carried out in the total 171 stool samples received during year 2011 & 2012.........

Keywords: Intestinal parasitic infection in children.

[1] Baragundi MC, Sonth SB, Solabannwar S, Patil CS. The prevalence of parasitic infections attending tertiary care Hospital, National
[2] Journal of Basic Medical Science, 2011;2(1):31-34.
[3] H. Adamu, T.Endeshaw, T.Teka, A.Kife, B.Petros. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in paediatric diarrhoeal and non diarrhoeal patients in Addis Ababa hospitals, with special emphasis on opportunistic parasitic infections and with insight into the demographic and socio- economic factors: Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2006; 20(1); 39-46.
[4] Norhayati M, Fatmah MS, Yusof S, Edariah AB. Intestinal parasitic infections in Man: A review, Med J Malaysia, 2003;58(2):296-305.
[5] Bdir S, Adwan G, Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Jenin Governorate, Palestine: a 10 years retrospective study, Asian

Abstract: With the advent of treatment like chemotherapy and radiotherapy, survival rates of many cancers have increased, but patient may experience side effects from the disease itself and/or from treatment for the disease which can eventually hinder patient's quality of life. Aim and Objective-.1) To assess the quality of life among cancer patients in relation to type of treatment (chemo therapy vs. radio therapy) 2) To determine the quality of life in relation to number of chemotherapy cycle.........

Keywords: Our study showed that majority of cancer patients undergoing treatment had poor quality of life and among them patients undergoing chemotherapy had lower quality of life compared to patients undergoing radio therapy.

World cancer fact sheets -2014 by IARC/WHO [2] GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012
[3] Ferlay. et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide:sources,methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN2012.Int.J.Cancer.2015;136:60-64
[4] Saranath and Khanna. Current Status of Cancer Burden: Global and Indian Scenario. Biomed Res J 2014; 1(1):1-5
[5] Report of the Working Group on disease burden for 12th five year plan

Abstract: The objective of the study was to find out factors affecting antral follicular count in Indian women presenting for evaluation and management of infertility. This study was performed in Mahila Chikitsalaya, SMS Medical College, Jaipur from December 2010 to July 2011.A total of 50 cases were studied over this period. On the second to fourth day of the menstrual period, women with primary infertility having regular monthly cycles and no history of ovarian surgery underwent a transvaginal scan with colour doppler to determine ovarian volume, total antral follicle count.........

Keywords: Antral follicular count, ovarian reserve, ovarian volume, ovarian blood flow, s.FSH, s.AMH.

[1] Gupta S, Sharma D, Surti N, Kesavan S, Khanna P, Agarwal A. Ovarian reserve testing: systematic review of the literature. Arch Med Sci 2009;5(1A):S143–S150.
[2] Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, Mol BW, Lambalk CB. A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome. Hum Reprod 2006;12:685–718.
[3] Tan SL, Royston P, Campbell S, Jacobs HS, Betts J, Mason B. Cumulative conception and live birth rates after in vitro fertilization. Lancet 1992;339:1390–4.
[4] Toner JP, Philput CB, Jones JS, Mushaer SJ. Basal follicle stimulating hormone is a better predictor of in vitro fertilization than age. Fertil Steril1991;55:784–91.
[5] Lass A, Skull J, McVeigh E, Margara R, Winston RM. Measurement of ovarian volume by transvaginal ultrasound before ovulation induction with HMG for IVF can predict poor response. Hum Reprod 1997;12:294–7.

Abstract: Cutaneous lymphoma is the second most common extra nodal lymphoma with unique clinical presentation, distinct morphological and immunohistochemical features. The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency and distribution of cutaneous lymphoma, both primary and secondary, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 and WHO-EORTC (European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer) 2005 classifications..........

