iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2017

Abstract: Tobacco smoking in the form of cigarette is a common habit prevalent among undergraduates in higher institutions. Chronic tobacco smoking remains the primary risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary function test provide an objective quantifiable measure of lung function. This study was undertaken to assess lung function using PEFR among smokers and non smokers. In this study 100 male students within the age range of 18- 35 years were recruited, 50 were smokers forming the case group and 50 were non smokers forming the control group.............

Keywords: PEFR, COPD, smokers, non smokers.

[1]. Aderele, W.I and Oduwole, O. (1983).Peak Expiratory flow rate in healthy school children. Nig.D.Paed.10:45-55
[2]. Ali, M.A. and Vahella, K.V. (1991).Some observation of peak expiratory flow in normal school children in northern Nigerian.West Afr.J.Med 10:141-149
[3]. Ayankogbe O.O., Inem V.A., Bamigbala O.A., Robert O.A.(2003). Attitudes and determinants of cigarette smoking among rural dwellers in south West Nigeria Medical practitioners. Nigeria Medical Practioners.44: 70-74
[4]. Badgett R.G., Tanaka D.J., Hunk D.K., et al., (1994). "The Clinical Evaluation for diagnosing obstructive airways disease in high-risk patients". Chest 106(5): 27-31.
[5]. Bartel M.(2001). Health effect of Tobacco use and exposure. Monaldi Arc Chest Dis. 56:545-550.

Abstract: CSF is a clear body fluid ,occupying between arachnoid and the piameter .It is formed in the ventricular choroid plexus CSF acts as a cushion that protects the brain from shocks and supports the venous sinuses (primarily the superior sagittal sinus, opening when CSF pressure exceeds venous pressure). It also plays an important role in the homeostasis and metabolism of the central nervous system. Meningitis is the main infectious central nervous system (CNS) syndrome. Viruses or bacteria can cause acute meningitis of infectious etiology. Meningitis is the most common infectious CNS syndrome, defined as an inflammation of the meninges. The clinical symptoms are fever, malaise, vomiting.........

Keywords: CSF, Meningitis,Bacterial, Viral

[1]. SteeleRW,MarmerDJ,Obrien,etal:Leucocyte survival in CSf:Journal of clinical microbiology 1986:23:965-966
[2]. Mcging P, O' Kelley R, editors. The biochemistry of body fluids. Ireland: the scientific committee of the association of clinical biochemists in Ireland (acbi);2009.
[3]. Jose L. Casado, Carmen Quereda, Jesu´sOliva, Enrique Navas, Ana Moreno, Vicente Pintado, Ramo´n y Cajal, Javier Cobo, and In˜igo Corral, Candidal Meningitis in HIV-Infected Patients: Analysis of 14 Cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997; 25:673-6.
[4]. Arditi M, Ables L, Yogev R. cerebrospinal fluid endotoxin levels in children with h. influenzae meningitis before and after administration of intravenous ceftriaxone. J infect dis.1989; 160:1005-11.
[5]. Venkatesh B, Scott P, Ziegenfuss M. cerebrospinal fluid in critical illness. Crit care resusc. 2000; 2:42-54.

Abstract: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic recurrent bilateral allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva characterized by intermittent exacerbations, which are seasonal in timing during which keratitis may develop. It typically affects children in hot, humid regions, and with higher load of airborne allergens. It is a common ocular surface disorder in the Mediterranean region, central Africa, India, and South America. There are conflicting reports on the effect of parasitic intestinal load in the pathogenesis of atopy. Anti-parasitic...........

Keywords: Asthma, children, intestinal parasites, vernal keratoconjunctivitis

[1]. Rice NSC, Jones BR. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: an allergic disease of the eyes of children. Clinical Allergy. 1973;3:629-637
[2]. Leonardi A, Secchi AG. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2003;43:41–58. [PubMed: 12544394]
[3]. Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye (Lond) 2004;18:345–51. [PubMed: 15069427]
[4]. Leonardi A, Busca F, Motterle L, Cavarzeran F, Fregona IA, Plebani M, et al. Case series of 406 vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients: A demographic and epidemiological study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84:406–10. [PubMed: 16704708]
[5]. Lambiase A, Minchiotti S, Leonardi A, Secchi AG, Rolando M, Calabria G, et al. Prospective, multicenter demographic and epidemiological study on vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A glimpse of ocular surface in Italian population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;16:38–41. [PubMed: 19191180]

Abstract: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is common cause of hypothyroidism with goiter in Iodine sufficient regions due to chronic auto immune disease. Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis present either a small diffuse goiter or markedly enlarged firm gland mimicking malignancy. These patients may have an associated dominant nodule, most commonly a benign colloid, adenomatous nodule, nodular thyroiditis, or a Hurthle cell nodule, and less commonly an associated malignancy. We studied the incidence, gender and age preponderance, clinical nature and functional status, indications and type of thyroidectomy done and clinical outcome following surgical management..............

