iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2016

Abstract: Number of methods have been studied and suggested for selection of artificial tooth for determining the artificial tooth form to find out reliable esthetic factor. In this article a method is adopted to find out the esthetic factor by superimposition of the outline form of the tooth form(central incisor ), arch fom and face outline. 50 male dental students were selected and impression of the maxillary arch is made using irreversible hydrocolloid material and cast formed. A standardized photographic procedure is used to get the face photo of
each student..................

Keywords: Artificial tooth, esthetic factor, tooth form, arch form, face form, superimposition, esthetic guide.

[1]. French FA – selection and arrangement of anterior teeth in prosthetic dentures. J. prosthet . dent 1951;1:587-93.
[2]. Schlosser .RO. Complete denture prosthesis 3rd ed. Wb saunders 1953 p-82-97.
[3]. Kvajieck d guides for natural appearance as related to complete denture construction J PROSTHET DENT 1962;21:654-62.
[4]. Boucher co swensons complete dentures 6TH edi cv mo sby : 1970 p 155-94.
[5]. Brodbelt R.H walker GF Nelson D. Comparsion of face shape with tooth form.J prosthet dent 1984;52:588-92

Abstract: Background: The oral mucosa and tongue constitute a barometer, a mirror reflecting the state of health of patient. Similar to skin, lesions in mouth speak for itself. They often provide unique opportunity to understand systemic disease process. With careful and judicious practice many systemic diseases can be identified through the manifestations present in oral cavity. It is in light of this that it was thought proper to carry out a prevalence study of some of commonly occurring oral lesions in a skin, STD/HIV and leprosy OPD.............

Keywords: Lichen planus, Oral lesions, Pigmentary disorders

[1]. Samhit MH et al. Some dermatological aspects of oral medicine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1967 Dec; 24: 746
[2]. Cruz GD. Accurate diagnosis of oral lesions in HIV. Arch otolaryngol Head and Neck surg 1996; 122 (1): 68-73.
[3]. Kleinman DV, Swango PA, Pindborg JJ. Community epidemiol 1994; 22(4): 243.
[4]. Macigo FG, Mwaniki DL, Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in Kenyan population. East African Med Journal 1995 Dec; 72
(12): 778.
[5]. Daftary DR, Bhansale RB, Murti RB. Scan J Dental Research 1998 June; 88 (3): 224.

Abstract: Purpose: To compare the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by Ultrasound Pachymeter (USP) & Ultrasound Biomicroscope (UBM). Methods: The study CCT measurements of 60 eyes was measured using first with UBM followed by USP. Results were compared statistically using Bland –Altman plots & Deming's regression analysis Results: Scatter plot analysis showed that for the same value of CCT UBM , corresponding CCTP measurements vary systematically. Bland – Altman plot analysis showed that there is systematic difference between the measurements with both instruments. Deming's regression analysis confirmed a reasonable agreement between both two measurements..........

Keywords: Central corneal thickness,Ultrasound Pachymeter,Ultrasound Biomicroscope

[1]. Ehlers N, BramsenT, Sperling S. Applanation tonometry and central corneal thickness. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1975;53:34-43.
[2]. Goldich Y, Barkana Y, Gerber Y, Rasko A, Morad Y, Harstein M, Avni I, Zadok D. Effect of diabetic mellitus on biomechanical parameters of the
cornea. J Cataract Refract Surg2009;35(4):715-9.
[3]. Sachdev MP, Honavar SG, Thakar M. Diagnostic tests for corneal diseases. Ind J Ophthalmol 1994;42:88-89.
[4]. Miglior S, Albe E, Guareschi M, Mandelli G, Gomarasca S, Orzalesi N. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility in the evaluation of ultrasonic
pachymetry measurements of central corneal thickness. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:174-7.
[5]. Silverman RH. High-resolution ultrasound imaging of the eye – a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2009 January;37(1):54–67.