Keywords: Cutaneous lymphoma, extranodal,non-Hodgkin

[1] Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2008.
[2] Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G et al. WHO–EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005; 105: 3768–3785.
[3] Han JH, Ko YH, Kang YK, Kim WS, Kim YJ, Kim I, Kim HJ, Min SK, Park CK, Park CS, Shin BK. Characteristics of cutaneous lymphomas in Korea according to the new WHO-EORTC classification: report of a nationwide study. Korean journal of pathology. 2014 Apr;48(2):126.
[4] Bradford PT, Devesa SS, Anderson WF, Toro JR. Cutaneous lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States: a population-based study of 3884 cases. Blood 2009; 113: 5064-73.
[5] Naeini FF, Abtahi-Naeini B, Pourazizi M, Sadeghiyan H, Najafian J. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: A clinical and histological study of 99 cases in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 20(9):827-831.

Abstract: Since times immemorial mint has been used as food additives such as flavoring agent. Despite its wide use there are some reports about its adverse impact on different systems including reproductive system. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate its impact on gonadal organ in male wistar albino rats.18 male albino rats of age 6-8 weeks were divided in 3 groups..........

Keywords: MPE=Mentha piperita Extract, Mint

[1] N.SNoseir et al. Histological and morphometric study of Monosodium glutamate Toxic effect on Testicular structure and Potentiality of Recovery in Adult Albino rats. Research Journal of Biology.2012; Vol(02):66-78
[2] Dr. U.M.Igwebuike. The effect of Oral Administration of Monosodium glutamate on Testicular Morphology and Caudal Epididymal Sperm Reserves of Adult and Young male rats. Vet Archieve.2011;(4):525-534
[3] S.Gupta and Rakhi Sharma. A Review on medicinal plants exhibiting antifertility activity in males. Natural Product Radiance, 2006; 5(5):309-410.
[4] Sharma, R.K., Chopra, G., Bhushan, G.Munjal, K. Use of Indian plants in Fertility Regulation in Mammals.J.Exp.Zool.India. 2003; (6):57-74.

Abstract: This is a one year prospective study conducted in a tertiary referral teaching hospital. The study included 33 cases of otogenic brain abscess with chronic otitis media. HRCT scan of the temporal bone were done to stage the abscess. Depending on the stage, immediate and delayed aspiration with substitution by antibiotic solution were carried out and clinico-radiological outcome compared.This study evaluates the clinical presentation and the role of CT scan in deciding the appropriate time.........

Keywords: Chronic suppurative otitis media, HRCT temporal bone, Otogenic brain abscess

[1] Almela Cortés R, Faubel Serra M. Intracranial complications of otogenic origin. A report of three cases Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 51(5), 2000,428-32.
[2] Samuel J, Fernandes CM, Steinberg JLIntracranial otogenic complications: a persisting problem. Laryngoscope. 96(3), 1986, 272-8
[3] Syal R, Singh H, Duggal KK. Otogenic brain abscess: management by otologist. J Laryngol Otol. 120(10), 2006, 837-41.
[4] Ng PY, Seow WT, Ong PL. Brain abscesses: review of 30 cases treated with surgery. Aust N Z J Surg.65(9),1995,664-6.
[5] Arseni C, Ciurea AV.Cerebral abscesses secondary to otorhinolaryngological infections. A study of 386 cases. Zentralbl Neurochir. 49(1), 1988, 22-36.

Abstract: Child abuse that cause by parenting mistakes often occur and result in significant impact to the child. The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of child abuse overview of each type of parenting parents on prison students aged 15-18 years. The research method is descriptive. These samples included 67 respondents taken by purposive sampling method and sample size determined by consecutive sampling. A questionnaire was used to determine the type of parenting parents. Type of child abuse is determined based on indicators of violence originating from the WHO and Unicef..........

Keywords: child abuse type of parenting parents.

[1] Tsang, A. dan Sweet, D. Detecting Child Abuse and Neglect – Are Dentist Doing Enough?. CDA Journal. 1999. 65:387-91.
[2] Sudaryono. Kekerasan Pada Anak. Bentuk, Penanggulangan, dan Perlindungan pada Anak Korban Kekerasan. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum. 2007. Vol 10, No. 1. 87-102.
[3] Huraerah A. Child Abuse (kekerasan terhadap anak). Bandung : Nuansa. 2007. 31-96.
[4] Yayasan Matahariku. Informasi Dasar Perkembangan Anak dan Kekerasan Anak. Bandung: Yayasan Matahariku. 2003. 6-25.
[5] Kartono, K. Psikologi Anak (Psikologi Perkembangan). Bandung : Mandar Maju. 1995. 225.

