iosr-JDMS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2019

Abstract: Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Stroke may be ischaemic or hemorrhagic. MPV is an emerging risk factor for atherothrombosis. Aims and objectives: To determine the possible correlation between MPV and outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Materials and methods: 150 patients of General Medicine Department were selected to determine the correlation between MPV and outcome of stroke measured by MRS. Results: MRS had a strong positive correlation with MPV. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has shown an elevation of MPV in acute stroke..

Keywords: MPV, MRS

[1]. Cordonnier C, Leys D. Stroke, the bare essentials. Neurology in Practice 2008; 8:263–272.
[2]. Victor M, Ropper AH, Adams RD.Cerebrovasculardiseases.Adam"s and Victor"s Principles of Neurology.Ed.Ropper A H,Samuels MA. 9th ed. United States of America,McGraw Hill 2009.
[3]. Pathansali R, Smith NM, BathPM. Prothrombotic megakaryocyte and platelet changes in hypertension are reversed following treatment: a pilot study. Blood 2001; 12:144-149.
[4]. Ross R. Cell biology of atherosclerosis. Annual Review of Physiology 1995; 57:791-804 .
[5]. Greisenegger S, Endler G, Hsieh K, Tentschert S, Mannhalter C, Lalouschek W. Is elevated mean platelet volume associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular events? Stroke 2004; 35:1688–91...

Abstract: The primary maxillary incisors teeth are small and require restorations that are retentive, esthetic and resistant to fracture and wear, therefore, are difficult to treat. Esthetic treatment of severely decayed primary teeth is one of the greatest challenges for pediatric dentists. The use of esthetic restoration has become an important aspect of pediatric dentistry. However, various treatment options have been described in literature to ensure proper esthetics and retention of restorations for such cases.

Key Words: Esthetic Crowns

[1]. Garg V et al. Crowns in pediatric dentistry. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research |Vol. 4|Issue 2|March - April 2016
[2]. Waggoner WF, Cohen H. Failure strength of four veneered primary stainless steel crowns. Pediatr Dent. 1995; 36-40.
[3]. Hartmann CR. The open-faced stainless steel crowns: An esthetic technique. ASDC J. Dent. Child. 1983;50:31-3
[4]. Sahana S, Vasa AAK, Sk Ravichandra. Esthetic Crowns For Anterior Teeth: A Review. Annals and Essence of Dentistry. 2010-2:87-93.
[5]. Castro AA: Evaluation of the Clinical Performance of Pedo Jacket Crowns in the Treatment of Maxillary Anterior Teeth with Early Childhood Caries: A Prospective Clinical and Laboratory Study. University of Toronto, 2014..

Abstract: Depressive symptoms occur in different phases of schizophrenia including prodromal(5,6), acute(7), and post psychotic phases(8,9). They have been regarded as intrinsic to schizophrenia psychopathology, similar to positive, negative, and disorganised symptom clusters(10). Depression in the chronic course of schizophrenia often appears to be an unfavourable sign and has been associated with a greater risk for suicide(13)and relapse. Nevertheless, contradictory reports indicated that depression during the acute phase of schizophrenia may be associated with favourable prognosis..........

[1]. SalokangasRK,McGlashanTH: Early detection and intervention of psychosis.A review. Nord J Psychiatry 2008,62:92–105.
[2]. Hefner H,MaurerK, Trendier G,An Der HeidenW,Schmidt M:The early course of schizophrenia and depression*.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clint Neurosci 2005,255:167–173.
[3]. Levy ST,McGlashanTH,Carpenter WT Jr:Integration and sealing-as recovery styles from acute psychosis.J Nerve MentDis1975,161:307–312.
[4]. Knights A,Hirsch SR:"Revealed"Depression and drug treatment for schizophrenia.Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981,38:806–811.
[5]. Birchwood M,IqbalZ,Upthegrove R:Psychological pathways to depression in schizophrenia: studies in acute psychosis, post psychotic depression and auditory hallucinations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clint Neurosci 2005,255:202–212...