Abstract: Rudolf Carl Virchow (1821-1902), was a German doctor, pathologist , social eformer,anthropologist , writer, editor and politician. He is known as "the Father of Modern Pathology" and is the "Founder of Social Medicine". He founded the journal " Virchows Archive ". He adored the first chair of pathological Anatomy at the University of Wurzburg in 1849. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the British Royal Society. He has made significant contributions in the field of Medicine and Surgery

Keywords: contributions, pathology, social medicine, Virchow

[1]. The Columbia Encylopedia ,6th Ed 2015. http://www.encyclopedia.com Accessed 29th January 2016.
[2]. Boak AE. Rudolf Virchow -Anthropologist and Archeologist . The Scientific Monthly 1921;13(1)40-45.
[3]. Taylor R, Rieger A .Medicine as a social science : Rudolf Virchow on the typhus epidemic in upper filetia . International Journal of Health services 1985;15(4):547-559.
[4]. Brown TM, Elizabeth F. Rudolf Carl Virchow. American Journal of Public Health 2006;96(12):2014-2015.
[5]. Wagner RS. Anecdotal , historical and critical commentaries on genetics basis of somatic ecology. Genetics 1999; 151(3):917-920.

Abstract: Introduction: Developing countries like India are facing a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in India. Objective: To systematically review and report the articles from world on physical activity to reduce the risk of stroke. Methodology: Study was done on May 2016 through various databases using search terms "physical activity‟ AND "Meta-analysis" AND "Stroke‟. 17 Meta analytical articles were identified for this review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria...........

[1]. M. G. Devi, ―Epidemiology of neurological disorders in India: Review of background, prevalence and incidence of epilepsy, stroke,
Parkinson's disease and tremors,‖ Neurology, Vol 62, Issue 6, pp. 589, 2014.
[2]. J. D. Pandian, A. P. Sudhanb, ―Stroke Epidemiology and Stroke Care Services in India‖ Journal of Stroke, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 128-
134, 2013.
[3]. M. Wasay, I. A. Khatri, S. Kaul, ―Stroke in South Asian countries,‖ Neurol, vol. 10, pp. 135–143, 2014.
[4]. T. K. Banerjee, S. Kumar, ―Epidemiology of stroke in India‖ Neurology Asia, vol.11, pp. 1 – 4, 2011.
[5]. S. K. Das, T. K. Banerjee, ―Stroke Indian Scenario,‖ Circulation, vol. 118, pp. 2719-2724, 2008.

Abstract: Background: HIV continues to be a major global public health issue. In 2014 an estimated 36.9 million people were living with HIV, a global prevalence of 0.8 % .(1).The clinical spectrum of HIV infection encompasses a spectrum ranging from an acute syndrome associated with primary infection to a prolonged symptomatic state to an advanced disease.(2)Cardiac involvement in HIV affected patients is becoming more prevalent as therapy and longevity improve Infection with HIV is one of the causes of acquired heart disease in these patients(3,4).............

Keywords: HIV , 2D Echography, Pericardial Effusion.CD4.

[1]. www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/india Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV , UNAIDS factsheet 2015.
[2]. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th edition, Chapter 189, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: AIDS and Related Disorders.
[3]. Ho JE,Hsue PY:Cardiovascular Manifestations of HIV infections.Heart 2009;95:1193.
[4]. Barbaro G. HIV-associated cardiomyopathy etiopathogenesis and clinical aspects. Herz. 2005 Sep;30(6):486-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 16170679
[5]. Lipshultz SE, Fisher SD, Lai WW, Miller TL: Cardiovascular risk factors, monitoring, and therapy for HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2003; 17:S96.

Abstract: Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, precancerous condition of oral mucosa characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction along with hyalinization of lamina propria. These alterations causes fibrosis and stiffness of oral mucosa leading to limited mouth opening and related problems. Objective: To evaluate the frequency and clinical presentations of Oral Submucous fibrosis..........