Abstract: The diagnostic radiology has become a key pillar in the last four decades, especially with the progress of technology and medical physics that accelerated the development of radiology stunningly and generally added new features in medicine. This project aims to use the resulting reports in the radiology department at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) to explore the musculoskeletal injuries and disorders caused by motor vehicle accidents.........

Keywords: Motor vehicle accident, musculoskeletal injuries, image findings, fractures, X-ray diagnosis.

[1] Boundless. ―Overview of the Musculoskeletal System.‖ Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Boundless, 01 Jan. 2015. Retrieved 11 Apr. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-skeletal-system-7/overview-of-the-musculoskeletal-system-76/overview-of-the-musculoskeletal-system-454-9178/
[2] R. Simon, J. Gilyoma, R. Dass, M. Mchembe, and P. Chalya, Paediatric injuries at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania: a prospective review of 150 cases. J Trauma Manage Outcomes, 7(1), 2013, 10. doi:10.1186/1752-2897-7-10.
[3] K. Bontrager and J. Lampignano, Textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy, 5th ed., (St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby, 2005).
[4] J. Purvis, and R. Burke, Recreational Injuries in Children: Incidence and Prevention. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 9(6), 2001,365-374.

Abstract: Oral health is a state of being free from chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral sores, birth defects such as cleft lip and palate, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay and tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that affect the oral cavity. Shedding of deciduous teeth and eruption of permanent teeth is a very critical stage because if caries occur during this stage. It can cause permanent hazard to permanent teeth, which is very much necessary for person to eat food........

Keywords:Oral Hygiene, Dental Health, Oral Health, Rural Area, Urban Area, School Children

[1]. Naseem Shah. Oral and dental diseases: Causes, prevention and treatment strategies: Burden of disease, National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health; 2005. pp 275-98)
[2]. Kalaskar RR, Kalaskar AR, Chandrolikar H, Hazarey S. Prevalence of Dental Caries and Treatment Needs in School Going Children of Vidarbha Region, Central India. Universal Research Journal of Dentistry 2015 5 (2): 69-72

[3]. National oral health programme. [Internet] http://nohp.org.in/aboutus/NOHP.aspx (Accessed on 09 Sep 2015)

[4]. Varenne B, Petersen PE, Ouattara S. Oral health behaviour of children and adults in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso, Africa. International Dental Journal 56(2), 61-70

Abstract: The use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is now widely advocated for the treatment of head and neck cancers, to increase the therapeutic ratio. IMRT is delivered with a conventional multileaf collimator (MLC) either in dynamic mode (DMLC or sliding window) or in segmental mode (SMLC or step-and-shoot). This study aims to compare the volumetric and dosimetric parameters between the two methods of IMRT delivery. In this study there was no significanct difference between the DMLC and SMLC plans........

Keywords: Intensity modulated radiotherapy, head and neck cancer

[1]. Mohan R, Wu Q, Manning M, Schmidt-Ullrich R. Radiobiological considerations in the design of fractionation strategies for intensity-modulated radiation therapy of head and neck cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46:619-30.
[2]. Xia P, Ting JY, Orton CG. Segmental MLC is superior to dynamic MLC for IMRT delivery. Med Phys 2007;34:2673-5.
[3]. Mohan R, Arnfield M, Tong S,Wu Q, Siebers J. The impact of fluctuations in intensity patterns on the number of monitor units and the quality and accuracy of intensity modulated radiotherapy. Med Phys 2000;27:1226-37.

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is a complex condition with a high prevalence in society, and it is associated with complications that have high morbidity and mortality. Common pattern of dyslipidemia encountered in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by high plasma triglyceride concentration, low HDL cholesterol concentration and increased concentration of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles. Type 2 DM may alter lipid profiles more adversely in women compared to men..........

Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Gender distribution

[1]. Arshag D. Mooradian, Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Endocrinology and metabolism, Nature Clinical Practice, March 2009, Vol. 5, No.3.
[2]. D. John Betteridge, BSc, MBBS, PhD, MD, FRCP, FAHA, Lipid Control in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, www.medscape.com
[3]. Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Heart Protection, E D I T O R S : Camila M. Manrique, MD, James L. Rosenzweig, MD, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, MD, January 2009, © The Hormone Foundation 2009, www.hormone.org
[4]. Peter M. Nilsson, M.D., Ph.D., ACCORD and Risk-Factor Control in Type 2 Diabetes, The New England Journal of Medicine, 362;17 nejm.org April 29, 2010

Abstract: The purpose of this study is a comparative subjective evaluation of the postoperative pain, teeth sensitivity and aesthetic results for the patients treated with coronally advanced flap (CAF) in combination with connective tissue graft and platelet rich fibrin membrane (PRF m).........

Keywords: gingival recession, platelet-rich fibrin, connective tissue graft, coronally advanced flap

[1]. Baccini et al. Advanced Flap (CAF) Plus Connective Tissue Graft (CTG) Is Gold Standard for Treatment of Miller Class I and Class II Gingival Defects. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40(4): 372-86.
[2]. Rotundo R; Pini-Prato G. Use of New Collagen Matrix (Mucograft) for the Treatment of Multiple Gingival Recessins: Case Reports. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012; 32: 413-419
[3]. Anilkumar K,Geetha A ,Umasudhakar et al. Platelet-rich fibrin: A novel root coverage approach. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 2009; 13 (1), 50-54.
[4]. Jankovic S et al. The coronally advanced flap in combination with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and enamel matrix derivative in the treatment of gingival recession: a comparative study. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2010 Autumn;5 (3):260-73.

Abstract: Infectiveendocarditis (IE) is the infection of oneor more heart valves. Clinical symptoms vary from patient to patient, and can be acute or subacute. Increased incidence in patient with advance age and with predisposing factors for IE.Frequent symptoms include:fever,heart murmur,vascular phenomena,immunologic phenomena, rheumatic heart disease,congentital heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, and heath care associated endocarditis. Diagnosis of IE by revised Duke criteria,pathologic,clinical,major and minor criteria to make a definite IE diagnosis..........

Keywords: Infective endocarditis,Risk factor,Bacteremia, Prevention

[1]. Hoen B,Duval X.Infective endocarditis.N Engl J Med.2013;368:1425-33.
[2]. Mylonakis E,Calderwood SB.Infective endocarditis in adults.N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1318-30.PMid11794152.
[3]. Mitchell RS,Kumar V,Robbins SL,et al.RobbinsBasic Pathology 8th ed.)Saunders/ Elsevier.pp.406-8.
[4]. Morris AM.How best to deal with endocarditis.Curr Infect Dis Rep.2006;8(!):14-22.
[5]. Kasper DL,Brunwald E,Fauci AS,at al. Principles of InternalMedicine.MacGraw-Hill.pp.731-44.ISBN 0-0-7-1391-40-1.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Injection Dexmedetomidine sedation in diabetic patients undergoing lowerlimb amputation under low dose spinal anaesthesia. Method: In this prospective doubleblind, randomized controlled study, a total of 60 patients belonging to ASA II physical status between the age group of 35 to 65 yrs scheduled for elective lowerlimb amputation under low dose spinal anaesthesia were selected. The patients were randomly allocated into one of two groups of thirty patients each.............

Keywords: Dexmedetomidine, hyperbaric bupivacaine, low dose spinal anaesthesia , diabetic mellitus ,lowerlimb amputation.