Abstract: Background : Management of severe psoriasis is difficult& no complete cure is available . Number of topical & systemic drugs are available.Methotrexate & cyclosporine have been used for the management of severe psoriasis from longer time. Objective : This study was done to compare the efficacy and safety of daily cyclosporine with weekly methotrexate in the management of severe psoriasis in tertiary care centre, Jharkhand. Mathods: Forty patients with severe psoriasis were randomly assigned to treatment with cyclosporine or methotrexate. The initial dose........

Key words: psoriasis; methotrexate; cyclosporine.

[1]. Baker H. Psoriasis: A review. Dermatologica. 1975;150:16–25.
[2]. Lomholt G. Prevalence of skin diseases in a population, a census study from the Faroe Islands. Danmed Bull. 1964;11:1–7.
[3]. Wood JJA, Greaves MW, Weinstein GD: Treatmentof psoriasis, N Engl J Med, 332: 581–588,1995.
[4]. Lebwohl M, Ali S. Treatment of psoriasis. Part 2. Systemic therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(5):649-661; quiz 662-644.
[5]. Camisa C. Handbook of psoriasis. Oxford: Blackwell; 1998.
[6]. Vehragen AR. Phototherapy. In: Mire PD. Van de Kerkhof PCM,editors. Textbook of psoriasis. Edinburgh: Churchill; 1986. p.190–210..

Abstract: Relieving pain is one of the fundamental responsibilities of anaesthesiologists and is frequently a primary goal for which patients are seeking care. Peripheral nerve block are becoming more popular due to minimal or no side effects . Femoral nerve block is also a method of anesthetizing the antero medial aspect of the thigh[1]. It can be used for skin graft harvesting, in addition to various surgeries on the thigh and knee. In painful skin grafting procedures, opioids may be needed to treat the patients with severe pain. So we carried out the study in sixty consecutive patients with femoral nerve block for post operative analgesia at donar site in skin grafting patient with 10cc of 0.25% bupivacaine alone and with 25ug of fentanyl.........

[1]. Tumescent infiltration versus femoral nerve block for skin graft harvest-a prospective randomized study J Mathew, S Varghese, S Jagadeesh Medical College. Kozhikode, Kerala, India IJPS Year : 2005 Volume : 38 Issue : 2 Page : 110-113.
[2]. Journal of Anesthesia Springer JapanVolume 11, Number 4 December, 1997
[3]. Rebound Pain Scores as a Function of Femoral Nerve Block Duration after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Retrospective Analysis of a Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial Brian A. Williams, MD, MBA. 1 Matthew T. Bottegal, BS, 2 Michael L. Kentor, MD, 3 James J. Irrgang, PhD, PT, ATC, 4 and John P. Williams, M.
[4]. Use of nerve block techniques for postoperative analgesia PER H. ROSENBERG Department of Anesthesiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
[5]. Can J Anaesth. 1987 Sep;34(5):455-8. Links Femoral nerve block with bupivacaine 0.25 per cent for postoperative analgesia after open knee surgery. Liemney E, Lewis G, Hurtig JB, Johnson D.

Abstract: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi and Paratyphi A and B, is endemic in the Indian sub-continent including Bangladesh, South-east and Far-east Asia, Africa and South Central America. The disease can occur in all age group with highest incidence among children. The name of enteric was given by Louis (1829) to distinguish it from typhus fever. Budd (1856) pointed out that the disease was transmitted through the excreta of patients. Elberth (1880) described the typhoid bacillus, and Gaffky (1884) isolated it in pure culture. Its causative role was confirmed by Metchnikoff and Bessedka (1900) by infecting experimentally.A case-control.......

Key Words: Enteric fever, Endemic, Salmonella Enterica serotype typhi, Paratyphi A and B

[1]. Risk Factors of Enteric Fever in Children Less Than 15 Years of Age, Journal of Statistics Vol: 13, No.1 (2006)
[2]. Mrs. R.S. Tambulwadkar, "Paediatric nursing" Vora medical publications, 2nd edition, page 108
[3]. Balentine JR. Typhoid fever. Available in [online]: http://www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/article.htm
[4]. Enteric fever. Textbook of Microbiology. Ananthanarayan and Paniker by Orient Blackswan; 7th ed. 295 – 30
[5]. Introduction of typhoid fever. Available in [on line]: http//www.google.com..