Keywords: OSMF, Precancerous Condition, Fibrosis, Inter-incisal Distance. I. Introduction

[1]. Schwartz J. AtrophiaIdiopathica (tropica) mucosaeoris. Demonstrated at the Eleventh International Dental Congress, London, 1952
(cited by Sirsat&Khanolkar). Ind. j. med. Sci., 1962, 16: 189-197.
[2]. Joshi SG. Submucous fibrosis of the palate and pillars. Ind. j. otolaryn., 1953, 4: 1-4.
[3]. Pindborg JJ, Sirsat SM. Oral submucous fibrosis. Oral surg. oral med. oral pathol., 1966, 22: 764-779.
[4]. Lemmer J, Shear M. Oral submucous fibrosis: a possible case in a person of Caucasian descent. Br. dent. j., 1967, 122: 343-346.
[5]. Pindborg JJ, Singh B. Formation of vesicles in oral submucous fibrosis. Acta path. microbiol. scand., 1964, 62: 562-566.

Abstract: Background: Cardiac complications are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in thalassemia major patients which is due to multiple blood transfusions leading to cardiac haemosiderosis rather than the disease itself. Objective: To evaluate ECG changes in thalassemia major patients for early detection of cardiac complications due to iron overload. Methodology: This study was a hospital based prospective cross sectional study conducted from February 2015 to April 2016 in Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. In this study, 60 confirmed cases of thalassemia diagnosed on the basis of HPLC {High Performance Liquid Chromatography) were included for assessment of their cardiac profile and its correlation with serum ferritin level..............

Keywords: Electrocardiogram, Haemosiderosis

[1]. Choudhary V.P, R. Kashyap, S.K. Acharya, N. Tandon, A. Saxena : Challenges in the management of Thalassemia, Mediquest
Medicl Information series- 1997: Vol.15: No.3: 1-19
[2]. Sarnaik SA. Thalassemia and Related Haemoglobinopathies. Indian J paediatrics 1975; 12: 195-199
[3]. Telfer PT, Warburton F, Christou S, Hadjigavriel M, Sitarou M, Kolnagou A. (2009). Improved survival in thalassemia major
patients on switching, from desferrioxamine to combined chelation therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone. Haematologica,
Vol. 94(12), pp. 1777-8.
[4]. Wood JC, Enriquez C, Ghugre N, Otto-Duessel M, Aguilar M, Nelson MD, Moats R, Coates TD Physiology and
pathophysiology of iron cardiomyopathy in thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1054:386–395.

Abstract: Ovaries are paired structures with an embryological, anatomic and functional complexicity. Changes in their volume can be observed at ovulation, pregnancy and after menopause. Ovaries are normally resistant to diseases, but still ovary can be seat of more number of neoplastic lesions of benign and malignant. They may be primary or secondary, large or small, solid or cystic and also of mixed patterns and histological types of a broad spectrum. Ovaries are hormone influenced organs and so make a base for hormone related diseases. At the same time many other hormonally unrelated lesions are also seen in ovaries..............

Keywords: Neoplastic Lesions, Granulosa cell tumor, Mature cystic teratoma, Yolk sac tumor, Krukenberg Tumor, surgical excision, chemotherapy, radiotherapy.

[1]. Fattaneh A, Tavassoli, Peter Devilee; WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology and genetics of tumours of the breast and Female
genital organs-2003; page-113- 202.
[2]. Tandon, R., Mathur, J.S., Mehram, M., Sharma, U: Pattern of ovarian tumors in Ajmeer (Rajasthan) J. Ind. Med. Ass. 77 : 191-193,
1981.
[3]. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, 7th edition(2013) pages 80 to 163.
[4]. Bhattacharya MM, Shinde SD, Purandare VN; A Clinicopathological analysis of 270 ovarian tumours, Journal of postgraduate
Medicine, Volume-26, issue-2, page 103- 7, 1980
[5]. Ganga S Pilli,K P Suneeta, A V Dhaded, V V Yenni; Ovarian tumours; A Study of 282 cases, JIMA,VOL-100,July 2002, page no-
420-424.

Abstract: Fast-food eating is a dietary pattern that used to be foreign but has gradually become a part of the lifestyle of people in Nigeria especially those in urban areas. It is great tasting, affordable, and can be found just about everywhere. The temptations of these favorite fast foods and cafe treats often pose challenges for those who are trying to stick to limited-calorie diets. Hyper-alimentation refers to a state where quantities of food consumed are greater than appropriate. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of fast-food-based hyper-alimentation on liver enzymes.............