Keywords : Goiter, Hashimoto's, Nodule, Thyroidectomy, Thyroiditis

[1]. Sharma AK, Paliwal RK, Pendse AK. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis – Clinical Review. Journal of Post Graduate Medicine 1990;36
(2):87-90.
[2]. Lakshmana Rao KM, Reddy SS. Hashimoto's disease - A clinicopathological Study. Indian Journal of Surgery
991;53(8-9): 338-42
[3]. Gayathri BN, Kalyani R, Kuymar ML Mahendra, Prasad K Krishna. Fine needle aspiration cytology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis -
A diagnostic pitfall with review of literature. J Cytol 2011 Oct-Dec;28(4):210-3.
[4]. Lakshmana Rao KM, Reddy SS. Hashimoto's disease - A clinicopathological study. Indian Journal of Surgery 1983
Dec;45:693-5.
[5]. Colin G Thomas Jr, Robert G Rutledge. Surgical Intervention in Chronic Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Annals of Surgery 1986
Jun;193(7):769-76.

Abstract: Introduction: Basilar artery is a single trunk, formed at the pontomedullary junction, by joining two vertebral arteries. It runs in the median groove of Pons, in the subarachnoid space. It ends by dividing into right and left posterior cerebral arteries, at the upper border of pons.The sound knowledge of morphology and variations of basilar artery and its branches not only help radiologist, in the study of CT angiograms but also helps neurosurgeons in neuroendoscopic surgical procedures. It also helps neurologist to understand clincopathological condition, which may arise due to abnormalities present in the artery............

[1]. Winn H. Richard, Youman's Neurological surgery, (Sixth edition) 2011, volume -4, Elsevier Saunders, page 3886
[2]. Padmavathi G, Rajeshwari T, Niranjana Murthy KV "Study of the Variations in the Origin and Termination of Basilar Artery". Anatomica Karnataka.2011; 5(2): 54-59.
[3]. Singh Vishram Clinical Neuroanatomy, 2nd edition, page 172-176.
[4]. PicoF, Labereuche j "Basilar artery diameter and 5 year mortality in patient with stroke. S
[5]. M. Ghasemi, S.H. Fesharaki, M. Sanatkar: Angioplasty and stenting of basilar artery. Published in EJVES Extra_ june 2006 vol11(6) 103-106

Abstract: Objective(s): To find out the prevalence and nature of sexual dysfunction among male out patients attending psychiatry OPD, also to find out the relationship of sexual dysfunction to specific psychiatric disorder and other predictors of sexual dysfunction. Method(s): In this cross-sectional study, a total 500 patients were included. The sexual dysfunction was assessed with the help of Sexual Dysfunction Checklist. Result(s): In this study sexual dysfunction was found in 180 patients (36%) out of 500 male outpatients. Prevalence of 12 different areas of sexual dysfunction shows that higher score were observed in dissatisfaction with sexual dysfunction (24.8%), and premature ejaculation (20.2%). There were higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction observed in alcohol dependence disorder..............

Keywords: Sexual dysfunction, sexual dysfunction checklist, psychiatric disorder

[1]. Kandeel FR (2007) Male Sexual dysfunction Pathophysiology and Treatment textbook.
[2]. Masters WH, Johnson VE. (1970). Human Sexual Inadequacy. Toronto; New York: Bantam Books.
[3]. Ronald WD. Stevenson Sexual Medicine. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:673-677
[4]. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.)
[5]. Cutler AJ. Sexual dysfunction and antipsychotic treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28(Suppl 1):69–82.

Abstract: Background: Inhalational anesthesia is the preferred technique of induction in the paediatric age group. Halothane with its negligible pungency and minimal effects on airway reactivity has been the cornerstone of pediatric inhalational induction. Continued research to manufacture an inhalational agent which would match the induction properties of halothane, with minimal cardiac and hepatic side effects and requiring lesser time for induction and emergence led to the introduction of Sevoflurane. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients ASA Grade I and II aged 2-6 yrs were randomly divided into two groups. Group A patients were induced and intubated with 8% Sevoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen in a ratio of 2:1 without muscle relaxant. Group B patients..............

Keywords: Sevoflurane, Inhalational induction.