Abstract: Face is the most exposed part of the human body, and the mouth being a prominent feature, the teeth are cynosure to all eyes. In the last century, some of the patients with collapsed bite were condemned to total extraction of teeth for conventional complete dentures because the success of rehabilitation procedures were dubious. In the current millennium, the dental technology, advanced equipments and materials, have simplified the task of restoring and rehabilitating the diseased mouth. This has enabled the prosthodontists to preserve teeth and associated structures. Optimum oral health should be the prime objective of all rehabilitation procedures, because the ultimate goal will always be to restore the oral health and preserve the stomatognathic system. This case report describes a patient with severe attrition and collapsed bite treated with "Hobo's twin-stage Technique" after establishing a functional and esthetic vertical dimension and occlusal plane

Key Words: Collapsed Bite, Full Mouth Rehabilitation, Vertical Dimension of Occlusion, Hobo's twin-stage procedure

[1]. D. R. Bloom et al Increasing occlusal vertical dimension - Why, when and how? Br Dent J 2006: 200(5); 251-25.
[2]. Turner and Missirlian Restoration of the extremely worn dentition J Prosthet Dent 1984;52(4):464-474.
[3]. R W Wassell et al Clinical considerations for increasing occlusal vertical dimension: A review Aus dent J 2012; 57: 2–10.
[4]. Peter E. Dawson. Functional occlusion From TMJ to Smile Design. St. Louis: Mosby 2007.
[5]. Jafar Abduo Safety of increasing occlusal vertical dimension:A systematic review Quint International 2012;43:369-380...

Abstract: The Objective of this study is to diagnose variant haemoglobinopathies and ambivalent cases with the help of family studies in tertiary care hospital where genetic testing is not available. Methods. Patient attending paediatric and ANC clinic were screened by doing Complete blood count and then screening was done on anaemic patient by doing nestroft and solubility test .Positive sample from these patient were taken for CE-HPLC. Graph of HPLC obtained and , abnormal haemoglobinopathies were provisionally diagnosed and confirmed by doing family study of such index cases..Results:- Family studies were done in 94 cases, and involved parents or first degree blood relatives like siblings, and conclusive diagnosis could be obtained in 86 cases. We got conclusive result just by doing family study in 91.5 percent cases. Conclusion. Family study In centers, which do not have the facility for genetic analysis, family studies by HPLC can be equally useful..

Keywords : Family Study, HPLC and Variant Haemoglobinopathies

[1]. Sarnaik SA. Thalassaemia and related haemoglobinopathies. Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72:319-24.
[2]. Lehman H, Cutbush M. Sickle cell trait in southern India. Brit. Med.J. 1952; 1 (4755): 404-405.
[3]. Urade BP. Incidence of sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia in central India. Op. J. Blood Dis. 2012; 71-80.
[4]. Agarwal M.B.The burden of haemoglobinopathies in India-time to wake up. JAPI. 2005;53:1017-1018.
[5]. Rangan A, Handoo A, Sinha, Saxena S, Verma I.C, Kumar S et al. Utility of family studies in diagnosing abnormal hemoglobins/ thalassemic states. Indian Journal of Paediatrics. 2009 june; 76(6): 615-21

Abstract: Fibromatosis is a benign locally infiltrating soft tissue tumor seen in middle age females .Most of them arise in abdomen especially involving abdominal wall and the extra abdominal sites include inguinal region, chest wall ,shoulder region etc. We report a case of fibromatosis of submental region in a 9 year old girl and discuss imaging findings