Keywords: Aminotransferases; Diet-intervention; Fast-foods; Hyper-alimentation; Liver Enzymes.

[1]. O. A. Moronkola, Essays on issues on health (Ibadan, Royal People Ltd., 2003) 26-27.
[2]. P. O. Akinbile, Obesity and overweight in children: strategies for prevention, Journal of Nigeria Association of Sports Science and
Medicine, 1(2), 2008, 1-5.
[3]. J. A. Ajala, Understanding food and nutrition (Ibadan, MayBest Publications, 2006).
[4]. E. P Konwea, and I. O. Akindutire. Perceived effects of consumption of fast Food on weight-gain among urban residents in Nigeria,
Journal of International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance, 1 (2), 2006, 136-141.
[5]. S.A. Bowman, S.L. Gortmaker, C.B. Ebbeling, M.A. Pereira, and D.S. Ludwig. Effects of fast food consumption on energy intake
and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics, 113 (1), 2004, 112-118.

Abstract: Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae has been associated with different types of infections and one of the most important aspects of Klebsiella is the emergence of multi drug resistant strains particularly those involved in nosocomial diseases. Materials and methods: A total number of 800 sputum, 148 pus and 850 urine samples from September 2013 to August 2014 were included in the study. Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified by their standard microbiological techniques and were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method...............

[1]. P. Nordamann, G. Cuzon and T. Naas "The real threat of Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase-producing bacteria" , Lancet Infec Dis.,2009,9 (4):228-236.
[2]. J.R.Graybill, L.W. Marshall, P. Charache, C.K. Wallace and V.K.Melwin "Nosocomial pneumonia: A continuing major problem", ,Am.Rev.Respir. Dis., 1973, 108:1130-1140.
[3]. N.B. Mathur, A. Khalib , R. Sarkar and R.K. Puri " Mortality in neonatal septicaaemia with involvement of mother in management", Ind. J. Pediatri, 1991, 28 (ii) 1259-1264.
[4]. S.J. Cryz, R. Furer and R. Germanier "Protection against fatal Klebsiella pneumonia burn wound sepsis by passive transfer of anticapsular polysaccharide", Infect. Immun., 1985, 45: 139-142.
[5]. Elmer W. Koneman, Stephen D. Allen, Willian M. janda, Paul C.Schreckenberger and Washington C.Winn. 2006. Color Atlas And Textbook Of Diagnostic Microbiology.6th edition. Baltimore : Lippincott Williams Wilkins

Abstract: Gallstones (GS) are abnormal solid lumps of a mixture of cholesterol crystals, mucin, calcium bilirubin, it is the most common problems affecting the digestive tract, the present study enable us to classify the studied gallstone patients into gallstone patients without any complication (cholelithiasis) . The aim of the current study is to evaluate the level of the xanthine oxidase(XO) and dehydrogenase(XDH) activity, and several biochemical factors in sera of cholelithiasis patients according to the gender (male and female). Thirtyfive of cholelithiasis patients were male and forty-one were female..............

Keywords: Cholelithiasis, Xanthine dehydrogenases enzymes, Liver Function Tests, Lipid Profi

[1]. Norman S. Williams, Christopher J. K. Bulstrode& P. Ronan Oconnell, Short practice of surgery, Taylor & Francis Group, 26thed,
UK, 2013.
[2]. Sun H, Tang H, Jiang S, et al.,Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases, World J Gastroenterol, 2009; 15: p (1886-
1891).
[3]. Marschall H-U, Einarsson C.,Gallstone disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden, J Intern
Med.,2007; 261: p (529-542).
[4]. Festi D, Colecchia A, Larocca A, et al.,Review: low caloric intake and gallbladder motor function, Aliment PharmacolTher,
2000;14 (Supp l 2): p (51–53).
[5]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases .Gallstones. Bethesda, Maryland: National Digestive Diseases
Information Clearinghouse, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services.2010.