[1]. Aantaa R, Takala R and Muittari P. Sevoflurane EC50 and EC95 values for laryngeal mask insertion and tracheal intubation in children. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86 (2): 213-6.
[2]. Abdel-Halim JMK, Azer MS and El-Awady GA. Comparison of induction and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane, halothane and propofol in pediatric outpatients. J Egyptian Nat Cancer Inst 2002; 14 (4): 319-23.
[3]. Baum VC, Yemen TA and Baum LD. Immediate sevoflurane induction in children: a comparison with incremental sevoflurane and incremental halothane. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 313-6.
[4]. Dedhia KN and Kudalkar A. Comparison of sevoflurane and halothane for induction of anesthesia and laryngeal mask airway insertion in paediatric patients. Indian J Anaesth 2004; 48 (6): 465-8.
[5]. Delgado-Herrera L, Ostroff RD and Rogers SA. Sevoflurane: approaching the ideal inhalational anesthetic. A pharmacologic, pharmacoeconomic and clinical review. CNS Drug Reviews 2001; 7 (1): 48-120.

Abstract: Background: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the level of prostaglandin E2 in gingival Crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis in the periodontal department in Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital and sixty controls were enrolled in the study. GCF was collected using paper strips (periostrip) inserted into the gingival sulcus for 30 seconds then put in a cryoviale tube in frozen media and sent to the lab. Clinical examination is carried out using dental mirror and William's graduated periodontal probe. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), Recession (R), clinical attachment loss (CAL), was recorded in the data sheets........

Keywords: GCF, PGE2, Chronic periodontitis,Sudanese.

[1]. Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Clinical
[2]. periodontology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders publishers; 2007 .pp.222-3.
[3]. Pihlstrom B.L., Michalowicz B.S., Johnson N.W. periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1809—1820.
[4]. Prichard, J.F, Kramer, Stahl, S.S., et al.; Glossary of terms. J periodontal (suppl.) 48: 1, 1977.
[5]. Loeshe WJ, Grossman NS, periodontal disease as a specific, albeit chronic, infection: diagnosis and treatment. Clin. Microbial. Rev. 2001; 14(14):7:27-55.

Abstract: Urothelial carcinomas of the bladder in young patients is rare with less than 1% of such tumors presenting in the first 4 decades of life. When urothelial carcinomas occur in young adults, it presents as a low grade , non invasive disease.2 Here , we report a case of a young adult presenting with invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with retrograde metastatic spread to the ureter, kidney and prostate.Young adults are rarely diagnosed with bladder cancer and it is even more unusual to find an invasive urothelial carcinoma with retrograde metastasis among the young individuals.

Keywords: Urothelial carcinoma, young, metastasis

[1]. GiedlJ,RoglerA,WildA,Riener M O,FilbeckT,Burger M et al.TERT Core Promotor Mutations in Early Onset Bladder Cancer.J Cancer 2016;7(8):915-920.
[2]. Khan R,IbrahimH,TulpuleS,IrokaN.Bladder cancer in a young patient:Undiscovered risk factors.Oncology letters 2016;11:3202-3204.
[3]. Stantan M L,XiaoL,Czerniak B A,Guo C G.Urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in young patients:Aclinicopathologic study of 59 cases.ArchPathol Lab Med 2013 Oct;137(10):1337-1341.
[4]. Shinagare A B,Ramaiya N H,Jagannathan J P,Fennessy F M,Taplin M E,AnnickD.Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer:correlation with the characteristics of the primary tumor.AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:117-122.
[5]. Nomikos M , Pappas A ,Kopaka ME et al .Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in Young Patients :Presentation ,Clinical Behaviour and Outcome. Advances in Urology 2011;10:1-4.

Abstract: Introduction: Dental evidence is a valuable tool in identifying inividuals. This study is based on the fact that the ICD is attained by the age of 1 year, after which the growth in this area is slow in contrast to outer orbital dimension. Objectives: To ascertain whether the incisal width of the maxillary central incisor can be used to detect the inner canthal distance. To derive at an equation ICD=CIWX2/0.618 from the previously proven FORMULA CCIW=ICDX0.618/2. This study attempts to emphasize the practicality of applying Inner-canthal Distance as an adjuvant to support and aid in sketching of an individual............

Keywords: Inner Canthal Distance (ICD), Central Incisor Width (CIW), Bite Marks, maxillary central incisor, south Indian population.