[1]. D.Hohener, S.Blumenthal and A.Borgeat. Sedation and regional anaesthesia in adult patient. Br.J.Anaesth(2008) 100(1): 8-16. Doi:10.1093/bja/aem342.
[2]. Andra E. Duncan. Hyperglycemia and perioperative glucose management. Curr Pharm Des.2012:18(38): 6195- 6203.
[3]. Cuthbertson - metabolic response to trauma . QJ Med 1932;1: 233- 246.
[4]. J.P.Desborough -The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br.J. Anaesth (2000) 85(1):109 -117. Doi:10.1093/bja/85.1.109.
[5]. Ramsay MA,Savege TM, Simpson BR,Goodwin R 1974 controlled sedation with alphaxalone – alphadolone. Br Med J 2: 656 – 659.

Abstract: Scabies is the commonest cause of itching in many countries, where the itching and skin rash are mainly due to the allergic reactions included both humoral and cell mediated. Many patients might continue to have itching and rash even weeks and months after recovery and cure from the disease. \ Objectives: The aim of present work is to measure different types of immunoglobulins includingIgE, IgA, IgM and IgG during different stages of scabies including active scabies and after recovery from disease for at least one month and more and to be compared with the healthy individuals...........

Keywords: Active and treated Scabies, Immunoglobulins testing.

[1]. Sharquie, K.E. and S.A. Al Ameer, Post-scabietic allergic nodules, Clinical and Histopathological study. J. Pan Arab League of Dermatology, 1997. 8: p. 29-35.
[2]. Walton, S.F. and F.I. Oprescu, Immunology of scabies and translational outcomes: identifying the missing links. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2013. 26(2): p. 116-22.
[3]. Walton, S.F., The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to scabies. Parasite Immunol, 2010. 32(8): p. 532-40.
[4]. Walton, S.F. and B.J. Currie, Problems in diagnosing scabies, a global disease in human and animal populations. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2007. 20(2): p. 268-79.
[5]. Dahl, M.V., The immunology of scabies. Ann Allergy, 1983. 51(6): p. 560-6.

Abstract: Dental caries is the most common oral disease in mankind caused primarily by Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and the prevalence of Candida albicans in the biofilms of early childhood caries is greater than in non-caries children suggesting the possibility of synergism. Great importance is given to herbal extracts for prevention and control of oral diseases. The various side effects organic herbal extracts have created a need for simple plant extraction practices which can be done in a normal household kitchen..........

Keywords: Neem, Crude extract, Mouthwash, Candida albicans

[1]. Cannon RD, Holmes AR, Mason AB, Monk BC. Oral candida: clearance, colonization , or candidiasis? J Dent Res 1995 May;74(5):1152-61.
[2]. Srivastava B, Bhatia HP, Chaudhary V, Aggarwal A, Singh AK, Gupta N. Comparitive evaluation of oral Candida albicans carriage in children with and without dental caries: A microbiological in vivo study. Int J Clin Ped Dent 2012;5(2):108-112.
[3]. Peterson PE, Bourgeis D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-DS, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral disease and risks to oral health. Bull WHO 2005;3:661-669.
[4]. Lakshmi T, Krishnan V, Rajendran R, Madhusudhanan N. Azadirachta indica: a herbal panacea in dentistry – an update. Pharmacogn Rev 2015 Jan-Jun;9(17):41-44.

Abstract: Aims: To asses the efficacy of topical 2% Diltiazem gel in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study we included 92 General surgery out patients with chronic anal fissure & patients were advised to apply 1.5 to 2 cms length of gel twice daily at least 1.5 cm into the anus with finger for 6 consecutive weeks. Patients were followed up weekly for six consecutive weeks and fortnightly for subsequent 3 months.Laxatives and high fiber diet was given for all the patients & hot sitz bath with povidone iodine was advised..........

Keywords: Anal fissure, Chemical sphincterotomy

[1]. Goligher JC. Surgery of the anus, rectum, and colon. 5th ed. London: Balliere Tindall; 1984.
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[4]. Scouten WR, et al. Ischemic nature of anal fissure. British Journal of Surgery. 1996;83:63–65. [PubMed]
[5]. Tocchi Adriano, Mazzoni Gianluca, Miccini Michelangelo, Cassini Diletta, Bettelli Elia, Brozzetti Stefania. Total lateral sphincterotomy for anal fissure. International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2004;19(3):245–49. [PubMed]