Key Words: fibromatosis- soft tissue masses- children

[1]. S.W.Weiss ,J.R.Goldblum, and F.M.Enzinger, " Fibromatoses," in Enzinger and Weiss' soft tissue tumors, S.W.Weiss and J.R.Goldblum Eds. pp 227-228 Mosby Elsevier. Philadelphia Pa,USA 2008
[2]. Eric A.Walker , JonelleM.Petscavage, Pamela L.Brian, Chika IloanusiLogie, Kenneth M.Montini and Mark D.Murphey imaging features of superficial and deep fibromatoses in the adult populationHindawi publishing corporation 2012 sarcoma vol article id 215810 .
[3]. C.C.Huang, S.F.Ko, M.C.Yeh et al, " aggressive fibromatosis of the chest wall: sonographic appearance of the fascial tail and staghorn patterns "Journal of ultrasound in medicine vol28, no 3 pp393-396 2009.
[4]. J.C.Lee, J.M.Thomas ,S.Phillips,C.Fisher and E.Moskovic " Aggressive fibromatosis: MRI features with pathologic correlation "American Journal of Roentgenologyvol 186 no 1 pp247-254, 2006
[5]. Angiero F, Benedicenti S, Stefani M Fibromatosis of the head and neck : morphological , immunohistochemical and clinical features Anticancer Res 2008 may-jun : 28 ( 3B) : 1725-32.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a disease known for its multifaceted complications and foot ulceration, which often results in lower extremity amputations which is one of the most common complications associated with the disease. The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers among outpatient and inpatient diabetics in a rural Indian study was found to be 10.4%. Materials and Methods: Present study was hospital based cross- sectional study, conducted in the OPD of Medicine department of a tertiary..........

Key Words: Diabetes mellitus, DFU, questionnaire, knowledge and practice

[1]. M. A.-K. Yahia, "Foot care among male diabetics in family practice center of Saudi Arabia," Journal of Family and Community Medicine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 103–106, 2008.
[2]. K. Alexiadou and J. Doupis, "Management of diabetic foot ulcers," Diabetes Therapy, vol. 3, article 4, 2012.
[3]. B. A. Lipsky, J. A. Weigelt, X. Sun, R. S. Johannes, K. G. Derby, and Y. P. Tabak, "Developing and validating a risk score for lower-extremity amputation in patients hospitalized for a diabetic foot infection," Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1695–1700, 2011.
[4]. A. J. M. Boulton, R. S. Kirsner, and L. Vileikyte, "Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, no. 1, pp. 48–55, 2004.
[5]. A. J. Boulton, L. Vileikyte, G. Ragnarson-Tennvall, and J. Apelqvist, "The global burden of diabetic foot disease," The Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9498, pp. 1719–1724, 2005.

Abstract: Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is a common disease with wide clinical variation and its incidence is increasing. The average mortality rate in severe acute pancreatitis approaches 2–10 %.1 severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) develops in about 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis. Severe acute pancreatitis is a two-phase systemic disease. The first phase is characterized by extensive pancreatic inflammation and/or necrosis and is followed by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that may lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with in the first week Materials and Methods: We have conducted a study on 60 cases of pancreatitis, out of which 50 cases comprised of acute pancreatitis and rest of chronic pancreatitis, admitted at department of medicine, M.G.M. Medical College, Jamshedpur in.........

Key Words:Acute pancreatitis, SIRS, MODS

[1]. CannonJW, Callery MP, Vollmer CM Jr. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic pseudocysts: what is the evidence? J Am Coll Surg 2009;209(3):385-93.
[2]. Bradley EL 3rd. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis: summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, September 11 through 13, 1992.Arch Surg 1993;128(5):586-90.
[3]. Crisanto-Campos BA, Arce-LiévanoE, Cárdenas-LailsonLE, et al.Laparoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts: experience at a general hospital in Mexico City.Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2015;80(3):198-204.
[4]. Khaled YS, Malde DJ, Packer J, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cystgastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocysts: a case-matched comparative study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2014;21(11):818-23.
[5]. Simo KA, Niemeyer DJ, Swan RZ, et al.Laparoscopic transgastric endolumenal cystogastrostomy and pancreatic debridement. Surg Endosc 2014;28(5):1465-72..