[1]. Shelar N, Panada A, Gawde V, Giri A, Mane D. Sketch Analyzer: Human Face Sketch Analysis Technique. In ESRSA Publications; 2014 [cited 2016 Jul 1]. Available from: http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/8599/sketch-analyzer-human-face-sketch-analysis-technique
[2]. Klum S, Han H, Jain AK, Klare B. Sketch based face recognition: Forensic vs. composite sketches. In: 2013 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB) [Internet]. IEEE; 2013 [cited 2016 Jul 1]. p. 1–8. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6612993
[3]. Krogman WM. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas; 1962.
[4]. Krogman WM, Iscan MY. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas; 1986.
[5]. Teschler‑Nicola M, Prossinger H. Sex determination using tooth dimensions. In: Alt KW, Roising FW, Teschler‑Nicola M, editors. Dental Anthropology, Fundamentals. Limits and Prospects. Wien:Springer‑Verlag; 1998. p. 479‑501.

Abstract: Toxic megacolon is a lethal and potentiallylife threatening condition characterized by dilatation of the colon1.One of the dreaded and rarely encountered consequence of Toxic megacolon is perforation.Toxic megacolon and perforation secondary to infective colitis is rare in children. Aggressive medical management and prompt surgical intervention is needed to reduce mortality and morbidity in such cases. We report a case of a 3-year-old child with E coli diarrhea complicated by Toxic megacolon with rupture, Hemolytic Uremic syndrome and Acute Renal failure.

Keywords: Children, E coli, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Perforation, Toxic megacolon

[1]. Tsai TC, Wu TC, Wei CF, Hwang B.Toxic megacolon secondary to infective colitis in children. J Formos Med Assoc. 2000 Mar;99(3):199-205.

[2]. Brian Lin, George Y Wu, MD, PhD. Toxic megacolon. Medscape. 2016 Nov; article 181054.

[3]. Sonia Friedman, Richard S. Blumberg. Inflammatory Bowel disease. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 2008. 17th edition;1889

Abstract: Multidrug-resistant(MDR)bacteria was discovered as early as 1950s.Transmissible R factors of Enterobacteriaceae received greatest attention, the existence of plasmids were identified which confer antibiotic resistance in many genera. Plasmids also confer resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and number of heavy metals. Multidrug-resistance Gram-negative bacteria pose a great threat to the public health due to the limited treatment options available and lack of newly developed antimicrobials medications.NewDelhimetallo-beta lactamase-1(NDM-1) are detected worldwide.Colistin-Polymyxin E remains one of the last- resort antibiotics for multi resistant bacteria.Colistin in combination with drugs are used to treat P.aeruginosabiofilim infection in lungs of cystic fibrosis patients..............

Keywords-: Multi-drug reasistance,NDM-1,Multidrug-resistant Gram negative,Colistin.

[1]. DrugResistance,Multiple(http://www.nih/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Drug Resistance.=Multiple)at the US National
Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings(MeSH).
[2]. A-P.Magiorakos,ASurivasanRBCarey,etal.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,Vol 8,Iss.3 first published July 2011[via Wiley
Online Library].Retrieved 16 August 2014.
[3]. CerCeoElizabeth,Deitelzweig Steven B,Sherman Bradly M,etal."Multidrug-resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection in the
Hospital Setting:Overview,Implications for Clinical Practice,and Emerging Options". (http:// www. ncbi. nlmnih .gov/ pubmed
/26866778).Microbial Drug Resistance(Larcchmont,N,Y).22(5):412-431.
[4]. Stephen Smith."New drug-resistant‟superbug‟arrives in Mass"
(http://www..boston.com.news/health/blog/2010/09/new_drug_resit.html).The Boston Globe.Retrieved 18 September 2010.
[5]. "Superbug detected in GTA" (http:/ /www. healthzone.ca/health/newsfeatures/article/850906).Tronto Star.22 August 2010

Abstract: Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a malignant salivary tumor that may arise in either major or minor salivary glands. Because of its frequent microscopic appearance resembling cross-sections of tubular structures (cylinders), it was previously referred to as "cylindroma.". Clinically, adenoid cystic carcinoma is most common in the parotid gland, palate being the most common intraoral site.

Keywords: Cylindroma, Palate, Salivary gland

[1]. Mader C, Gay WD. Intraoraladenoid cystic carcinoma. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979;99:212–4.
[2]. Tarpley TM, Jr, Giansanti JS. Adenoidcystic carcinoma-analysis of fifty oral cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;41:484–9
[3]. Clark JM, Triana RJ, Meredith SD. Uncontrolled central adenoid cystic carcinoma: Case report. Ear Nose Throat J. 2000;79:785–6
[4]. Dutta NN, Baruah R, Das L. Adenoidcystic carcinoma-clinical presentation and cytological diagnosis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg. 2002;54:62–5.
[5]. Pandey R, Singh PK, Khan L. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare presentation as a nasal and hard palate mass. J Cytol. 2008;25:159–
60.