Abstract: The aim of study is to know the etiology of cervical lymphadenopathy and to study clinical presentation and clinical course and management of cervical lymphadenopathy. Patients And Methods The study was conducted in government general hospital /Guntur Medica! College, Guntur between the period of 3 years i.e., from November 2012 to October2014. The present study includes 72 patients in both out..............

Keywords: Cervical Lymphadenopathy (CLN) , Tuberculosis (TB) , Fine Needle Aspirat ion Cytology(FNAC),Radiotherapy (RT),Anti Tuberculosis Treatment (ATT).

[1] . Cheesman AD. Pharnyx, Larynx and Neck. Chapter -45 in: Bai ley & Loves Short Pract ice of Surgery, 25th Edition,
[ 2 ] . Fa r h i DC, We l l s ST, Si g e l RJ . S y p h i l i t i c l ymp h a d en o p a t h y — Hi s t o l o g y a r i d h uma n immunodeficiency virus status. Am. J. Clin Pathol.1999 Sept; 112(3): 330-4.
[3]. Schmid Geert, Schoenbein, John Ros Ir. Structure function relat ion in peripheral circulation. Chapter-6 in: Best& Taylor"s, Physiological basis of medical practices. 9th Edition, West John B; New Delhi: 1996. 116
[4]. Jha B C,Dass A,. Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenopathy: changing clinical patterns and concepts in management .Post – graduate Med. J 2001; Mar 7799050:185-7

Abstract: To study the prevalence of Post Partum Depression (PPD)in Indian women and to evaluate the risk factors for the development of PPD. Materials And Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 278 novel mothers (post delivery 10 days to 3 months) attending post partum clinics of K.P.C.Medical College & Hospital. Socio-economic factors and detailed obstetric variables were assessed using a programmed questionnaire. PPD was estimated using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Those who scored more than 13 were considered to have PPD and were referred to a psychiatrist for further evaluation...............

Keywords: EPDS; PPD.

[1]. Mani Chandran, Prathap Tharyan, Jayaprakash Muliyil, Sulochana Abraham.Post-partum depression in a cohort of women from a
rural area of Tamil Nadu, India Incidence and risk factors.The British Journal of Psychiatry.2002;181:499-504.
[2]. K.L. Wisner, B.L. Parry, C. M. Piontek, Postpartum Depression. N Engl J Med.2002.vol. 347, No 3, 194-199.
[3]. J. L. Cox, J. M. Holden, R. Sagovsky. Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale. Br. J Psy. 1987; 150:782-786.
[4]. Husain N, Bevc I, Husain M, Chaudhry IB, Atif N, Rahman A. Prevalence and social correlates of postnatal depression in a low
income country. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006; 9(4): 197-202.
[5]. http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/depressionpostnatal.htm

Abstract: Fractures of femur in pediatric age group is mainly age dependent .Treatment below 5 years mainly conservatively, by cast or traction plus casting due to good healing capacity and remodeling .Above 17years were skeletal maturity is achieved interlocking nailing is standard treatment. But in age groups 6-14 years treatment is controversial .There are number of treatment modalities likes casting, traction followed by casting external fixator..............

Keywords: Titanium elastic nails, femoral diaphyseal fractures, pediatric age group.

[1] . Hinton RY, Lincoln A, Crockett MM, Sponseller P, Smith G (1999) Fractures of the femoral shaft in children. Incidence,
mechanisms, and sociodemographic risk factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81:500–5092.
[2]. Buckley SL. Current trends in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Clin Orthop Relat
Res. 1997;338:60–73
[3]. Flynn, John M., et al. "The operative management of pediatric fractures of the lower extremity." J Bone Joint Surg Am 84.12
(2002): 2288-2300.
[4]. Saikia, K. C., et al. "Titanium elastic nailing in femoral diaphyseal fractures of children in 6-16 years of age." Indian journal of
orthopaedics 41.4 (2007): 381.

Abstract: The rehabilitation of patients using implant supported prosthesis restores aesthetic and functions and preserves the underlying periodontium .Common failure of the implants includes biological and mechanical failure. Biological failures include lack of osseointegration and peri-implantitis. Mechanical failures includes abutment screw loosening or fracture, crown loosening, crown fracture. The most common failure encountered in dental practice is the abutment screw loosening and fracture..............