Abstract: Introduction: Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of hypertension. It is the major risk factor for coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular diseases. Etiology for primary hypertension is not known. The present study attempts to focus the serum sodium and potassium level among newly diagnosed primary hypertensives that were free from any other illnesses or under any medication and to correlate with the blood pressure. Methodology: Thirty five newly diagnosed primary hypertensive patients attending the Medicine OP of M.G.M Medical College for the period of six months from March 2018 to August 2018 were studied. Fifteen healthy people were kept as controls. The control group comprises of normotensive individuals who were the attendants of the patients with primary..........

Key Words: Primary Hypertension, Body mass index, serum sodium, serum potassium

[1]. Berglund G, Anderson O, Wellebonsa L. Prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension studies in a random population sample. Br. Med Jr 1976; 2: 554.
[2]. MCPhee SJ, Masse BM. In: Tierney LM et al. ed. Current medical diagnosis & treatment. McGraw Hill company USA, 2006;11: 419-445.
[3]. Kaplan NM: Primary hypertension: Pathogenesis. In clinical hypertension.Baltimore, WilliamsWilkins, 1998: 41-101.
[4]. Fisher NDL, Williams GH. In: Kasper DL et al. ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw Hill, USA, 2005; 230: 1463-1481.
[5]. The Eighth Report of Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 8 report. JAMA December 18,2013; Vol 310, No.23, Pages 2479-2580

Abstract: Introduction: Cholelithiasis affects mainly women, at a proportion of approximately 2:1. Numerous conditions contribute to the development of gallstones, with the most important being obesity, hypercaloric diet, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, hemolytic disease, physical inactivity, multiple pregnancies, and long-term treatment with sex hormones. Materials and Methods: The case control study was used in the study and the sample size was taken for convenience during the study, which was carried out in the Department of Medicine among the healthy individuals and patients of gallstones attending to the OPD of General Medicine, M.G.M Medical College, Jamshedpur, and Jharkhand. This.......

Key Words: Gallstone diseases, Cholelithiasis

[1]. Sandler RS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, Adams E, Cronin K, Goodman C, et al. The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1500–11.
[2]. Aerts R, Penninckx F. The burden of gallstone disease in Europe. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(Suppl 3):49–53.
[3]. Amigo L, Husche C, Zanlungo S, Lütjohann D, Arrese M, Miquel JF, et al. Cholecystectomy increases hepatic triglyceride content and very-low-density lipoproteins production in mice. Liver Int. 2011;31:52–64.
[4]. Johansson S, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G, Rosengren A. High lipid levels and coronary disease in women in Göteborg –outcome and secular trends: A prospective 19 year follow-up in the BEDA study.Eur Heart J. 2003;24:704–16.
[5]. Singh BK, Mehta JL. Management of dyslipidemia in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002;17:503–11.

Abstract:Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare, locally aggressive vascular neoplasm that mainly occurs during childhood . the tumor is often located on the skin but may be deeper.The development of KHE in adults is very rare, and its evolution towards KMP is exceptional.The KMP is defined as the combination of a deep thrombocytopenia and a vascular tumor, usually a KHE or a tuftted angioma. It is a life threatening pathology, because of the major risk of bleeding, and compression of vital structure. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment has to be employed.

Key Words:Adult, Kaposiform hemangiendothelioma, Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon, surgery, Case report

[1]. Zukerberg LR, Nickoloff BJ, Weiss SW. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of infancy and childhood: an aggressive neoplasm associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and lymphangiomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:321–8.
[2]. Y. Fernández, M. Bernabeu-Wittel, J.S. García-Morillo. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma :
[3]. European Journal of Internal Medicine 20 (2009) 106–113.
[4]. P. LE NOUAIL, V. VISEUX, O. ENJOLRAS. Phénomène de Kasabach-Merritt : Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007;134:580-6.
[5]. C. Mallaret , M. Planchet, J. Ramaniraka, H. Savini, R. Saidi, P. Le Bougeant, S. Molinier. Syndrome de Kasabach-Merritt et angiome hépatique géant chez l'adulte. 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.10.301..