Abstract: Background and Aims: This prospective, randomised double blind study was conducted to establish the effects of addition of dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Methods and Material: Sixty patients of ASA I&II, scheduled for upper arm surgery under supraclavicular block were enrolled to receive either 30 ml levobupivacaine 0.5% and 1 ml sodium chloride (Group I) OR 30 ml levobupivacaine 0.5% and 1 ml dexmedetomidine 100 microgram (Group II). Block was performed using nerve locator. The onset of sensory and motor block, duration of block and analgesia, VAS score and time of first rescue analgesia, haemodynamic variables and any side effects were monitored.............

Keywords: Adjuvant, dexmedetomidine, levobupivacaine, supraclavicular brachial plexus block

[1]. Lönnqvist PA. Alpha-2 adrenoceptors agonists as adjuncts to Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Children - is there a mechanism of action
and should we use them? Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22(5):421-4.
[2]. Boico O,Bonnet F,Mazoit JX.Effects of epinephrine and clonidine on plasma concentrations of spinal bupivacaine.Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 1992;36:684-8
[3]. Liu N, Bonnet F, Delaunay L, Kermarec N, D'Honneur G. Partial reversal of the effects of extradural clonidine by oral yohimbine
in postoperative patients. Br J Anaesth. 1993; 70:515–8.
[4]. MacDonald E, Kobilka BK, Scheinin M. Gene targeting – Homing in on alpha 2-adrenoceptor-subtype function. Trends Pharmacol
Sci. 1997; 18:211–9.
[5]. Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, Nunes S, Kaukonen M, Shepherd ST, et al. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for
long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35:282–90

Abstract: Objectives: There is limited data on dentin hypersensitivity (DH) among adults in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with DH among young adults in Turkey. Materials and methods: This survey was conducted among adult patients referred to the Department of Restorative Dentistry in Necmettin Erbakan University. The study population consisted of 1250 adult subjetcs, 591 males and 659 females. The questionnaire elicited information on demography, systemic disease, using medicine, dental visit frequency, frequency of periodontal treatment, self-reported dentin hypersensitivity, frequency of tooth brushing, hardness of toothbrush, gingival bleeding during the brushing, brushing before bedtime, bruxism, smoking and xerostomia. Statistical............

Keywords: Dentin hypersensitivity, prevalence, risk factors, bruxism.

[1]. Que K, Ruan J, Fan X, Liang X, Hu D. A multi-centre and cross-sectional study of dentine hypersensitivity in China. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37:631–637.
[2]. Ye W, Feng XP, Li R. The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in Chinese adults. J Oral Rehabil. 2012;39:182–187.
[3]. Hara AT, Ando M, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Cury JA, Serra MC, Zero DT. Protective effect of the dental pellicle against erosive challenges in situ. J Dent Res. 2006;85:612-616.
[4]. West NX, Hughes JA, Addy M. The effect of pH on erosion of dentine and enamel by dietary acids in vitro. J Oral Rehabil. 2001;28:860-864.
[5]. Wetton S, Hughes J, West N, Addy M. Exposure time of enamel and dentine to saliva for protection against erosion: a study in vitro. Caries Res. 2006;40:213-217.

Abstract: EDTA is a frequently used irrigant in root canal treatment. Its main activity is toward smear layer removal because of its chelating power which makes it effective in removing the inorganic component of dentin. But it cannot remove the smear layer effectively; a proteolytic component, such as NaOCl, should be added to remove the organic components of the smear layer. EDTA contributes to the elimination of bacteria in the root canal.

Key words: Anti-microbial, Chelating, EDTA, MTAD, NaOCl, Smear layer.

[1]. Hülsmann M, Heckendorff M, Lennon A. Chelating agents in root canal treatment: mode of action and indications for their use, Int
Endod J 36,2003,810.
[2]. Spencer NCO, Sunday JJ, Georgina OKEO, et al . Comparative stabilizing effects of some anticoagulants on fasting blood glucose
of diabetics and non-diabetics, determined by spectrophotometry (glucose oxidase), Asian J Med Sc 3,2011,234.
[3]. Von der Fehr FR, Nygaard-Ostby B . Effect of EDTAC and sulfuric acid on root canal dentine. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and
Oral Pathology 16,1963, 199–205.
[4]. Lui J-N, Kuah H-G, Chen N-N . Effects of EDTA with and without surfactants or ultrasonics on removal of smear layer. Journal of
Endodontics 33,2007, 472–5.
[5]. McComb D, Smith DC, Beagrie GS . The results of in vivo endodontic chemomechanical instrumentation-a scanning electron
microscopic study. Journal of the British Endodontic Society 9, 1976, 11–8