Keywords: Implant, abutment, screw, post , crown

[1]. Walia S.M., Arora S, Luthra R, Walia K.P. Removal of Fractured Dental Implant Screw Using a New Technique: A Case Report.
Jounal of Oral Implantology 2012 ; 38: 747-750.
[2]. Satwalekar P, Chander KS, Reddy BA, Sandeep N, Sandeep N, Satwalekar T. A Simple and Cost Effective Method used for
Removal of a Fractured Implant Abutment Screw: A Case Report. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(5):120-3.
[3]. http://www.oralhealthgroup.com/features/retrieval-of-fractured-prosthetic-screws-from-dental-implants-a-case-report
[4]. Harshakumar K, Bhatia S, Ravichandran R, Joy PT. Salvaging an implant with abutment screw fracture by a custom titanium post
and core supported prosthesis – A novel technique. International journal of scientific study. April 2014; 2: 36-39.
[5]. Satterthwaite J. , Rickman L. Retrieval of fractured abutment thread from an implant : A case report. British Dental Journal. 2008;
204: 177-180.

Abstract: Introduction: Foreign body in tracheobronchial tree is a potentially life threatening situation and it requires emergency removal. Materials & Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study of the patients in which we performed flexible bronchoscopy with suspicion of tracheobronchial foreign bodies from 1st October, 2012 to 30th September, 2014 (2 Years). Results: Out of 56 suspected cases, tracheobronchial foreign bodies were found in 42 occasions (75%).............

Keywords: Flexible bronchoscopy, Foreign body, Tracheobronchial tree

[1]. Ross A H M , Mc Cormack R J M. Foreign body inhalation. J Royal College Surg Edin 1980;75:104-9.
[2]. Sersar SI, Rizk WH, Bilal M, El Diasty MM, Eltantawy TA, Abdelhakam BB, et al. Inhaled foreign bodies: presentation,
management and value of history and plain chest radiography in delayed presentation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
2006;134(1):92-9.
[3]. Chiu CY, Wong KS, Lai SH. Factors predicting early diagnosis of foreign body aspiration in children. Pediatr Emerg Care
2005;21(3):161-4.
[4]. Saquib Mallick M, Rauf Khan A, Al-Bassam A. Late presentation of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children. J Trop
Pediatr 2005;51(3):145-8.
[5]. Cataneo AJ, Cataneo DC, Ruiz RL Jr. Management of tracheobronchial foreign body in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2008;24(2):151-
6.

Abstract: Pain may be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The leaves have social and ethnomedical applications. Tobacco is used traditionally to treat arches, snake bites, bowel complains, convulsions, nervous ailment and to cure/heal the pain of toothache when chewed (Melson, 1944). Therefore this study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic consumption of powdered tobacco on pain sensation using two groups of Swiss mice (control and test) weighing 18g-28g (n=15 each).The control received 100g of normal rodent chow, while the test group received 1g of powdered tobacco in 99g of rodent chow per day...............

Keywords: Powdered tobacco, snuff, pain sensation, tail flick and grooming..

[1]. Abbott, F.V., Franklin, K.B., Ludwick, R.J. and Melzack R. Apparent lack of tolerance in the formalin test suggests a different
mechanism for morphine analgesia in different types of pain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1981; 15: 637-40.
[2]. Adrianbeloson, R (2006). Evaluation Pain Sensitivity among animals.
[3]. Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychiatry, 24: 459-560.

[4]. Alger, S.J., Maasch, S. N. and Riters, L.V (2009). Lesions to the media preoptic nucleus affect immediate early gene
immunoglobulin in brain regions involved in song control and social behaviour in male European starlings. European Journal of
Neuroscience, 45(6), 563-569.
[5]. Apkarian, A.V., Bushnell, M.C., Treede, R.D. and Zubieta, J.K (2005). Human brain mechanism of pain perception and regulation
in health and disease. European Journal of pain, 9 (4), 463 – 84.