Abstract: Oral lichen planus (LP) is a common manifestation in patients with LP; however, isolated lip LP is rare and may mimic other conditions such as lichenoid drug eruptions, actinic cheilitis, and early carcinoma in situ in the absence of typical skin lesions. The clinical appearance poses diagnostic dilemmas and is often misinterpreted. Etiology of lichen planus is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. We report the case of a male with isolated LP of the lower lip, mimicking actinic chelitis at presentation. Histopathological examination confirmed LP of the lip.

Key Words: Oral, lichen planus, ulceration, plaque

[1]. Edwards PC, Kelsch R. Oral lichen planus: Clinical presentation and management. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002; 68:494-9.
[2]. Gupta S, Jawanda MK. Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management. Indian J Dermatol. 2015; 60(3):222-8.
[3]. Sharma S, Saimbi CS, Koirala B. Erosive oral lichen planus and its management: A case series. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008; 47:86-90.
[4]. Sousa F, Rosa L. Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2008; 74:284-92.
[5]. Silverman S Jr, Lozada-Nur F, Gorsky M: A prospective follow-up study of 570 patients with oral lichen planus: persistence, remission, and malignant association. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985; 60:30-4...

Abstract: To ascertain if dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with polycarbonate brackets

[1]. Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Normal Microbial Flora. In SherrisMedical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill, USA, 2004; 4:141–148.
[2]. Berardi V et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Different Toothpastes and Mouthrinses: An In Vitro Study.Dent Res J.2011; 8(2): 85–94.
[3]. Sukkarwalla A, Ali SM, Lundberg P. Efficacy of Meswak on Oral Pathogens Dent Res J.2013; 10(3): 314–320. [4]. Sukontapatipark W, Agroudi MA. Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances.Eur J Orthod. 2001 Oct; 23(5):475-84.
[5]. Ahn SJ, Kho HS, Lee SW.Roles of salivary proteins in the adherence of oral streptococci to various orthodontic brackets. J Dent Res 2002; 81(6):411-415...

Abstract: To ascertain if dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with self ligating brackets .

[1]. Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Normal Microbial Flora. In SherrisMedical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill, USA, 2004; 4:141–148.
[2]. Berardi V et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Different Toothpastes and Mouthrinses: An In Vitro Study.Dent Res J.2011; 8(2): 85–94.
[3]. Sukkarwalla A, Ali SM, Lundberg P. Efficacy of Meswak on Oral Pathogens Dent Res J.2013; 10(3): 314–320.

[4]. Botelho MA et al.Differential cytotoxicity: a component of neem oil whose action is exerted at the cell membrane level.Molecules.2008; 14:122-133.
[5]. Taha GIet al. The effect of Pomegranate Peels Extract against StreptococcusMutans and Adherence to tooth surface in Comparison to Chlorhexidine gluconate. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 2015; 35:23-31..

Abstract: Laboratory measurement of thyroid function plays an important role in the assessment of thyroid health. Maternal thyroid dysfunction has been associated with a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction is common in women of reproductive age, with the prevalence of elevated TSH ranging from 4 to 9%, and the prevalence of TPO-Ab ranging from 11.3 to 18% in this population.[1]Elevated maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been associated with an increased risk of pre-term birth, placental abruption..........

[1]. R Stricker, M Echenard, R Eberhart, MC Chevailler, V Perez, FA Quinn et al. Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals. European Journal of Endocrinology 2007;157: 509–514.
[2]. Orell SR, Sterrett GF, Walters MN, Whitakar D. Manual and atlas of fine needle aspiration cytology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Churchill-Livingstone; 2005. p. 125-64.

[3]. Thomas W, Lennard J. Endocrine Surgery E-Book: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice. 5th ed. 2013.

[4]. Glinoer D. et al. Pregnancy in Patients with Mild Thyroid Abnormalities: Maternal and Neonatal Repercussions. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1991;73:421–427.

[5]. Wang W, Teng W, Shan Z, Wang S, Li J, Zhu L et al. The prevalence of thyroid disorders during early pregnancy in China: the benefits of universal screening in the first trimester of pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164: 263-268...